Module 1-6: Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region Reviewer

Module 1: Overview of the Philippine Art

Module 2: The Contemporary Arts
Module 3: Contemporary Art Based on Elements and Techniques
Module 4: Appreciating Contemporary Arts
Module 5: Contemporary Fine Arts in the Philippine Regions
Module 6: Contemporary Visual Arts in the Philippine Regions

MODULE 1

OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE ART

CONTEMPORARY ART – It is considered AS ART OF TODAY.

• It is VERY FREE and EXPRESSIVE.

o It is influenced by the modern world.
▪ (MEANINGFUL, COLORFUL, DYNAMIC)
ART – It is the EXPRESSION or APPLICATION of human creative skill and imagination.
▪ VISUAL FORM OF ART
o (PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES)
▪ Producing works to be APPRECIATED primarily for their aesthetics and or
affects.
It is also the PROCESS or PRODUCT of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to
intellect, sense, or emotion.

• ART is – (NATURAL HUMAN BEHAVIOR, COMMUNICATION, HEALING, STORY TELLING,

SHARED EXPERIENCE).
• 7 MAJOR FORMS OF ART:
o Architecture
o Sculpture
o Visual arts/Painting
o Theatre/Drama
 o Music
o Dance
o Film/Cinema
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

• Rituals that marked significant MOMENTS in a community’s life.

o (PLANTING, RITES OF PASSAGE, FUNERALS, WEDDINGS, ETC.)
• Creative forms of arts
o (ARCHITECTURE, POTTERY, WEAVING, CARVING, METALWORK, JEWELRY, ETC.)
• HUNTER-GATHERERS
o They imitate the movement and sounds of animals and prey.
▪ We can see the evolution of rituals, music, dance, theatre, and even
literature.
▪ Through MIGRATION like trading during this time, other Asian countries
helped improved the ways of living and enhance their own culture.
▪ Studying the Pre-Colonial literature on the Philippines is important
because it gives us insight to the bases of the literary prose displayed
during the Spanish colonization.
o ARCHITECTURE
▪ Lean-to
• Portable shelter of the Negritos
o Twigs, leaves, branches
▪ Binuron
• Isneg house of the Cordillera
▪ Bale
• Traditional Ifugao house
o Elevated
o The first prefabricated house in the world
o No nail
▪ Tausug House
• Coastal houses in Southwest Mindanao
o Elevated above water
o Archipelago of Jolo and Sulu regions
▪ Bahay Kubo
• Nipa Hut
o Icon of broader Filipino Culture
o Katagalugan region
o SCULPTURE
▪ Pottery – clay
• (PALAYOK, BANGA, TAPAYAN)
 o Manunggul Jar – Burial vessel
▪ Wood Carving
• (BULUL, HAGABI, OKIR)
o PAINTING
▪ Tattoos
• It protects the person from evil spirits
• Symbolizes bravery or maturity
• Kalinga, Kangkabay, Ibaloy, Ifugao
▪ Weaving
• Made from plants like cotton, abaca, and pineapple leaves
• (PIS SIYABIT, MALONG, TEPO, YUVUK)
o MUSIC
▪ Most are made from bamboo
▪ Vibrant musical culture
• (PIPES, FLUTES, ZITHERS, DRUMS, STRING INSTRUMENTS)
▪ Bamboo percussion, gongs, kudyapi
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1521-1898) 333 years
Colonizers used ART as a tool propagate the CATHOLIC FAITH

• (Catholicism)
o ARCHITECTURE
▪ Baroque Style – It used contrast, movement, exuberant detail, deep color,
grandeur, and surprise to achieve a sense of wonder.
o SCULPTURE
▪ Depicts mainly of things from the bible.
• (SANTO, RETABLO)
o PAINTING
▪ Art was only for the church and religious use.
• Via Crusis – Series of 14 paintings of Jesus’ crucifixion and
resurrection
• Trompe L’oeil – Holy family, Virgin Mary and the 4 Evangelist
o MUSIC
▪ They brought western musical instruments.
• (PIANO, GUITAR, VIOLIN)
o Pasyon/Pagbasa
o Awit at Korido
o Kundiman at Balitao
o THEATER
▪ Mainly from Spain
• (ZARZUELA, SENAKULO, KOMEDYA AND MORO-MORO)
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898 – 1946) 48 years

• Proper education, government system

• Initiating the natives into the AMERICAN WAY OF LIFE (western)
o ARCHITECTURE
▪ Neo-classical - dramatic use of columns, and a preference for blank walls.
• (EDUCATION, GOVERNMENT, HEALTH) – Buildings
o SCULPTURE
▪ Neo-classical
• Rizal Shrine
• UP Shrine
• Monumento Shrine
o PAINTING
▪ (FERNANDO AMORSOLOM VICTORIA ESDADES)
o MUSIC
▪ (JAZZ, BLUES)
TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE ARTS

• ETHNIC ART – integral to life

• ISLAMIC ART – geometric designs
• SPANISH ERA – faith and catechism
• AMERICAN ERA – secular art forms
• JAPANESE ERA - orientalizing
• MODERN ERA – national identity
• CONTEMPORARY ERA – social realism

MODULE 2

CONTEMPORARY ARTS

MODERN – Art that is NEW OR CURRENT (EVERYDAY USAGE)

• Produced during American colonial period until Post-war (1898 – 1969)

CONTEMPORARY – RECENT AND CURRENT PRACTICE OF ART (1970 >) 70’s til present

• CHARACTERISTICS
o Combines elements of PERFORMANCE, PAINTING, SCULPTURE, DANCE, and
many other media.
 o It is NOT confined to a MUSEUM
o Self-taught
o Artist gets help from fabricators, carpenters, electricians, or welders to construct
their work
o Originality is not an issue
• SUBJECT MATTER
o Children
o Women
o Environment
o Written explanation
• STYLE
o Abstract Expressionism
o Kinetic Art
o Op Art
o Performance Art
o Environment Art
o Feminist Art
o Minimalist
o Video Art
o Graffiti Art
o Postmodern Art
o Body Art
o Digital Art
▪ There is a dominance of abstractionism, expressionism and social
realism, and mixed media art.
▪ Interactive art making is practices among Filipino artists.
▪ Theatre performances are no longer confined on stage.
▪ Music has a fusion of different styles, use of words and irregular patterns.
• MATERIALS
o Mud
o Clay
o Straw
o Minerals
o Plants
o Paint
o Wood
o Paper
o Milk
o Rice
o Rice
 o Coffee
o Wax
o Glass
o Stone
o Plastic
▪ Whatever the artist could find
▪ Materials defines the importance or value of the art
• Architecture – heavy use of GLASS & STEEL
• Performance Art – PROPS, PAINTS
• Technology – LIGHT STRUCTURES or materials to create certain
patterns.

MODULE 3

CONTEMPORARY ART BASED ON ELEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

ELEMENTS OF ARTS – they are the BUILDING BLOCKS OR INGRIDENTS that contribute to the
creation of an artwork.

• LINE – an identifiable path created by a point moving in space.

• COLOR – an element of art produced when light strikes.
o PROPERTIES OF COLOR
▪ Hue – THE NAME
▪ Intensity – STRENGTH AND VIVIDNESS
▪ Value – LIGHTNESS OR DARKNESS
• SHAPE – a flat area surrounded by an edge or outline.
• VALUE – lightness or darkness of a color.
• FORM – something that is 3D and encloses volume, having length, width, and height.
• SPACE – distance or areas around, between, and within components of a piece.
• TEXTURE – the surface quality of a work of art.
o TYPES OF TEXTURE
▪ Actual texture- can be perceived through touch and refers to the tactile
qualities of the physical surface of the object.
• It creates emphasis, expression, and depth
▪ Simulated texture – imitation of a real texture using a 2D pattern to create
an illusion of a 3D surface.
▪ Abstract texture – the appearance of an actual surface but rearranged or
simplified by the artist to satisfy the demand of the artwork.
 ▪ Invented texture – created to look like something it is not. It is created by
repeating the lines and shapes of a 2D pattern.
PRINCIPLES OF ARTS – These are the tools of artist to organize elements within a work of art.

• BALANCE – refers to how the elements of art relate to each other within the composition
in terms of their visual weight and implies visual equilibrium.
• EMPHASIS – can be defined as an area or object within the artwork that draws attention
and becomes a focal point.
• RHYTHM – both pattern and repetition.
o Suggests MOVEMENT OR ACTION.
• MOVEMENT – it operates in the 4D.
• PATTERN – repetition of visual elements of an artwork.
• REPETITION – similar to rhythm; creates a sense of movement within an artwork.
• UNITY – occurs when ALL ELEMENTS OF A PIECE are COMBINED to make a BALANCED
WORK.
• PROPORTION – comparative harmonious relationship between two or more elements
in a composition with proper size, color, quantity, degree, setting or ratio.
TECHNIQUES IN CONTEMPORARY ARTS

• MINIMALISM – focuses on basic elements.

• FOUND OBJECT – focuses on an object found by an artist
• LARGE-SCALE ART – size of an object in relation to another.
o DIFFERENT TYPES OF TECHNIQUES IN CONTEMPORARY ARTS
▪ COLLAGE- adhering flat elements
• (NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, ILLUSTRATIONS, PHOTOGRAPHS)
▪ DECOLLAGE- removing pieces of an original image
▪ GRAFFITI- writings or drawings illicitly on a wall or other surface
• Often in a public space
▪ DECALCOMANIA- process of applying watercolor to glass or paper then
transferring a reversal of that image onto canvas or other flat materials.
▪ DECOUPAGE- decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto
it in combination with special paint effects and other decorative elements.
▪ FROTTAGE- technique of rubbing crayon on a piece of paper, which is
placed over an object or an image.
• (COIN RUBBING ART)
▪ MONTAGE- used for photography and film where a pictorial image is
placed overlapping each other to make another picture or design.
▪ LAND ART- using nature materials
• (SOIL, ROCK, PLANTS, AND WATER)
 ▪
DIGITAL ART- using digital technology as essential part of creative or
presentation process.
▪ MIXED MEDIA- more than one medium that are distinct from visual art
media.
o METHODS OF PRESENTING AN ART SUBJECT
▪ REALISM – true-to-life as possible.
▪ ABSTRACTION – uses shapes, colors, forms, and gestural effects.
▪ IMPRESSIONISM – based on the practice of painting out of doors and
spontaneously on the spot.
▪ EXPRESSIONISM – subjective emotions.
▪ CUBISM – multiple viewpoints in one painting.
▪ DADAISM works that often beat sensibilities and that generated difficult
questions about SOCIETY, ROLE OF THE ARTIST, AND THE PURPOSE OF
ART.
▪ FAUVISM – optimistic realism.
• Real-life subject with the use of bright colors
o (COMFORT, JOY, PLEASURE)

MODULE 4

APPRECIATING CONTEMPORARY ARTS

Viewers of art are called GAZERS, ONLOOKERS, OR AUDIENCE.

CONTEMPORARY ART ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

• DESCRIPTION APPLIED TO CONTEMPORARY ART

o SUBJECT MATTER – what is it all about?
▪ What is the main figure of the artwork?
▪ How is the main figure placed within the artistic frame?
▪ How do the other figures in the artwork relate to the main figure?
o MEDIUM OR MATERIALS – what are used in the process?
▪ What are the materials or objects used by the artist?
▪ Do these materials bring out the intended effect of the artist?
▪ If the artist chooses other materials, do you think the same effect will be
achieved? Why and how?
o ART ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES
▪ What are the dominant elements in the artwork?
 ▪ How are these used in the artwork?
▪ How are line, shape, or volume used within the artistic frames?
▪ How are texture, movement, or space used within the artistic frame?
▪ What are the unifying features in the artistic composition?
▪ Are there any variations among the repeated elements?
▪ How does the art form appeal to the visual sense?
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION IN CONTEMPORARY ART

• Some artists believe that LANGUAGE, SOCIAL RELATION, and the UNCONSCIOUS affect
the person.
o IMMANUEL KANT
▪ The viewers of the art should put themselves in the STATE OF SENSORY
AWARENESS.
▪ GIVE UP THEIR PERSONAL INTEREST
▪ DON’T ASSOCIATE ART WITH ANYTHING when responding to it.
o CLIVE BELL
▪ Any social influence that is present into an artwork SHOULD BE
DISREGARDED.
o ARTHUR DANTO
▪ It is unnecessary for art to be BEAUTIFUL, HAVE A PICTORIAL SUBJECT,
DEPLOY ITS FORMS.
o ARNOLD HAUSER
▪ Visual image is a window to a specific time and space, to culture, or to
social condition.
ART ANALYSIS AND ART INTERPRETATION

• ART ANALYSIS – starts with the description of an artwork

o Focuses on BEAUTY, DESIGN QUALITIES, VALUE OF AN ARTWORK.
o It is where we determine what the FEATURES SUGGEST and decide why the artist
used these to convey specific ideas.
▪ How did the artist make the artwork?
▪ Is it a good artwork?
▪ Do you like/dislike the artwork? Why?
▪ How does it compare with other artworks in the same contemporary
style?
▪ What is the value of the artwork to you, the youth, or society?
• ART INTERPRETATION – employed by the viewer after describing and analyzing an
artwork.
o Focuses on the EXPRESSIVE QUALITIES, THE MEANING THEME, MOOD, OR IDEA.
▪ What is the artwork about?
 ▪ What does it intend to communicate?
▪ What statement is the artist putting forward through the artwork?
▪ Are these objects within the artistic frame that symbolize something?
What are these?
▪ What is the meaning of the artwork?
• AFTER describing, analyzing, and interpreting, we can now make a JUDGEMENT
▪ Is it a good artwork?
▪ On what criteria and evidence did you base your judgement?
▪ Based on the criteria and evidence, what is your judgement about the
quality of the artwork?

MODULE 5

CONTEMPORARY FINE ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINE REGIONS

FINE ARTS – consist of ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, AND PAINTING.

• 2D – flat surface
• 3D – sculpture, architecture, glass, carving
o It requires artist the MASTERY of use of materials/medium, technique, and
craftmanship.
• MATERIAL
o Designates the PHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF ART
▪ (PAINT, STONE, CLAY, METAL)
• MEDIUM
o Characteristic way of USING MATERIALS for an artistic purpose.
• TECHNIQUE
o PERSONAL WAY of using a medium or material.
• CRAFTSMANSHIP
o It is the SKILL of doing what can be done in a medium and the ABILITY to do it.
CONTEMPORARY PAINTING

• ART PRODUCTION
o Every art-making process is dictated by the artist’s STYLE.
o It may refer to the art produced in a particular period, place, region, or country.
• FOUR STYLES THAT ARE BASED ON STYLISTIC TENDENCIES
▪ THE STYLE OF OBJECTIVE ACCURACY
• Correct drawing
 • Control
• Focus
• Color
• Perspective
▪ THE STYLE OF FORMAL ORDER
• Stability
• Permanence
• Visible in CUBISM
• Intellectual Order
▪ THE STYLE OF EMOTION
• Feelings
• Romance
• Disclose personal feelings
o IN RELATION TO LOVE
▪ THE STYLE OF FANTASY
• Illogical
• Irrational
• No common set of VISUAL QUALITIES
• Can either be:
o OBJECTIVE
o SUBJECTIVE
CONTEMPORARY SCULPTURE

• ART PRODUCTION
o It can either be SUBTRACTIVE
▪ Where material is REMOVED OR CARVED OUT.
o Or be ADDITIVE
▪ Where material is ADDED PART BY PART.
• FOUR BASIC SCULPTURE TECHNIQUES
o MODELLING - by hand to build up form.
▪ ADDITIVE
o CARVING - scraping away portions of that material.
▪ SUBTRACTIVE
o CASTING - making a mold and then pouring a liquid material.
▪ ADDITIVE
o ASSEMBLING - gather and join different materials.
▪ ADDITIVE
• STYLES AND MOVEMENTS IN SCULPTURE
o MONOLITHIC SCULPTURE
 ▪buildings which are carved, cast, or excavated from a single piece of
material, historically from rock.
o CONSTRUCTIVISM
▪ aimed to reflect modern industrial society and urban space.
▪ INDUSTRIAL ASSEMBLAGE OF MATERIALS.
o SCULPTURAL ASSEMBLAGE
▪ "found" objects arranged in such a way that they create a piece.
o KINECTIC SCULPTURE
▪ any medium that contains movement perceivable by the viewer or that
depends on motion for its effect.
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

• ART PRODUCTION
o SIZE – relates the structure and its parts to the human beings who occupy the
space
o SCALE – relates to the proportion of an object or space to all other objects in it
and to the human beings and their activities held in the structure.
• STRUCTURAL DEVICES
o POST-AND-LINTEL
▪ The most ancient construction device.
▪ Two vertical supports bridged by a horizontal beam
o CANTILEVER
▪ It is the horizontal extension of a beam or slab into space beyond its
supporting post
▪ It is free end and is unsupported, and the point where it rests on its post
acts like a fulcrum or a lever.
o TRUSS SYSTEM
▪ An application of the geometric fact that NO ANGLE OF TRIANGLE can be
changed WITHOUT ALTERING THE DIMENTION OF THE SIDES.
o ARCH
▪ It is used to support bridges and viaducts with large domical and vaulted
structures
o DOME
▪ The placement of dome on a cylindrical drum over a circular foundation
is logical from the standpoint of geometry and construction
▪ Most dome structures rest on rectangular foundations.
o SHELL STRUCTURE
▪ Can be made of metals, steel, wood, aluminum, or concrete.
▪ Cheap building but not visually pleasing
o SOLAR PANEL
 ▪ Solar panel roofing generates electricity that can provide power to the
entire building anytime of the day and night.
• STYLE IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
o BIOMORPHIC ARCHITECTURE
o ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY ARCHITECTURE
o ECO ART
o SKYSCRAPERS
o DOORS, WINDOWS, WALLS, AND INTERIOR DECORS

MODULE 6

CONTEMPORARY VISUAL ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINE REGIONS

VISUAL ARTS - another group of art genre seen by the eye and perceived by the mind.

• THREE MAIN TYPES OF TECHNIQUES

o Representational Art - shows actual objects or subjects from nature or reality.
o Abstract Art - takes subjects from reality and nature, but the artists present them
in ways different from the way they are seen in everyday life.
o Non-Objective Art - uses the elements of arts and principles of design but the
artworks do not represent or depict a person, place, or thing in the natural world.
INSTALLATION ART: NEW MEDIA ART

• ART PRODUCTION
o Labor intensive and the artist usually works with fellow artists and assistants
with welding, carpentry, construction, and fabrication skills, because installation
art involves interaction among several things:
▪ Architectural setting
▪ Environment site
▪ Use of everyday objects in a specific context
▪ And the viewer
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSTALLATION ART
o Technology-aided – it is installation art that consists of installation art piece on
which light, video or film is projected.
o Performance Installation Art - this type of installation requires careful planning
to achieve the desired effect when combined with lights, and sounds, and the
performer’s movements.
 o Conceptual Installation Art – it gives emphasis on an idea or concept rather than
on a tangible art object. It may include written text, instruction, or a question
that leads the viewer to think about an idea.
o Interactive Installation Art – it allows the viewer to touch, walk in, listen to, or
interact with the installation piece.
o Environmental Installation – it encompasses ecological concerns and is a
celebration of an artist’s connection with the beauty of nature, the natural world,
and environment.
PUBLIC ART: ART IN OUTDOOR SPACE

• ART PRODUCTION
o Collaborative work and engages the services of different types of people, such as
artists, architects, engineers, plumbers, civic leaders, community residents, design
professionals, funding agencies, and construction teams.
• TYPES OF PUBLIC ART
o Community-based Art - done with a community-oriented, grassroots approach.
Members of local community can come together to express concerns or issues
through an artistic process.
o Municipal Art - typically located in squares, plaza, or in front of government
buildings, law courts, airports, public museums, or academic institution.
o Land Art - includes monumental earth works that interact with nature and the
environment.
o Architectural Art - decorates the façade, orchard, or enclosed concrete structure
where large number of people converge. It forms part of an architectural structure
or compound.
o Commemorative Monument – it is a sculpture, whether individual or group of
people, who are honored for heroism or for participation in historic events.
o Design-based Public Art – it is a decorative and is usually located in parks or
commercial centers. The design or theme matches the buildings and its
surroundings to achieve unity because the artwork is viewed in relation to its
natural and man-made surroundings.
o Campaign-inspired Public Art - This public art promotes an idea by making visible
reminders to the public.
MIXED MEDIA ART: COMBINING ART FORMS

• ART PRODUCTION
o Refers to an artwork that is made from a combination of medium or materials. It
can be a combination of photograph and painting, or stones embedded on wood.
• TECHNIQUES USED IN MIXED MEDIA
 o Collage- is an artistic composition of materials and objects pasted over a flat
surface and is usually hung on the wall.
o Assemblage- is putting together objects and combining them in new contexts.
Assemblage employs any method of joining or fastening to make a
three dimension object.
PHOTOGRAPHY AND DIGITAL ART: TECHNOLOGY-AIDED ART

• TYPES OF CONTEMPORARY PHOTOGRAPHY

o Nature Photography - enables us to view landscapes, places, and objects that we
may never encounter in our lifetime. Nature can be capture in its pure form.
o Reality Photography - can also present reality in its true form. If words can
describe a scene, photography has the power to show it.
o Photographic Alteration Photography - this creates an illusion of objectivity and
factual authenticity that establishes photography.
o Mobile Photography - is taking picture using a mobile phone, depending on the
cellphone camera quality and image resolution.
o Photojournalism - type of photo used in journalism. There are photos that
accompany narratives in the newspaper, magazines, and digital media to give
the readers a view of persons, place, and event.
• DIGITAL ART
o TYPES OF DIGITAL ART
▪ Electronic-aided Digital Art - Aided art that uses technology and digital
devices like Ultra High-Definition Smart TV, cellphone, tablet, and
supplemented by a mobile application called FASCETS, which uses
augmented reality technology, the relief sculpture is transformed into
digital art.
▪ Non-figurative Digital Art - Contemporary artists who engage in non-
figurative digital art disregard figures and any semblance to nature,
naturalism, and realism. They use geometric shapes, lines, spaces,
movement, and color in their art composition.
▪ Fantasy Digital Art - fantasy digital artists have many figures, landscapes,
objects, and other things that do not exist in the real world. They create
world, universe, imaginary creatures and combine colors that transport
the viewer to another world.
▪ Digital Art as Design - Contemporary art design is popular among people
in urban places because of its digital form. These designs easily spread and
are shared electronically.
“Learning never exhausts the mind.” ― Leonardo da Vinci
Good Luck :D.