Lab # 11

Design a Quarter-wave Transformer for Impedance Matching

Apparatus:
CST Software

Theory:
A quarter-wave impedance transformer, often written as λ/4 impedance transformer, is a
transmission line or waveguide used in electrical engineering of length one-quarter wavelength
(λ), terminated with some known impedance. It presents at its input the dual of the impedance with
which it is terminated.
It is a similar concept to a stub; but, whereas a stub is terminated in a short (or open) circuit and
the length is chosen so as to produce the required impedance, the λ/4 transformer is the other way
around; it is a pre-determined length and the termination is designed to produce the required
impedance.
The relationship between the characteristic impedance, Z0, input impedance, Zin and load
impedance, ZL is:
𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑍0
=
𝑍0 𝑍𝐿

For the steady-state conditions, when the waves travel in the same direction with the same phase
velocity, it can be considered as one travelling wave. And all this set of waves travelling in the
same direction can be considered as two waves, travelling in opposite directions.
Procedure:
➢ Run the CST software and select a create new project.
➢ Select MW & RF & Optical and then select antenna.
➢ Click on planer and then select time domain.
➢ Set frequency fmin= 0 GHz and fmax= 2 GHz.
➢ Select a brick name it solid1 and set its parameters accordingly
➢ Select a brick name it solid2 and set its parameters.
➢ Select a brick name it solid3 and set its parameters.
➢ Add a lumped element of R= 100.
➢ Click on waveguide port and set their parameters
➢ Set frequency of 0-2 GHz.
➢ Start setup solver of accuracy -40 db.
➢ See their result.
Result: