Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gyro Notes
Gyro Notes
VERSION 1.0
COURSE
4. GYROCOMPASS
measured from any of these lines in a clockwise direction. Compass rose on a chart uses this
principle and aims at simplifying the measurements.
Thus onboard ships, we need a device which always tells us about the direction of North so that
we can readily know in which direction the ship is heading. Gyrocompass is the answer for that.
WHAT IS GYROCOMPASS? :
A gyrocompass is a compass which finds true North by using an electrically powered fast
spinning wheel and friction forces in order to use the rotation of the Earth. Gyro compass differs
from magnetic compass in the sense that while magnetic compass indicates magnetic north
gyrocompass points to true north.
NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
VERSION 1.0
COURSE
1. GYROSCOPIC INERTIA:
A freely spinning gyroscope will maintain its axis of spin in the same direction with respect to
space irrespective of how its supporting base is turned or moved. It resists any attempt to change
its direction of spin. This property is called GYROSCOPIC INERTIA or RIGIDITY IN SPACE.
The gyroscopic inertia of a rotor can be quantitatively expressed by its angular momentum (H).
This will determine how much force is needed to change the direction in which the spin axis
points at a given rate. H depends on (angular velocity) & I (moment of inertia) and is given by:
H= I
NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
VERSION 1.0
COURSE
2. PRECESSION:
It is the movement of the spin axis when a force is applied to the gyroscope. When a couple is
applied about its horizontal axis the spin axis will turn at right angles to the applied force in the
direction of the spin of the wheel. Similarly couple applied about the vertical axis will make the
spin axis turn about the horizontal axis in the direction of the spin axis of the wheel. This
property is called PRECESSION.
NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
VERSION 1.0
COURSE
DESCRIPTION OF WORKING:
• The gyrocompass has three axes: the spin axis, torque axis, and precession
axis.
• The gyrocompass is usually located well down in the interior of the hull in
order to minimize the effects of pitch and roll.
• The gyrocompass is connected by cables to gyrocompass repeaters located
throughout the ship. These repeaters use electronic servo-mechanisms to reproduce the
master gyrocompass readings at remote locations.
NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
VERSION 1.0
COURSE
NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
VERSION 1.0
COURSE
A gyrocompass combines the action of two devices, a pendulum and a gyroscope, to produce
alignment with the Earth's spin axis. The principle is demonstrated with the model shown in the
illustration, which consists of a rapidly spinning, heavy gyro rotor, a pendulous case which
permits the rotor axle to nod up and down (angle θ), and an outer gimbal which permits the axle
to rotate in azimuth (angle ψ). For a gyroscope positioned at the Equator of the Earth, as the Earth
rotates, the gimbal moves with it. So long as the rotor's spin axis is aligned with the Earth's axis,
the gyro experiences no torque from Earth rotation. If there is misalignment, however, a sequence
of restoring torques is initiated.
Gyrocompass Model.
Onboard the system is mounted in a complete set of gimbals to isolate it from rolling, pitching,
and yawing motions of the ship. Friction must be minimized. The axle of the spinning wheel
defines the spin axis. The inner gimbal possesses two degrees of rotational freedom and its axis
possesses one. The rotor is journaled to spin about an axis which is always perpendicular to the
axis of the inner gimbal. So, the rotor possesses three degrees of rotational freedom and its axis
possesses two.
NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
VERSION 1.0
COURSE
ADVANTAGES OF GYROCOMPASS:
THE GYROCOMPASS HAS SEVERAL ADVANTAGES OVER THE MAGNETIC COMPASS:
DISADVANTAGES OF GYROCOMPASS:
Being an intricate electronic instrument, the gyrocompass has some disadvantages:
STARTING OF GYROCOMPASS:
• Check the gyro heading and compare with magnetic compass after
observing compass error.
• If the gyro axis is displaced by more than 20o then allow for about 6 to 7
hours of settling hours, Otherwise 4-5 hrs. must be allowed for settling time (check
technical manual onboard)
• Disconnect or switch off all gyro repeater switches.
• Switch on the main switch. Check for oil or liquid level if window
provided (refer to technical manual onboard)
• Adjust latitude and speed correctors- settings
• Switch on the alternator and wait for 10 seconds until it gains full speed.
• Switch ‘on’ the compass and azimuth motor switch.
• After heading is steady, switch on the repeater’s switch after aligning the
repeater with master compass.
• Check compass error using astronomical body, leading lights, transit
bearings etc. and compare repeater compass.
NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
VERSION 1.0
COURSE
• If speed and position (latitude) input direct through GPS and /or log check
that same is working.
• Check and verify compass error at regular intervals.
Charts are drawn with reference to true North. Any bearing read and picked up from chart is a
true bearing. Conversely, any bearing, gyro or compass, needs to be corrected to true bearing
before it can be plotted on a chart.
NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
VERSION 1.0
COURSE
Although the gyrocompass is a very accurate instrument and normally has a very small error
associated with its readings (less than .10 to .20), the navigator is required to determine gyro error
at least once a watch. This small amount of error is usually due to latitude in which ship is and
the velocity of the vessel. Gyrocompass is usually provided with Latitude and Speed correctors,
correct setting of which incorporates the desired corrections and the corrected reading is
provided. Small amount of errors, however, can still creep into that need to be corrected
mathematically. Gyrocompass error like magnetic compass error is measured in degrees as high
(westerly) or low (easterly):
– If the gyrocompass bearing is higher than the actual bearing, the error is high and
it has to be subtracted from the gyro reading to get true reading.
For example, in the figure above, the gyro bearing of the tank is 095 deg while the true bearing is
090 deg. Gyro reading being higher, the gyro error is 5 deg high and this amount needs to be
subtracted from all gyro readings to get true readings.
– If the gyrocompass bearing is lower than the actual bearing, the error is low and it
has to be added to the gyro reading to get true reading
NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
VERSION 1.0
COURSE
For example, in the figure above, the gyro bearing of the tank is 085 deg while the true bearing is
090 deg. Gyro reading being lower, the gyro error is 5 deg low and this amount needs to be
added to all gyro readings to get true readings.