Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Large Signal Amp
Large Signal Amp
Definitions
In small-signal amplifiers the main factors are:
• Amplification
• Linearity
• Gain
• Efficiency
• Maximum power capability
• Impedance matching to the output device
2
Amplifier Types
Class A
The amplifier conducts through the full 360 of the input. The Q-point is
set near the middle of the load line.
Class B
The amplifier conducts through 180 of the input. The Q-point is set at
the cutoff point.
Class AB
This is a compromise between the class A and B amplifiers. The
amplifier conducts somewhere between 180 and 360 . The Q-point is
located between the mid-point and cutoff.
3
Amplifier Types
Class C
The amplifier conducts less than 180 of the input. The Q-point is located
below the cutoff level.
Class D
This is an amplifier that is biased especially for digital signals.
4
Class A Amplifier
The output of a class A amplifier
conducts for the full 360 of the
cycle.
5
Class B Amplifier
6
Class AB Amplifier
7
Class C
8
Amplifier Efficiency
Efficiency refers to the ratio of output to input power. The lower the amount
of conduction of the amplifier the higher the efficiency.
9
Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
10
Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
11
Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
Input Power
The power into the amplifier is from the DC supply. With no input
signal, the DC current drawn is the collector bias current, ICQ.
Pi(dc) VCCI CQ
Output Power
Po(dc) I2C(rms)Rc
Efficiency
Po(ac)
%η 100
Pi(ac)
12
Example
• Calculate the input
power, output power and
efficiency of the amplifier
for an input voltage that
results in s base current 0f
10mA if RB = 1kΩ, Rc =
20Ω, β = 25 and Vcc =
20V
Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier
14
Transformer Action
A transformer improves the efficiency because it is able to transform
the voltage, current, and impedance
Voltage Ratio
V2 N 2
V1 N 1
Current Ratio
I 2 N1
I1 N 2
Impedance Ratio
2
R L R 1 N 1
a 2
R L R 2 N 2
15
Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier
DC Load Line
AC Load Line
I c ( p p ) I C m ax I C m in
The AC power:
17
Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier
Efficiency
Power input from the DC source:
Pi(dc) VCCI CQ
PQ Pi(dc) Po(ac) Note: The larger the input and output signal, the
lower the heat dissipation.
Maximum efficiency:
2
V VCEmin Note: The larger VCEmax and smaller VCEmin, the
%η 50 CEmax closer the efficiency approaches the theoretical
VCEmax VCEmin maximum of 50%.
18
Example
• Calculate the efficiency of
a transformer coupled
class A amplifier for a
supply of 12V and output
of 6V
Class B Amplifier
In class B, the transistor is
biased just off. The AC signal
turns the transistor on.
20
Class B Amplifier: Efficiency
The maximum efficiency of a class B is 78.5%..
Po(ac )
% 100
Pi(dc )
2
VCC
maximumPo(dc)
2R L
2VCC 2V 2 CC
maximumPi(dc) VCC (maximumI dc ) VCC
πR L πR L
21
Transformer-Coupled Push-Pull
Class B Amplifier
The center-tapped
transformer on the input
produces opposite
polarity signals to the
two transistor inputs.
The center-tapped
transformer on the
output combines the two
halves of the AC
waveform together.
22
Class B Amplifier Push-Pull Operation
• During the positive
half-cycle of the AC
input, transistor Q1
(npn) is conducting
and Q2 (pnp) is off.
23
Crossover Distortion
24
Quasi-Complementary Push-Pull Amplifier
25
Amplifier Distortion
26
Harmonics
Harmonics are integer multiples of a fundamental frequency.
Note that the 1st and 3rd harmonics are called odd harmonics and the
2nd and 4th are called even harmonics.
27
Harmonic Distortion
According to Fourier
analysis, if a signal is not
purely sinusoidal, then it
contains harmonics.
28
Harmonic Distortion Calculations
Harmonic distortion (D) can be calculated:
An
% nth harmonicdistortion %Dn 100
A1
where
An is the amplitude of the fundamental frequency
An is the amplitude of the highest harmonic
% THD D 22 D 23 D 23 100
29
Power Transistor Derating Curve
30
Class C Amplifiers
31
Class D Amplifier
32