Automatic Load Sharing of Power Transformer

AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF POWER TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER
IN BAHIR DAR CITY
Bahir Dar University Institute of Technology

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
[control stream]
SEMESTER PROJECT
TITLE: AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF POWER TRANSFORMER
USING MICROCONTROLLER IN BAHIR DAR CITY
Group members:
Name ID
1. Aschalew Bizualem……………………………….BDU0701358UR
2. Ashenafi Kidane…………………………………..BDU0701366UR
3. Ashenafi Tasew……………………………………BDU0701368UR
4. Eyob Molla………………………………………...BDU0703078UR
Advisor Name: Mr. Mehari M.
Submission date: 07/03/2011 E.C
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IN BAHIR DAR CITY
DECLARATION
we declare that the work contained in this project is ours, except where explicitly stated
otherwise. Besides, this work has not been submitted to obtain another degree or professional
qualification.
Name of students Signature Date

1. Aschalew Bizualem __________ ___________
2. Ashenafi Kidane __________ ___________
3. Ashenafi Tasew __________ ___________
4. Eyob Molla __________ ___________
Advisor Name: Mr. Mehari M. Signed: ___________________

Dated: ____________________
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IN BAHIR DAR CITY
ABSTRACT
The term transformer is the main component of any power system. It converts the level of
voltage from one to another. The main aim of the project is to provide the uninterrupted power
supply to the consumer and also increase the reliability of whole the power system. If the fault
occurs in line at that time the supply will be cutout. Hence, the consumer cannot get reliable
power supply. So, for providing the reliable power supply we connect the transformers in ring
main system. Microcontroller is connected between the transformers. Microcontroller has a
reference value of voltage it compares the voltage with its reference voltage. Here, three circuits,
first sensing circuit which gives the output of 5V to the controller pin, second is the power
supply circuit which gives the 5V DC for the operation of the microcontroller and third is the
relay driver circuit which takes the signal from controller according to it relay changes the
position of contact. In project, we interface the LCD with microcontrollers which display the
normal or abnormal condition.
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Table of content
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List of Figures
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List of Table
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List of Abbreviation
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of Study
Electric energy demand in Bahir Dar city is over increasing every year .So the previously
installed power transformer in distribution network of the city was not capable of carrying this
over increased load, This causes many malfunction or burnt power transformers. Most of these
malfunction happened due to overload and over current. To compact this problem many option
are there .Of these we come up with the most cost effective and efficient project entitled
“automatic load sharing of power transformer using microcontroller based relay in Bahir Dar
city”. In this project, a sharing transformer in the case of shares the load of other transformer
over load and over temperature. A sensor circuit is designed to log the data from the transformer
and if it is found to be in over load condition, immediately the load is shared by other
transformers.
Electricity is an extremely handy and useful form of energy. It plays an ever growing role in our
modern industrialized society. So the demand for electrical energy is ever increasing. The
electrical power systems are highly non-linear, extremely huge and complex networks. Such
electric power systems are unified for economical benefits, increased reliability and operational
advantages. However, some of the electrical energy generated is lost in transmission and
distribution due to a widely dispersed power sources and loads. The consumer service
interruptions in Bahir Dar city are mostly due to failure in the distribution network. Distribution
systems have suffered mainly from the following: voltage and current imbalance, poor voltage
regulation, peak power or energy losses, conductor heating or equipment, etc.
The phase voltage and current unbalances are major factors leading to extra losses, equipment
overloading. The transformer is a static device, which converts energy at one voltage level to
another voltage level. The project is all about protecting the transformer under overload
condition. Due to overload on the transformer, the efficiency drops and the secondary winding
gets over heated and may burnt. So, by reducing the load on the transformer, the transformer is
protected. To minimize these problems, the structures of a distribution network of the city may
have to be modified. This will be done by arranging another transformer through a micro-

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controller. The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value.
When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage is
prevented.
In this project three major components are used to control the load current. The first is sensing
unit, which is used to sense the current of the load. The second is control unit; in this
Electromagnetic relay is the main role, and its function is to change the position with respect to
the control signal. The last is microcontroller, which will read the digital signal and perform
some calculation and finally gives control signal to the relay. When designing low-voltage power
systems to supply large load currents, paralleled lower-current modules are often preferred over a
single, large power converter for several reasons. These include the efficiencies of designing and
manufacturing standard modular converters which can be combined in whatever number
necessary to meet a given load requirement; and the enhanced reliability gained through
redundancy.
1.3 Statement of problem
To ensure increase market service value in terms of adequate quality and reliability, reduce cost
of operation and service interruptions, there is a need for an optimal solution or technique. This
technique is to ensure continuous dynamic load balancing along the low voltage secondary
feeder thereby relieving overload in the feeder with minimal service interruption; and reduced
real power losses. The main duty of this investigation is how unbalance due to uneven
distribution of single-phase loads at the secondary side of the distribution network can be
minimized using automatic load sharing in Bahir Dar city. The existing system presently is done
manually by technician this result in damage of transformer. This is a heavy loss to any grid or
industries, here are even chances for the equipment to get damaged and power interruption.
There is a need for an optimal solution or technique for this problem.
1.4 Objective
1.4.1 General Objective
This project describes about, how to use power supply when critical load happened. Using this
module someone can protect the transformer form the over load. This project describe how will

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connect and disconnect the transformer automatically. Therefore, Design of automatic load
sharing of power transformer using microcontroller-based relay is proposed to be achieved
during the course of this project.
1.4.2 Specific objective

 Investigate how rearrangement of consumers load can be carried out among the phases
 Evolve techniques or system for ensuring continuous dynamic on-line load rearrangement
with minimal service interruptions; reduced power losses, and voltage drop.
 Eliminate or reduce manual operations approach for improving load balancing on
secondary distribution network feeder.
 Reduce the frequent blackout of the power system that severe the reliability of the
system.
 Create a simulation model and consequently carryout a study of the proposed technology
and its operation.
 Provide low cost and reliable system
1.5 Contribution of the project
This project will contribute a technique for distribution utilities at the low voltage distribution
network that will bring the following point:
 A case study of automatic load sharing of transformer in Bahir Dar city distribution
network
 Structural survey on load sharing and benefit of automatic load sharing
 Increase quality and reliability of supply service to the consumers.
 Unbalance will be considerably minimized thereby ensuring that voltage drop and power
losses are reduced. This will result in increase in the life span of the utility installations.
 Maximization of the capabilities of the existing distribution station in terms of the
infrastructures and equipment.
 Resourceful distribution of power flow.
1.6 Hypothesis
There is a growing consensus that significant advantages can be achieved through the automation
of distribution feeder switches. In order to ensure quality and reliability of supply to single phase

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consumers by electrical utilities, a need arose to minimize unbalance. It is then postulated that
unbalance due to uneven distribution of single-phase loads at the secondary side of the
distribution network can be minimized using automatic sensing technology.
1.7 Methodology
Methodology is about how the Project is organized and the flow of the steps in order to complete
the project. The methodology is diverged in different parts, which are the analyzing and
modeling of automatic power transformer load sharing, case study and the other is simulation of
automatic load using proteus. Most of the methodology part is presented in chapter four.
1.8 Scope of the project

The project is all about automatic load sharing of power transformer under peak load to protect
the transformer during overload condition. By introducing this method it have advantage to
maintain a stable level of short circuit current, reduces the voltage drop and imbalances the
current and it is reverse power protection etc. So the project deals from theoretical and
mathematical method, code, until simulation.
1.9 Outline
The first chapter is the overview of the whole project. It introduces the topic, objectives,
statement of problem, contribution, hypothesis and methodology of the project. Chapter 2 the
review of articles in the open literature and field survey which are relevant to the current
investigation such as phase unbalance, overload and transformer damage. Chapter 3 is the design
of automatic load sharing of power transformer that contains major designing component,
mathematical model of load sharing and analysis of case study. Chapter 4 presents the
interfacing of microcontroller AT89C51 with ADC 0804 and LCD LM016. This proposed
technology is used for investigation incorporating all the relevant aspect for switching,
monitoring, evaluation, analysis and communication for the purpose of achieving the
development. Chapter 5 discuses the simulation and results of the project .Chapter 6, Conclusion
and recommendation for future work.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW AND FIELD SURVEY
This chapter will discuss the study about significant effect of overload in Bahir Dar distribution
system network and some cite on this area. At present load sharing of transformer is done in
factory by paralleling the transformers. This may causes increasing short-circuit currents that
increase necessary breaker capacity, the risk of circulating currents running from one transformer
to another transformer, circulating currents that diminish load capability and increased losses.
This method is following on olden days also. The challenge in paralleling modular supplies is to
insure predictable, uniform current sharing-regardless of load levels and the number of modules.
It provide enhanced system reliability through complete redundancy such that the failure of one
or more modules could be tolerated as long as the total remaining capacity is equal to or greater
than the demands of the load.
2.2 Citation
Automatic transformer load sharing issues and remedies are relevant project topics and a lot of
advanced researches are being carried out in this area. These issues are mainly due to increased
usage of power system utility and unbalanced loads occur in power system. Dynamic loads cause
power quality problems usually by voltage or current variations such as voltage dips,
fluctuations, momentary interruptions. Various publications define transformer load sharing in
different aspects. The project entitled "power transformer protection using microcontroller
designed with peripheral interface controller (pic 16f877a)".This project is mainly used to
protect transformer from getting worn out due to electrical disturbances. The electrical
parameters like current, voltage of the transformer are fed as base values, using a keypad to the
peripheral interface controller and the output signal is provided to operate a relay comparing the
base value with the operation electrical parameters."Transformer protection and monitoring"
this project uses the distance protection function which is used as back-up protection for faults
within the transformer. This solution provides efficient protection and control in facts
installations. The distance protection function can also be used as back-up protection for faults in
the connected lines. The parameters related to line distance protection are mostly set as primary
ohms, which significantly reduce the need to re-calculate the current and voltage values. This

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allows the IEDs to be quickly taken into operation. Furthermore in 2007 S.M. Bashi et al,
―designed and built a microcontroller based system for power transformer protection. The
system includes facilities for discrimination between internal fault current and magnetizing
inrush current, differential protection, over current protection has been included. The
performances of the proposed system have been examined and from the experimental readings
and observation, it was understood that the proposed system monitors and controls the
transformer when there is any fault (Bashi et al 2007).
2.3 Field survey on transformer overload in Bahir Dar city
What Is Over Current
Over current is any current in excess of the rated current of equipment or the capacity of a
conductor. It may result from overload, short circuit, or ground fault. Current flow in a conductor
always generates heat. The greater the current flow, the hotter the conductor. Excess heat is
damaging to electrical components. Many transformers in Bahir Dar are damaged (warn out)
frequently in different part of the city due to different reason. Some of the major reasons for
these damages are:
Overload: The city is on fast growing and its population increase rapidly from time to time. This
is due to establishment of different industries, and hotels resorts and public services. All
mentioned above need reliable and sustainable power to run their function properly. However,
most of the transformer mounted in the city cannot capable of carrying the over increasing load
of the city. In addition the transformer phases are loaded unequally to satisfy the customer need
as customer desired. So, this over load that comes from different utilities customer damage many
of the city transformer.
Line-line or ground: This happened due to short circuit of the line in distribution network. Most
of the city‘s network exposed for this faults. Since there are less trimming, sagging and animal
and wind protection in the network. On other hand, lightening is also the cause to this damage in
the case of surge failure.
Insulation failure: The two reasons explained so far is the causes for the insulation failure. This
occurred when internal temperature of the transformer increased and transformer over heated
result in the breakdown of dielectric strength (insulation) of the transformer.

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Oil level decrease: Most of the time oil level of transformer checked by distribution technicians
and filled. But sometimes due to a number of transformers some transformers may not checked.
As a result the transformer oil level drop and the cooling system fail. So the transformer over
heated easily and insulation break down that result in transformer internal damage.
Based on the above causes, we perform field survey on transformer overload in Bahir Dar
distribution network.
The transformer to function properly, without any defect its phases, boxes and pillar must be
equally loaded (balanced) i.e. IR=IS=IT. The current in neutral line also have to be zero (no
current flow in the neutral line i.e. IN=0). Each phases of transformer carrying different value of
current. And the two boxes of the transformer also unbalanced. So, the neutral line forced to
carry the current due to unbalanced phase. Consequently, this is resulted in over load of
transformer that causes for the burning of the transformer. Of these transformers some are
explained while they are checked by MEGGER.
MEGGER is an instrument used to measure the insulation of transformer to check up whether

transformers are normal or abnormal. We explain how to meager (criteria for) normal
transformer as follow
 High tension with ground >100MΩ

 High tension with High tension=0
 High tension with low tension (voltage) >100MΩ
 Low tension with neutral=0
 Low tension with ground >100MΩ
 Low tension with low tension=0
N.B:- When meager transformer high tension with high tension, high tension with ground and
high tension with low tension. We set adjust (calibrate) the Meagher at 5KV.
-When low tension with low tension, low tension with ground and low tension with neutral we
set adjust the Meagher at 0.5KV.
We gather the following data from Meagher test of transformer
 M.V with M.V =0MΩ

 M.V with trafo body >100MΩ
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 M.V with low voltage >100MΩ

 Low voltage R-phase with low voltage T-phase=0MΩ
 Low voltage R-phase with low voltage S-phase>100MΩ
 Low voltage S-phase with low voltage T-phase>100MΩ
 Low voltage R&T-phase with neutral=0MΩ
 Low voltage S-phase with neutral >100MΩ
 Low voltage S-phase with ground =0MΩ
The Meagher result shows that the transformer S-phase low voltage side has no output and the
transformer low voltage side grounded with transformer body. Consequently, the transformer
damaged (burnt). It must be replaced by other transformer to give service for the customer.
2.4 Importance of Protection System
Fault impose hazard to both user and the system itself and when it comes to user, life is the
concern and when it concern the system it is merely to provide stable Electrical power system on
top of that prevent damage to the expensive equipment used. In summary, the needs of power
protection are explained in table 2.2 below.
Table 2.2 Protection system
User/Personal safety Prevent injury and accident

Equipment Safe guard the equipment from over current, over
voltage and frequency drift that
can cause damage
General safety Prevent secondary accident that result from power
system fault such as fire
Power supply stability Ensure that continuous and stable electrical power
supplied by the system/grid
Operation cost Ensure that the system is operating at optimal
efficiency and reduce equipment
maintenance

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CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF POWER TRANSFOMER
3.1 Introduction
Automatic load sharing of transformers is an integral part of the power system control process,
allowing smooth and immediate transfer of electrical current between multiple sources and the
load. Here we are using two transformers TF1 and TF2 sharing transformer among themselves.
The transfers switch senses when utility power increases more than rating of transformer1, then
starts up the transformer TF2 which acts as a sharing transformer. The transfer switch continues
to monitor utility power, and when it is less than the rating of TF1 then sharing transformer will
cut off from load and switches the load from the Transformer TF2 back to the transformer TF1.
Once the Transformer TF2 is disconnected, it goes through a cool-down routine and works at its
load.
Current sensor Relay Current sensor T2

T1 Load Load
Microcontroll
er
Relay driver Reference voltage
General block diagram of the project
3.2 Power supply

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Power supply circuit design is one of the important parts of this project, without a power supply
the electronic devices such as microcontroller, relay, ADC, LCD etc. display will not function.
Similarly a wrong power supply design will lead to the damaging of the electronic devices used
in this project. The main power supplies needed for this project is 5VDC in order to power on the
relay and other electronic devices such as microcontroller, LCD and ADC etc. The design is
done using a transformer, bridge rectifiers, filter capacitor and a voltage regulator.
Most of the power supply is designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable
low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can be broken down
into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.
Figure 3.2 block diagram of power supply
3.2.1 Transformer
Power supply input voltage is obtained from the main supply 220VAC outlet and then connected
to the transformer. A step down transformer is used in stepping the 220VAC to a 12VAC.The
12VAC serves as an input voltage to the bridge rectifier.
The transformer primitive requires properties for inductances of each coil plus the coupling
coefficient properties for inductances of each coil plus the coupling coefficient between the coils.
These can be calculated via equation:
M =k root (LP*Ls)
Where M is the coupling ratio between the primary and secondary coils (effectively the same as
the turns ratio), Lp and Ls are inductances of the primary and secondary coils respectively and k
is the coupling coefficient.

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Figure 3.3 Output of transformer
3.2.2 Bridge rectifier
When four diodes are connected the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is
applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the
remaining two corners. Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a
positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A
will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4. The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1
and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass
through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow. The path for current
flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3, through the secondary of the
transformer back to point B.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a given
transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the
conventional full-wave circuit.
Figure 3.4 Output of rectifier

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The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for
electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.
3.2.3 Filter
Filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove
unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. The most
common types of electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design.
Figure 3.5 Output of filter
The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic circuits
3.2.4 IC Regulator
An IC regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage

level. A voltage regulator may be a simple “feed-forward” design or may include negative
feedback control loops. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual
supplies. Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass.
Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection')
and overheating ('thermal protection').It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages.

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Figure 3.6 Output of IC regulator
The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits.
3.3 The Electromagnetic Relay
The relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls,

automobiles, and appliances. It allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system
with two different voltage sources. It used to opens and closes under the control of another
electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close
one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to
control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be, in a
broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
Diagram that a relay uses an electromagnet. This is a device consisting of a coil of wire wrapped
around an iron core. When electricity is applied to the coil of wire it becomes magnetic, hence
the term electromagnet. The A, B and C terminals are an SPDT switch controlled by the
electromagnet.
Figure 3.7 Electromagnetic relay

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When electricity is applied to V1 and V2, the electromagnet acts upon the SPDT switch so that
the B and C terminals are connected. When the electricity is disconnected, then the A and C
terminals are connected. It is important to note that the electromagnet is magnetically linked to
the switch but the two are NOT linked electrically.
Basic operation
The EMRs have three components: the coil, spring and contacts. A digital +5V can control a
220Vac transformer, without any physical contact between them. When current flows through
the coil, a magnetic field is created around the coil (the coil is energized), which causes the
armature to be attracted to the coil. The armature‘s contact acts like a switch and closes or opens
the circuit. The relay serves as the protective device of the entire system. The relay receives trip
signal from the microcontroller and thereby connect the transformer secondary from the input ac
to the load.
3.4 Current Transformers
Current Transformers (CT) are instrument transformers that are used to supply a reduced value
of current to meters, protective relays, and other instruments. CT‘s provide isolation from the
high voltage primary, permit grounding of the secondary for safety, and step-down the
magnitude of the measured current to a value that can be safely handled by the instruments. The
protection of the transformer against over current is concerned with the detection and
measurement of fault, where the measurement can be dangerous and indeed impossible to
measure if the actual load and fault currents are very large. A professional way of avoiding these
difficulties is to use the current sensor.
The current transformer is used with its primary winding connected in series with line carrying
the current to be measured and therefore the primary current is dependent upon the load
connected to the system and is not determined by the load connected on the secondary winding
of the current transformer . The primary winding consists of very few turns and therefore there is
no appreciable voltage drop across it. The secondary winding of current transformer has large
number of turns, the exact number being determined by the turn‘s ratio.
3.4.1 Current Transformer operation

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The instrument current transformer CT steps down the current of a circuit to a lower value and is
used in the same types of equipment as a potential transformer. This is done by constructing the
secondary coil consisting of many turns of wire, around the primary coil, which contains only a
few turns of wire. In this manner, measurements of high values of current can be obtained. A
current transformer should always be short-circuited when not connected to an external load.
Because the magnetic circuit of a current transformer is designed for low magnetizing current
when under load, this large increase in magnetizing current will build up a large flux in the
magnetic circuit and cause the transformer to act as a step-up transformer, inducing an
excessively high voltage in the secondary when under no load.
The current sensor is capable of measuring up to 50A.The monitored current values are
displayed on the LCD display and as soon the voltage transformer is overloaded the current
transformer sends the information through the ADC and the microcontroller energizes the relay,
thereby the load is shared by another transformer. Over current protection circuit An ammeter
cannot be used in measuring the load current in this project because an analogue signal must be
fed into the ADC of the microcontroller for monitoring the load current. A current sensor was
found to be the suitable current sensing device for this purpose. The current sensor used can
measure up to 50A. The ACS750 comes with one set of dean-T connector and a 3 ways right
angle pin header. The ACS750 is power up with 5VDC and gives out voltage to indicate the
direction and current value. The output of the current sensor is fed to Micro-controller ADC unit
for taking the necessary action.
3.5 Power Transformer
Power transformers are used for conversion of voltage and current from high to low and vice
versa. A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or
primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying
magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction. If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current primary circuit through the
transformer to the load.

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For transmission and distribution networks to transfer large amounts of alternating current
electricity over long distances with minimum losses and least cost, different voltage levels are
required in the various parts of the networks.
For example, the transfer of electricity efficiently over a long transmission line requires the use
of high voltages. At the receiving end where the electricity is used, the high voltage has to be
reduced to the levels required by the consumer. Transformers enable these changes in voltage to
be carried out easily, cheaply and efficiently. We normally use the step down transformer that
converts 15kv to 220v AC supply.
A transformer consists of two coils electrically separate but linked by a common magnetic circuit
of low reluctance formed by a laminated soft iron core. If one coil (the primary coil) is connected
to an AC supply, an alternating magnetic flux is set up in the iron core. This alternating magnetic
flux passes through the secondary coil and induces and alternating voltage in the secondary coil.
The magnitude of the secondary voltage is directly proportional to the ratio of the number of
turns in the secondary and primary windings and to the primary voltage.
3.5.1 Operation of power transformer
The present system is designed by two transformers. TF1 is used as the main supply and TF2 is
used as sharing transformer. They are connected with the relay which is controlled by the
embedded controller. Both transformers are connected with their load through relay. Initially, the
loads run with this power.
In order to connect these two transformers the ff condition is satisfied:
 The voltage ratio must be the same.

 The per unit impedance of each must be the same.
 The polarity must be the same, so that there is no circulating current between the
transformers.
 The phase sequence must be the same
3.6 Mathematical modeling for Load sharing of two transformers

Let us consider the following two cases:

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 Equal voltage ratios.
 Unequal voltage ratios.
3.6.1 Equal Voltage Ratios
Assume no-load voltages EA and EB are identical and in phase. Under these conditions if the
primary and secondary are connected in parallel, there will be no circulating current between
them on no load.
Figure 3.8 Equivalent circuit of parallel transformer
The Figure shows two impedances in parallel. Let RA, XA and ZA be the total equivalent
resistance, reactance and impedance of transformer A and RB, XB and ZB be the total equivalent
resistance, reactance and impedance of transformer B.
From the Figure we have
EA=V2 + IAZA…………………………………………………………….. Eq 1
EB=V2+IBZB
IAZA=IBZB since they are in parallel
IA/IB=ZB/ZA ZA = RA + XA
ZB = RB + XB
LA/IB = (RB +XB) / (RA + XA) ……………………………………...……. Eq 2
Suppose that if two transformers with different KVA rating are connected in parallel, the total

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load will be divided in proportional to their KVA rating and their equivalent impendence are
inversely proportional to their respective rating.
IA/IB = ZB/ZA
IA/IL = ZB/ZL by current division formula
IA / (IA +IB) = ZB / (ZA + ZB)
IA = IL (ZB / (ZA + ZB)) …………………………………………………… Eq 3
IB = IL (ZA / (ZA + ZB)) …………………………………………………….Eq 4
Substituting for ZA and ZB above by kVAA/ %ZA and KVAB/ %ZB into equations (3) and (4)
produces the following equations
IA = ( kVAA/ %ZA) x IL/( kVAA/ %ZA+ kVAB/ %ZB) ……………….…..Eq 5
IB = ( KVAB/ %ZB) x IL/( kVAA/ %ZA+ kVAB/ %ZB) ………………...…Eq 6
Similarly the load share the main transformer (TA)

SA = V2IA X 103 KVA
= V2I (ZA / (ZA +ZB)) X 103 KVA …………………………………….. Eq 7
The capacity of load sharing transformer
SB = V2IB X 103 KVA
= V2I (ZAB/ (ZA + ZB)) X 103 KVA ……………………..…………….. Eq 8
Therefore the total load will be
S = SA + SB
S = V2I X 103 KVA ……………………………………..…………………...... Eq 9
3.6.2 Unequal Voltage Ratios
For unequal voltage turns ratio, if the primary is connected to the supply, a circulating current
will flow in the primary even at no load. The circulating current will be superimposed on the
currents drawn by the load when the transformers share a load. Let V1 be the primary supply
voltage, a1 be the turns ratio of transformer A, a2 be the turns ratio of transformer B, ZA be the
equivalent impedance of transformer A (=RA + jXA) referred to as secondary, ZB be the
equivalent impedance of transformer B (= RB + jXB) referred to as secondary, IA be the output

IN BAHIR DAR CITY
current of transformer A and IB be the output current of transformer B. The induced emf in the
secondary of transformer A is
EA =V1/ a1 =V2 +IAZA ……………………………………………...………..Eq10

The induced emf in the secondary of transformer B is
EB=V1/a2 =V2 +IBZB …………………………………………………………Eq11
Again, V2 = IZL where ZL is the impedance of the load
V2= (IA+IB) ZL …………………………………………………………………Eq12
From Equations 7, 8 and 9 we have
EA=IAZA+ (IA+IB) ZL …………………………………………….……………Eq13
And EA=IBZB+ (IA+IB) ZL ……………………………………….……………Eq14
EA - EB = IAZA - IBZB …………………………………………….…………...Eq15
IA = ((EA –EB) +IBZB)/ZA ……………………………………….…………..Eq16
i.e. substituting IA from equation (16) in equation (14), we have
EB =IBZB + ((EA –EB) +IBZB)/ZA *ZL +IBZL
IB = (EBZA – (EA -EB) ZL)/ZAZB +ZL (ZA + ZB) ………………………….Eq17

IA = (EAZB + (EA -EB) ZL)/ ZAZB +ZL (ZA + ZB)………………………….Eq18
3.7 Case Study Analysis
This part provides a case study for two power transformers load sharing in distribution system
with Bahir Dar city. The following assumption parameters for each transformer are considered.
Case 1: Equal Impedances-Equal voltage Ratios- Different kVA Although it‘s not common
practice for new installations, sometimes two Transformers with different kVAs and the same
percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this situation, the current division
causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no circulating currents because the
voltages (turn ratios) are the same. Capacity of T1= 3000 kVA and capacity of T2= 1000 kVA,
Each transformer with 5.75% impedance and each with the same turn ratios, The total load

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connected to a common is 4000 kVA. Since current has a direct relationship with kVA,
substituting kVA for current into equation (5) and (6) above
kVA1= 522 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 3000 kVA
kVA2= 174 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 1000 kVA
It can be seen in the calculations that even though there are different kVA ratings on
transformers connected to one common load, that current division causes each transformer to
only be loaded to its kVA rating. The key here is that the percent impedances are the same.
Case 2: Unequal Impedances-Equal Ratios-Different kVA Seldom are transformers in industrial
and commercial facilities connected to one common bus with different kVA and unequal percent
impedances. However, there may be that one situation where two single-ended substations may
be tied together via bussing or cables to provide better voltage support when starting large
motors. If the percent impedances and kVA ratings are different, care should be taken when
loading these transformers.
Capacity of transformer 1 3000 kVA (kVA1) with 5.75% impedance
Capacity of transformer 2 1000 kVA (kVA2) with 4% impedance,
Each transformer with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 3500 kVA load.
Using equations (5) and (6):
kVA1= 522 / (522 + 250) x 3500 = 2366 kVA
kVA2= 250 / (522 + 250) x 3500 = 1134 kVA
The load current carried by the combined transformers will be less than their rated kVA.
As similar to “case 1” because the percent impedance is less in the 1000 kVA transformer, it is
overloaded with a less than combined rated load.
Case 3: Unequal impedances-Unequal ratios- Different kVA
Although it appears highly unlikely that all of these parameters would be different in practice, we
will address this situation by looking at circulating currents. Unequal Impedances Equal Ratios

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Different kVA addressed different kVA, but ignored the X/R ratios of the transformer.
If both the ratios and the impedances are different, the circulating current (because of the unequal
ratio) should be combined with each transformer's share of the load current to obtain the actual
total current in each unit. For unity power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal turn
ratios) results in only half percent to the total current. At lower power factors, the circulating current
will change dramatically. The effect of having parallel transformers with different percent impedances,
along with different turn and X/R ratios connected to one common load.
Consider two transformers connected in parallel:
Transformer A has 5500 V, equivalent impedance (0.4 + j4) ohm
Transformer B has 5400 V, equivalent impedance (0.1 + j 1.5) and supply a common load.
The load impedance is (10 + j 6) ohm. The current supplied by each transformer. By using equation 17
and 18 we can get the current of each transformer
IA = (5500(0.1 + j1.5) + (5500 - 5400) x (10 + j6))/ ((0.4 + j4) x (0.1 + j1.5) + (10 + j6) x (0.4 + j4 +0.1 + j1.5))
= 1550 + j8850 -33.96 + j59 = (101.31 – j84.58) A
IB = 5400(0.4 + j4) - (5500 - 5400) x (10 + j6)/ ((0.4 + j4) x (0.1 + j1.5) + (10 + j6) x (0.4 + j4 +0.1 + j1.5))
= 1160 + j2100 -33.96 + j59 = (258.85 –j168.66) A
To calculate the circulating currents, the difference in ratios must be expressed in the percentage of the
normal ratio. The circulating current is obtained by dividing this value by the sum of the impedances of
the two transformers.
This would be the total impedance through which the circulating current is flowing.
%IC = %e x 100/ ((%R' + k%R'') 2+ (%Z' + k%Z'') 2 )
Where
%IC= circulating current in the transformers in percentage of the rated current.
%R', %Z', %R", and %Z" are the percentage resistances and reactance based on the X/R ratio
on units kVA' and kVA".

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k = kVA' / kVA"
%e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal.
So we consider another two transformers connected in parallel:
Capacity of transformer 1 2000 kVA1 with 5.75% impedance, X/R ratio of 8,
Capacity of transformer 2 1000 kVA2with 4% impedance, X/R ratio of 5 and
2000 kVA1with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and 1000 kVA2 tapped at nominal.
The percent circulating current (%IC)
By using the above equation we can solve % of circulating current:
Z' = 5.75, therefore %R' = %Z' / [(X/R) 2+ 1)] 1/2
%R' = 5.75 / ((8)2+ 1)1/2
%R' = .713
Solving for %X':
%X'= %R x (X/R)
%X' = .713 x 8 = 5.7
%Z" = 4, therefore %R" = %Z" / [(X/R) 2+ 1)] 1/2
%R" = 4 / ((5)2+ 1)1/2
%R" = .784
Solving for %X":
%X" = %R x (X/R)
%X" = .784 x 5 = 3.92 % IC = 2.5 x 100 ((.713 + (2000/1000) x .784)2+ (5.7+ (2000/1000) x 3.92)2) %IC= 250
/ 13.73 = 18.21

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This shows that the combined load of the transformers will be limited to [3000 - (.1821 x 3000 = 546
kVA)] 2454 kVA before a load is connected.
We summarize our case study as follows
Loading considerations for paralleling transformers are simple unless kVA, percent impedances, or ratios
are different. When paralleled transformer turn ratios and percent impedances are the same, equal load
division will exist on each transformer. When paralleled transformer kVA ratings are the same, but the
percent impedances are different, then unequal load division will occur. The same is true for unequal
percent impedances and unequal kVA. Circulating currents only exist if the turn ratios do not match on
each transformer. The magnitude of the circulating currents will also depend on the X/R ratios of the
transformers.
CHAPTER 4
INTERFACING OF MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51 WITH ADC0804

AND LCD LM016
4.1 MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of

Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured
using Atmel‘shigh-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with industry-
standard MCS-51instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to
be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the AT89C51 is a powerful

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microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded

control application.
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory RAM, ROM or
EPROM, various I/O features such as Serial ports, Parallel Ports, Timer/Counters, Interrupt
Controller, Data Acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital Converter ADC, Digital to Analog
Converter (ADC), everything integrated onto a single Silicon Chip. It does not mean that any
micro controller should have all the above said features on chip, Depending on the need and area
of application for which it is designed, The ONCHIP features present in it may or may not
include all the individual section said above. Any microcomputer system requires memory to
store a sequence of instructions making up a program, parallel port or serial port for store a
sequence of instructions making up a program, parallel port or serial port for communicating
with an external system, timer / counter for control purposes like generating time delays, apart
from the controlling unit called the Central Processing Unit.
Functions of micro controller
Sends appropriate commands to ADC to start conversion,
Collects the output of ADC for every 10 sec and stores in buffer,
After data gets transmitted sends command for disconnection
Sends appropriate information to the display unit as per status of the communication medium
4.1.1 Major Features of AT89C51
Compatible with MCS-51 products
4k Bytes of in-system Reprogrammable flash memory-indurance:1000 write/erase cycles
Fully static operation: 0HZ to 24MHZ
Three level programmable clock
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

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128 * 8 –bit timer/counters
Six interrupt sources
Programmable serial channel
Low power idle power-down mod
4.1.2 AT89C51 Microcontroller Architecture
The 89C51 architecture consists of these specific features:
Eight –bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B
Sixteen-bit program counter (PC) and data pointer (DPTR)
Eight- bit stack pointer (PSW)
Eight-bit stack pointer (Sp)
Internal ROM or EPROM
Internal RAM of 128 bytes:
Four register banks, each containing eight registers
Sixteen bytes, which may be addressed at the bit level
Eighty bytes of general- purpose data memory
Thirty –two input/output pins arranged as four 8-bit ports:p0-p3
Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF
Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP, and IE
Two external and three internal interrupts sources.
Oscillator and clock circuits

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4.1.3 Pin Description
VCC: Supply voltage.
GND: Ground.
Port 0: Is an 8-bit open-drain bidirectional I/O port. When 1‘s are written to port 0 pins, the pins
can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low
order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0
has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs
the code bytes during program verification.
Port 1: Is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order
address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
low will source current because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2emits the high-order address byte
during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memories
that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.

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During accesses to external data memories that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of
the P2Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some
control signals during Flash programming and verification.
low will source current because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89C51 as listed below: Port 3 also receives some control signals for
Flash programming and verification
………………………
RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device.
ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to
external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.
PSEN:
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When theAT89C51 is
executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP:
External Access Enable (EA) must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch
code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however,
that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to
VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the12-volt programming enable
voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.
XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

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4.1.4 The AT89C51 oscillator and clock
The clock circuit is an important element that is required in the system board. This is because the
microcontroller works digitally based on generated clock. The rate of the clock is determined by
a crystal oscillator that is connected to the clock logic pins. A high speed crystal of 16 MHz is
used in this project in order to avoid any delay in terms of relay tripping ON and OFF, and
monitoring of the transformer parameters through the ADC of the microcontroller. Because the
monitoring of transformer parameters and tripping off the relay has to be very fast to avoid
failure of the entire protection system. The crystal inscribed into the microcontroller, with two 33
pF capacitors used to filter out external noise from interfering with the crystal frequency.
The heart of the 89C51 circuitry that generates the clock pulses by which all internal operations
are synchronized. Pins XTAL1 and XTAL2 is provided for connecting a resonant network to
form an oscillator. Typically a quartz crystal and capacitors are employed. The crystal frequency
is the basic internal clock frequency of the microcontroller. The manufacturers make 89C51
designs that run at specific minimum and maximum frequencies typically 1 to 16 MHz.
4.1.4.1 Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can
be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in figs. To drive the device from an
external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in
figure. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to
the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum
voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
4.1.5 TIMERS
On-chip timing/counting facility has proved the capabilities of the microcontroller for implementing
the real time application. These include pulse counting, frequency measurement, pulse width
measurement, baud rate generation, etc . Having sufficient number of timer/counters may be a need in a
certain design application. The 8051 has two timers/counters. They can be used either as timers
to generate a time delay or as counters to count events happening outside the microcontroller. Let
discus show these timers are used to generate time delays and we will also discuss how they are
been used as event counters.

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4.1.5.1 Programming 8051 timers
The 8051 has timers: Timer 0 and Timer1.they can be used either as timers or as event counters.
Let us first discuss about the timers registers and how to program the timers to generate time
delays.
Basic registers of the timer
Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are 16 bits wide. Since the 8051 has an 8-bit architecture, each 16-bit
timer is accessed as two separate registers of low byte and high byte.
4.1.6 Interrupts
Interrupts are hardware signals that are used to determine conditions that exist in external and
internal circuits. Any interrupt can cause the 8051 to perform a hardware call to an interrupt –
handling subroutine that is located at a predetermined absolute address in the program memory.
Five interrupts are provided in the 8051.
Three of these are generated automatically by the internal operations: Timer flag 0, Timer Flag 1,
and the serial port interrupt (RI or TI). The Timer0 and Timer 1 Interrupts are generated by TF0
and TF1, which are set by a rollover in their respective Timer/Counter registers. When a timer
interrupt is generated, the flag that generated it is cleared by the on-chip hardware when the
service routine is vectored to. The Serial Port Interrupt is generated by the logical OR of RI and
TI. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact,
the service routine will normally have to determine whether it was RI or TI that generated the
interrupt, and the bit will have to be cleared in software.
Two interrupts are triggered by external signals provided by the circuitry that is connected to
the pins INTO 0 and INTO1. The flags that actually generate these interrupts are bits IE0 and
IE1 in TCON. When an external interrupt is generated, the flag that generated it is cleared by the
hardware when the service routine is vectored to only if the interrupt was transition-activated. If
the interrupt was level activated, then the external requesting source is what controls the request
flag, rather than the on-chip hardware. The interrupts maybe enable or disabled, given priority or
otherwise controlled by altering the bits in the Interrupt Enabled (IE) register, Interrupt Priority
(IP) register, and the Timer Control (TCON) register. These interrupts are mask able i.e. they can

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be disabled. Reset is a non mask able interrupt which has the highest priority. It is generated
when a high is applied to the reset pin. Upon reset, the registers are loaded with the default
values. Each interrupt source causes the program to do store the address in PC onto the stack and
causes a hardware call to one of the dedicated addresses in the program memory.
4.2 Analog to Digital Converter Interfacing
Analog to Digital Converters are most widely used devices for data acquisition. Digital
Computers use Binary values, but in the physical world everything is analog in nature; or we can
say that they are continuous in nature. A physical quantity which is analog in nature is converted
to electrical signals using a device called transducers. Transducers are also referred to as sensors.
Sensors produce an output that is voltage or current. Therefore we need an ADC to translate the
analog signals to digital numbers so that micro-controller can read and process them.
Microcontroller can only perform complex processing on digitized signals. When signals are in
digital form they are less susceptible to the deleterious effects of additive noise. ADC Provides a
link between the analog world of transducers and the digital world of signal processing and data
handling. So let‘s start the discussion of interfacing of ADC with AT89C51 and its application to
measure the voltage and current and display and pass it on to the LCD and Serial Port.
Application of ADC
ADC is used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to be processed, stored, or
transported in digital form. Some examples of ADC usage are digital volt meters, cell phone,
thermocouples, digital oscilloscope, sound processing, temperature processing etc...
Microcontrollers commonly use 8, 10, 12, or 16 bit ADCs, our micro controller uses an 8 bit
ADC. Analog-to-digital ADC converters are used to transform analog information into a form
suitable for digital handling, which might involve any of these operations:
processing by a computer or by logic circuits, including arithmetical operations,

Comparison, sorting, ordering and code conversion,
Storage until ready for further handling,
Display in numerical or graphical form and
Transmission

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Functional block diagram
……………………………..
The reference input terminal of an ADC may be buffered as shown in Figure above in which
case it has input impedance (usually high) and bias current (usually low) specifications, or it may
connect directly to the ADC. In either case, the transient currents developed on the reference
input due to the internal conversion process need good decoupling with external low inductance
capacitors.
The sampling clock input is a critical function in an ADC and a source of some confusion. It
could truly be the sampling clock. This frequency would typically be several times higher than
the sampling rate of the converter. It could also be a convert start (or encode) command which
would happen once per conversion. Regardless of the ADC, it is extremely important to read the
data sheet and determine exactly what the external clock requirements are, because they can vary
widely from one ADC to another. In ADCs, this line is variously called busy, end-of-conversion
(EOC), data ready, etc. Regardless of the ADC, there must be some method of knowing when the
output data is valid—and again, the data sheet is where this information can always be found.
Another detail which can cause trouble is the difference between EOC and DRDY (data ready).
EOC indicates that conversion has finished, DRDY that data is available at the output. In some
ADCs, EOC functions as DRDY—in others, data is not valid until several tens of nanoseconds
after the EOC has become valid, and if EOC is used as a data strobe, the results will be
unreliable.
Our ADC0804 is a single channel analog to digital convertor i.e., it can take only one analog
signal. An ADC has n bit resolution (binary form) where n can be 8,10,12,16 or even 24 bits.
ADC 0804 has 8 bit resolution. The higher resolution ADC gives smaller step size. Step size is
smallest change that can be measured by an ADC. For an ADC with resolution of 8 bits, the step
sizeis19.53 mV (5V/255).The time taken by the ADC to convert analog data into digital form is
dependent on the frequency of clock source. ADC0804 can be given clock from external source.
It also has an internal clock. However the conversion time cannot be more than110us. To use the
internal clock a capacitor and resistor is connected to pin 19 and 4 as shown in the circuit
diagram. The frequency is given by the relation f= 1/(1.1RC). The circuit uses a resistance of 10k
and a capacitor of 150pF to generate clock forADC0804.Vin, which is the input pin, is connected

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to a preset to provide analog input is an active low pin and used to activate the ADC0804.
4.2.1 Pin description
1. CS, Chip Select: By using this selection Bit you can select the Chip. After selecting this
bit the chip is ready to do operation. By using HIGH (1) you can select this pin as an
active high.
2. RD, Read: This is an input pin and active low. After converting the analog data, the ADC
stores the result in an internal register. This pin is used to get the data out of the ADC
0804 chip. When CS=0 &high to low pulse is given to this pin, the digital output is
shown on the pins D0-D7.
3. WR, Write: This is an input pin and active low. This is used to instruct the ADC to start
the conversion process. If CS=0 and WR makes a low to high transition, the ADC starts
the Conversion process.
4. CLK IN, Clock IN: This is an input pin connected to an external clock source.
5. INTR, Interrupt: This is an active low output pin. This pin goes low when the conversion
is over.
6. Vin+: Analog Input.
7. Vin-: Analog Input. Connected to ground.
8. AGND: Analog Ground.
9. Vref/2: This pin is used to set the reference voltage. If this is not connected the default
reference voltage is 5V. In some application it is required to reduce the step size. This can
be done by using this pin.
10. DGND: Digital Ground.
11-18. Output Data Bits (D7-D0).
19. CLKR: Clock Reset.
20. Vcc: Positive Supply
4.3 Liquid Crystal Display Interface
The alphanumeric 16character X 2line LCD requires 8data lines and also 3 control signals. By
using 2ports, port 0&3 data pins are connected to LCD as data bus. Port0 can be basically used

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as I/O port i.e. It can be programmed as an input or as an output port. That means if it is
programmed as output port, suppose if it is required to read data from LCD immediately it is not
possible. Before reading the data it is required to make the port as an input port.
Data reading from LCD gives an erroneous reading & should not be implemented. Because of this port5
is made as input / output port depending on the situation. The control signals are connected to port 3 pins.
They are EN bar & RS bar, RW bar. At different instance such as data write / command write / data read
etc. Various signals are to be provided as indicated by the by the LCD manufacturers. To interface the
LCD, to the Micro controller it require an 8 bit and also three control signals differentiate the data from
the control words send to the LCD.
The Microcontroller has to send the necessary control words followed by the data to be
displayed. Depending on the operation to be performed the control words are selected and passes to the
LCD. The data to be displayed on the LCD is to be sent in the ASCII format. Thus all the character to be
displayed are converted into ASCII form and then sent to the LCD along with different control words.
The control word differentiated the various operations and is executed. It is also possible to read the LCD
data if required. The control signals to the LCD are also provided by the Micro controller. This is also
done through pins 2.5, 2.6 &2.7.Through program necessary control signals are passed to the LCD by
using the bits of the port. The remaining can be used for some other purpose if there is a need. The
software controls the necessary ports and performs the task it is designed for. The soft ware and
associated hardware perform the LCD interface.
4.3.1 Pin Description
Vcc, Vss and Vee While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground respectively, Vee is used for
controlling LCD contrast. RS, register select. There are two very important registers inside the
LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code
register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home,
etc., If RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the
LCD.
R/W, read/write R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information
from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing. EN, Enable the LCD to latch information
presented to its data pins uses the enable pin. When data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low
pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins.
The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the
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LCD‘s internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-
Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1.There are also instruction command
codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or
blink the instruction command codes. We also use RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the
LCD is ready to receive information.
The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS=0, as follows:
If R/W=1, RS=0. When D7=1 (busy flag=1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations
and will not accept any information.

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CHAPTER FIVE
SIMULATION AND RESULT
We use two most known software for simulation of our project; that compatible to design
component of automatic load sharing of power transformer. For construction of the schematic
diagram of the project we applied proteus and compile our code by keil.
5.1 Proteus
Proteus is a single application with many service modules offering different functionality
(schematic capture, PCB layout, etc.). The wrapper that enables all of the various tools to
communicate with each other consists of three main parts.
Application Framework: This is the framework or container which hosts all of the functionality
of Proteus. ISIS, ARES, 3DV all open as tabbed windows within this framework and therefore
all have access to the common database.
Common Database: The common database contains information about parts used in the project.
A part can contain both a schematic component and a PCB footprint as well both user and
system properties.
Live Net list: Together with the common database the maintenance of a live net list allows all
open modules to automatically reflect changes. The most obvious example of this is wiring in
ISIS producing rats nest connections in ARES but it goes much further than that. The new Bill of
Materials module contains a live viewer and the 3D Viewer and Design Explorer are also linked
into the live net list.
5.2 Keil cross C Compiler
KEIL can be used to create source files; automatically compile, link and covert using options set
with an easy to use user interface and finally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware
with access to C variables and memory.
Unless you have to use the tolls on the command line, the choice is clear. KEIL Greatly
simplifies the process of creating and testing an embedded application. The Keil Software 8051
development tools listed below are the programs you use to compile your C code, assemble your

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assembler source files, link your program together, create HEX files, and debug your target
program. µVision2 for Windows™ Integrated Development Environment: combines Project
Management, Source Code Editing, and Program Debugging in one powerful environment.
C51 ANSI Optimizing C Cross Compiler: creates relocatable object modules from your C source
code,
A51 Macro Assembler: creates relocatable object modules from your 8051 assembler source
code,
BL51 Linker/Locator: combines relocatable object modules created by the compiler and
assembler into the final absolute object module,
LIB51 Library Manager: combines object modules into a library, which may be used by the
linker,
OH51 Object-HEX Converter: creates Intel HEX files from absolute object modules
5.3 Simulation

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5.3.1 Schematic Explanation and discussion

Firstly, the required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89C51 is 5V.Hence the 5V D.C.
power supply is needed by the same. This regulated 5V is generated by first stepping down the
220V to 15 V. The step downed a.c voltage is being rectified by the Bridge Rectifier. The diodes
used are 1N4007. The rectified a.c voltage is now filtered using a ‘C‘filter.
Now the rectified, filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This voltage
regulator allows us to have a Regulated Voltage which is +5V. We are using voltage regulators

IN BAHIR DAR CITY
i.e., 7805. These voltage regulators regulate 5v for microcontroller, ADC, LCD and current
transformer. The rectified; filtered and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an
electrolytic capacitor 100μF.
Now the output from this section is fed to 40th pin of 89c51microcontroller to supply operating
voltage. The microcontroller 89C51 with crystal oscillator of 11.0592 MHz crystal in
conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 18th& 19th pins of 89c51 to make it work
(execute) properly. The LCD is interfaced to Microcontroller. The data pins of LCD are
connected to Port 1. The control pins of LCD are connected to Port 2 as shown in schematic. One
of the port 2 pin is connected to the relay to check the status of the transformer one (main
transformer) i.e. whether it is overloaded or not. Relay is used to turn on & off the transformer
two when the transformer one is overloaded.
The data pins of ADC are connected to the port 0 of microcontroller. The control pins of ADC
are connected to port 3 of microcontroller. Whatever the data in ADC from C.T (current
transformer) will be converted from analog to digital and fed it to the microcontroller.
5.4 Results
From simulation of the project we get the following result. When the utility load is increased
beyond the rated capacity of the transformer one (main transformer) and interrupted; the
microcontroller detect the signal that get from the loads through current sensor and ADC. Then
the microcontroller calculates the received signal compare with the reference voltage; then send
signal to the relay (transfer switch). The relay connect transformer two to share the overload
power. However, when the utility load became below rated value of transformer one
microcontroller send signal to disconnect transformer two and the load is run only by transformer
one.
…………………………..

IN BAHIR DAR CITY
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION
6.1Conclusions
The project describes about how to use power supply intelligently under peak loads. The project
automatically connects and disconnects the sharing transformer thus protecting the main
transformer from overload. Current transformer plays an important role by sensing the current
through the load and sending feedback signal to the microcontroller through ADC.
Microcontroller is so programmed that as soon as the load exceeds a particular current limit it
will soon generate a control signals and the signal is fed to the electromagnetic relay. The
switching process occurs in the Electromagnetic Relay which automatically connects the
transformer in parallel in accordance to the load sensed by the CT. Through the transformer
current analysis we can see that the current of the transformer rises as load increases, whenever
the load current goes above the transformer rated current, the microcontroller detects an over
current and it sends a trip signal to relay thereby the load shared automatically by other
transformer and protecting the another transformer from burning. As the load current goes
below the rated current of the transformer, the microcontroller detects normal there by sending
an on signal to the relay to disconnect the sharing transformer. The results indicate that the
microcontroller based transformer automatic load sharing achieves numerous advantages over
the existing systems in use: fast response, better isolation, accurate detection of the fault. Finally,

IN BAHIR DAR CITY
the results of simulation meet the aim and objectives of the project and automated with no
manual interface required.
6.2 Recommendation for Future Work
Any work and investigation on transformer load sharing is very advantageous and challenging.
Based on the present time, it can be observed that the Bahir Dar city population is increasing
rapidly. Therefore demands on electricity will be high and these will lead to demands of highly
sophisticated protection devices, which will be incorporated in transformer load sharing
schemes. Based on the work done in this project which automatic load sharing of transformer
using microcontroller, some improvements need to be made in the future work. It was noticed
that use of switching semiconductor device such as thyristor can be used instead of relay, highly
advanced microcontroller such as 16bit PIC microcontroller or a digital signal processor can be
used for high speed analogue to digital (ADC) conversion of the transformer voltage and current.
The future scope of our project is particularly in Substation. In substations particularly during the
peak hours there is a need for the operation of additional transformer to supply the additional
load requirement. Our project automatically connects the transformer under critical loads. Thus
there is no need to operate both transformers under normal loads, particularly during off peak
hours. Thus power is shared intelligently with the transformers in parallel.

IN BAHIR DAR CITY
REFERENCES
 Badri ram and D N Vishwakarma (1995); power system protection and switch gear New delhi:
Tata Mc Graw hill
 Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi; The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded
Systems; Chung-Ping Young Taiwan
 Loading Considerations When Paralleling Transformers Application Guide(2007); Nashville, TN,
USA

IN BAHIR DAR CITY
APPENDIX
C Code for the whole thesis
#include <REGX51.H>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
sbit INTR = P3^5;
sbit RD_ADC = P2^4;
sbit WR_ADC = P2^3;
sfr MYDATA = 0x80; //Port-0
sfr LcdData = 0x90; //Port-1
sbit RS = P2^5;
sbit RW = P2^6;
sbit EN = P2^7;
sbit relay=P2^0;
void lcdcmd(unsigned char value);
void lcddata(unsigned char value);
void lcdstr(unsigned char msg[]);
void Delay(unsigned int itime);
void SerTX(unsigned char x);
void SerTX_str(unsigned char msg[]);
unsigned char msg[] = "detect >";
void main()
{
unsigned int curr;
int hundreds,tens,ones;
unsigned char buffer[10];
TMOD = 0x20; //Timer-1, 8-Bit Auto Reload Mode
TH1 = 0xFD; //9600 Baud Rate When Crystal Used is 11.0592MHZ
SCON = 0x50;
TR1 = 1; //Start Timer
MYDATA = 0xFF; //Making P1 as Input Port
INTR = 1;
RD_ADC = 1; //Set RD high

WR_ADC = 1; //Set WR high
lcdcmd(0x38);
Delay(1);
lcdcmd(0x0E);
Delay(1);

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lcdcmd(0x01);
Delay(1);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr("detect ");
lcdcmd(0x0C);
while(1)
{
lcdcmd(0xC0);
WR_ADC = 0; //Send WR Pulse
Delay(1);
WR_ADC = 1; //Low-High Pulse means Start of Conversion
while(INTR == 1); //Wait until End of Conversion
//When Conversion Gets Completed the INTR Pin Goes Low we get out of the Loop
RD_ADC = 0; //Send RD Pulse
curr = MYDATA * 2;
//Conversion Process Starts Here
ones = curr%10;
curr = curr/10;
tens = curr%10;
hundreds = curr/10;
if(hundreds>1)
{
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr("overloaded");
Delay(2);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr(" ");
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr("connect TR2");
Delay(2);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr(" ");
relay=1;
}
else
{
Delay(2);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr("underloaded");
Delay(2);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr(" ");
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr("disconnected");
Delay(2);

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relay=0;
}
lcdcmd(0xC0);
Delay(2);
sprintf(buffer,"%d.%d%d amps",hundreds,tens,ones);
lcdstr(buffer);
SerTX_str(msg);
SerTX_str(buffer);
SerTX(13);
SerTX(13);
Delay(10);
Delay(10);
RD_ADC = 1;
}
}
void lcdcmd(unsigned char value)
{
LcdData = value;
RS = 0;
RW = 0;
EN = 1;
Delay(1);
EN = 0;
}
void lcddata(unsigned char value)
{
LcdData = value;
RS = 1;
RW = 0;
EN = 1;
Delay(1);
EN = 0;
}
void Delay(unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<1275;i++)
for(j=0;j<itime;j++);
}
void lcdstr(unsigned char msg[])
{
unsigned short int len,i;
len = strlen(msg);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{

IN BAHIR DAR CITY
lcddata(msg[i]);
Delay(1);
}
}
void SerTX(unsigned char x)
{
SBUF = x;
while(TI == 0);
TI = 0;
}
void SerTX_str(unsigned char msg[])
{
unsigned short len,i;
len = strlen(msg);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
SerTX(msg[i]);
}

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AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF POWER TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER

IN BAHIR DAR CITY

Bahir Dar University Institute of Technology

Advisor Name: Mr. Mehari M.

Submission date: 07/03/2011 E.C

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 1

Name of students Signature Date

Advisor Name: Mr. Mehari M. Signed: ___________________

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page i

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page ii

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page iii

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page iv

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page v

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page vi

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 1

1.3 Statement of problem

1.4.1 General Objective

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 2

1.4.2 Specific objective

1.5 Contribution of the project

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 3

1.8 Scope of the project

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 4

LITERATURE REVIEW AND FIELD SURVEY

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 5

2.3 Field survey on transformer overload in Bahir Dar city

What Is Over Current

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 6

MEGGER is an instrument used to measure the insulation of transformer to check up whether

 High tension with ground >100MΩ

We gather the following data from Meagher test of transformer

 M.V with M.V =0MΩ

 M.V with low voltage >100MΩ

Table 2.2 Protection system

User/Personal safety Prevent injury and accident

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 8

Current sensor Relay Current sensor T2

General block diagram of the project

3.2 Power supply

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 9

Figure 3.2 block diagram of power supply

These can be calculated via equation:

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 10

Figure 3.3 Output of transformer

3.2.2 Bridge rectifier

Figure 3.4 Output of rectifier

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 11

Figure 3.5 Output of filter

An IC regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 12

Figure 3.6 Output of IC regulator

3.3 The Electromagnetic Relay

The relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls,

Figure 3.7 Electromagnetic relay

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 13

3.4 Current Transformers

3.4.1 Current Transformer operation

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 14

3.5 Power Transformer

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Page 15

3.5.1 Operation of power transformer

In order to connect these two transformers the ff condition is satisfied:

 The voltage ratio must be the same.

3.6 Mathematical modeling for Load sharing of two transformers