Scientific Background :

 Forms and Mechanics;

The various parts of the truss bridge intersect at the joints of the trusses or the tips of the
panels. The connecting parts that make up the top and bottom of the grid are called top and
bottom chords, respectively. The inclined and vertical members connecting the chords are
collectively referred to as truss walls. The components of the truss bridge mainly bear tensile
stress or axial compressive stress. A single-span truss bridge is similar to a simple support beam
because it can withstand vertical bending loads. The tension of the upper string (or horizontal
rod), the tension of the lower string, and the tension or pressure of the vertical and diagonal
rods depend on the direction.

 History and Uses:

Due to the increasing importance of locomotive transportation in the 19th century, iron bridges
were used to transport heavy rail goods. Initially, metal was only used for a part of the truss,
whether it was a vertical or diagonal element. Later, cast iron and wrought iron were quickly
replaced by steel, and the basic shape of modern railway bridges developed rapidly. The metal
armor does not require any weather protection, so it is not covered. Pratt and Warren; in the
first, the inclined elements of the lintel are parallel to each other, in the second, they alternate
in the direction of the slope.
Truss bridges have been used in military operations, especially on steep river banks or places
where shipping needs to be opened. They usually consist of panels that are easy to transport
and fast to tighten. The very successful Bailey Bridge invented by the British played a
particularly important role in the Allied Italian campaign.

 From the different types of Trusses we have chosen to work specially on Warren Truss

 WARREN TRUSS
 Design
The Warren truss design uses equilateral triangles in
the frame to distribute the load on the bridge. These
triangles limit the force of the load by compressing and
stretching parts of the bridge. In the image above, the
upper and lower horizontal parts are stretched
together with the diagonal in the middle, while the
outer diagonal is compressed. Sometimes when the
top of the bridge is not rigid enough, engineers can
add vertical beams in the middle to separate each
triangle to prevent the bridge from sagging under pressure. This design is called the Warren
Split Truss Bridge. Other designs include Double Warren, where the triangles cross each other
to give a rhombus appearance; and Warren Truss's square bridge, which has many diagonal
lines and looks very clean. When a vehicle passes over the bridge, the load on each part of the
bridge next to the vehicle varies from pushing to pulling. Bridges usually depend on equipment
availability and material and labor costs. These bridges are usually up to 400 feet long.
The Warren Truss Bridge is designed so that the pillars, struts or beams will not bend under the
load of moving vehicles. The force exerted by vehicles such as cars or trains is concentrated on
a point directly below the vehicle. When the load is in the middle of the bridge, the upper and
lower chords of the bridge can withstand higher loads. Therefore, it is important for engineers
to take appropriate steps to ensure that each part of the bridge is strong enough to support the
load. Static and dynamic loads can be easily and safely transferred from one side to the other,
while the force of a vehicle (such as a train) acts on the entire length of the bridge and the force
is evenly distributed, which means that the bridge can withstand heavy loads.

 Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:
1. This bridge type uses ridged triangles in the design, which makes it very strong.
2. Warren truss bridges require lesser building material than most other bridge designs.
3. It can be constructed piece by piece, which makes cost lesser than conventional ones
which require the entire framework to be set up before building. This also increases the
ways in which the bridge can be built, giving access to many patterns.
4. The open nature of the bridge means that the view is not blocked.
Disadvantages:

1. The joints and fittings of a Warren truss bridge need to be checked regularly, and
maintenance can be expensive.
2. Bridges made over a long span may have many deflection flaws, which need to be
corrected during the building process.
3. Calculating the load-bearing capability can be complicated.
4. If the bridge is not designed properly, a lot of material can be wasted, because some of
the parts will not contribute to the bridge in any way.
5. Some studies have suggested that the design may be distracting to drivers.
6. Many consider these bridges to be visually unattractive.