Name: Loreto, Ma. Alondra S. Yr.

& Section: BSED 3- Social Science

Enlightenment and Revolution 1550–1789

Chapter 1

Section 1

The Scientific Revolution

Determining Main Ideas as you read about the revolution in scientific thinking, take notes to

answer the questions.

How did the following help pave the way for the Scientific Revolution?
1. The Renaissance Researchers' demands for more precise maps,
faster ships, better navigational instruments, and
more accurate watches led to scientific
breakthroughs. These breakthroughs aided in the
advancement of the Scientific Revolution.
2.  Age of European Geography The Age of Exploration resulted in the
exploration global exchange of ideas, technology, plants, and
animals. Government Several European countries
battled it out for colonies in Asia and the
Americas. The beginnings of modern capitalism
can be traced back to economic developments
throughout the Age of Exploration.

What did each scientist discover about the universe?

3. Nicolas Copernicus was a Polish astronomer known as the father of
modern astronomy. He was the first modern
European scientist to propose that Earth and
other planets revolve around the sun, or the
Heliocentric Theory of the universe.
4. Johannes Kepler discovered that the planets all move on elliptical
orbits, and developed his three laws, published
between 1609 and 1621. Kepler’s First Law the
orbit of each of the planets is an ellipse, with the
Sun at one focus.
5.  Galileo Galilei He discovered that the sun has sunspots, which
appear to be dark in color. Galileo's discoveries
about the Moon, Jupiter's moons, Venus, and
 sunspots supported the idea that the Sun - not
the Earth - was the center of the Universe, as was
commonly believed at the time.
6.  Isaac Newton Although Isaac Newton is well known for his
discoveries in optics (white light composition)
and mathematics (calculus), it is his formulation
of the three laws of motion the basic principles of
modern physics for which he is most famous. His
formulation of the laws of motion resulted in the
law of universal gravitation.

What important developments took place in the following areas?

7. Scientific instruments Microscope, first mercury barometer, first
thermometer
8. Medicine Andreas Vesalius he is considered the father of
modern anatomy and his work the beginning of
modern medicine. Published his most important
work, De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem
(Seven Books on the Fabric of the Human Body),
generally known as the Fabrica. Or (On the
structure of human body)
9. Chemistry Boyle’s method in chemistry
Boyle ‘s law the volume, temperature, pressure
and gas affect each other.
Section 2
The Enlightenment in Europe
A. Summarizing as you read this section, fill in the diagram by describing the beliefs of Enlightenment
thinkers and writers.
1.Voltaire was a versatile
and prolific writer. In his
lifetime he published
numerous works,
including books, plays,
poems, and polemics. His
most famous works
included the fictitious
Letters philosophiques
(1734) and the satirical
novel Candide (1759).
Enlightenment Philosophers and Writers
4. Cesare Bonesana
Beccacaria believed
that people have a
rational manner and
apply it toward making
choices that will help
them achieve their own
personal gratification. In
Beccaria's interpretation,
law exists to preserve the
social contract and
benefit society as a
whole.
3.Jean Jacques Rousseau least
2.Montesquieu
academic of modern
known for French
philosophers and in many
political philosopher ways was the most influential.
Montesquieu was His thought marked the end of
best known for The the European Enlightenment
Spirit of Laws (1748), (the “Age of Reason”). He
one of the great propelled political and ethical
works in the history thinking into new channels. His
of political theory and reforms revolutionized taste,
first in music, then in the other
of jurisprudence.
arts.
5.Mary Wollstonecraft
was an English writer,
philosopher, and advocate of
women's rights. She was the
major female voice of the
Enlightenment. Until the late
20th century, however,
Wollstonecraft's life,
received more attention than
her writing. The majority of
Wollstonecraft's early works
focus on education.
B. Drawing Conclusions How Did Enlightenment thinkers and writers set the stage for revolutionary
movements?

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Enlightenment, also known as The Age of Reason, heralded a shift
away from the church's and monarchies' dominance in favor of concepts such as social development,
equality, liberty, and personal responsibility.

Section 3

The Enlightenment Spreads

Define the following terms.

Salon The French salon, a product of The Enlightenment in the early 18th century, was a key institution
in which women played a central role. Salons provided a place for women and men to congregate for
intellectual discourse. This led to reduced marginalization of women in Paris.

Baroque Some of the qualities most frequently associated with the Baroque are grandeur, sensuous
richness, drama, dynamism, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur
distinctions between the various arts.

Neoclassical is the term for movements in the arts that draw inspiration from the classical art and
culture of ancient Greece and Rome. The height of Neoclassicism coincided with the 18th century
Enlightenment era and continued into the early 19th century.

Enlightened despot an enlightened despot (also called benevolent despot) is an authoritarian leader
who exercises their political power according to the principles of the Enlightenment. Historically they
were monarchs using enlightened ideas and principles in order to enhance the central government's
power (thereby their own power).
Section 4

The Enlightenment Spreads

Answer the following questions.

1. Why do you think the colonists at first created such a weak central government?

The British constitution influenced the governments of the Thirteen Colonies of British America in the
17th and 18th century. The experience of colonial government would inform and mold the new state
constitutions and, ultimately, the United States Constitution when the Thirteen Colonies had formed the
United States. The executive branch was led by a governor, and the legislative branch was divided into
two houses, a governor's council, and a representative assembly. In royal colonies, the governor and the
council were appointed by the British government. In proprietary colonies, these officials were
appointed by proprietors, and they were elected in charter colonies. In every colony, the assembly was
elected by property owners. Property owners elected the assembly in each colony.

2. Why might it be important to have a Bill of Rights that guarantees basic rights of

citizens?

The Bill of Rights is important because it safeguards certain liberties that were not initially protected
by legal documents establishing the government of the United States. The Bill of Rights have been
extremely important to the United States since its inception, especially the First Amendment. It
guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual like freedom of speech, press, and religion. It sets
rules for due process of law and reserves all powers not delegated to the Federal Government to the
people or the States.