ALGEBRAIC PERTURBATION THEORY

Find roots R2 Tin 2 0

of
N TL UTF
8 0.8871 2.2544

soot approximately
Can we
fund the
Let us
define a parameter E t 3 From our knowledge

of TL we know that C 0.14 I

we can then rewrite our original equation as

22 3tE7n 2 0

Since ELI let us arm me the following souls

No Not E Ng t E2Nzt a

Let us substitute the atom expansion in

not C24 tent 72 Ste not CMtE2nzt t 2 0

At 2Enom t E 2262kt af
3 not EM Enz E not C N t 2 t Oct 0

Now we will collect terms

0cal
Not 3261 2 0 No I or 2

OCE
2am 3M 26 0 24 1 wz
2 23 9
OCC2
226 3 Ng t 242 24 0 Nz Mtm
Zno 3
Nz 2m 2
 Repeating this to runt order gives Nz 6 orb

1 E LEZ 6 EB to CEA

2 2E 2E t GE to et
J
For E 0.1416 TL 3

O 88147 t OC et
n
2 26013 t 0 Cet

able to
Thus we are
find the soot approximately
without
taking a
square root

Let us consider the cubic

equation
23 Nt C O

For E o this has the following roots

0 I 1

we will once to solve the equation

again try
solution the
with a
of form
N Not C M t E Nzt ofE3
Oz colkehytorms
OC07 263 no O
1
OCE 3 24 Ntl O ME
I 3262
Of 0 3NENz Nyt 3264220 a 326242
I 3nF

Thus we have the following solutions

l E t 3
Exocet
n l
Ez 3ft E3 t OCE

E t E t OCE4

Thus we are able to solve a cubic equehm

perturbahrey

In the above problems we obtained the

solution wring the Expansion method
There is another method of solving problems
involving small parameter the Iterative method

Consider the equehen

NZ En l O
Enact solutions
Z LEI JTt E2
Recall the binomial series
a
It E 2 da Ek It LET
xCg Et
 Then can be empaneled as

Il I told
a I
E
a Expansion method
N Il is the solution of C o problem

Let us pose the following expansion around one

of
E o solution

N I 1 EM t E2Uzt E3Uz t
And substitute in We thus obtain

it C 2Mt Et 242 22 t 2MHz 293 t

1 E t Eazy t Nz
I
O

OCE l I O

of E
22,14 0 Ma Yz

OCE 242 22 tm o age Yg

Eb 2MHz 1 22ft NEO Mz O

C2
N I
I E t
f E3 t OCE't
b Iterative method

Equehm Can be solved as

N I j I EN

Let us define the

following iterative process

Nat En
No I

N VIE I
f E
IgE Est
Nz
Et
I E t I
Iz E t
f
A Singular Perturbation

C221 2 I O E I
The low hanging
fruit
NEI
Regular enpamion
Ne I t EN t EUzt
C I TIEN t C222 Ent t Emt E3ktE3egtOCE4
O
N 1 Nz 2 Nz 5
 N I E t LEZ 5 E3 t

But we have a quadratic equation what

happened b the other roof

Let us look at the enact solutions

lI
a
Tt4 2E
Using binomial sories the 2 root are

l E LEZ 5E3
n
t 5E3 t
I I E 2E

Thus for the 1st roof

C 22 n

but for the 2nd root

En N N Regular Perturbation Sens
RPS fails
So in the quadratic equation
C zit N I O

Dominant balance

To balance the 2 terms we write a resealed

equehm with a variable EN
y
E
E t 1 0
 ya y E _0

Now can do
we a RPS
for y
y got Ey Egret
And queerer the second not

How do we
find the variable
seamy
Let us arrume n
Sy with
y being
order Unity
The rescaled is
equehm
C
sty't 8g 1 0
1 8 I
C
sty't 8g I small small l X
2 8 1
CstyletSy I small
ty 1 we the
get root
regular
at 2 1 breeks
choice 3
I k s E
C82g Sy I s
f ES
y y J
8 Small t y small y is small X
Choice 4
E 8

C Stylet C 82 t
Ig et
I y Effy2tsman
Sy
78mn17
 y is smart X
choice 5
l
8 E

C sight 8g I Et
y2t I y tytsmal
g

This us nontrivial OCD values for y

gives

Non integral powers

Let us consider the

following quadratic equation
l E H Intl O

CE O problem U2 2n 11 0 The unperturbed

has double roots N 1
system
Let us now pose a RPS
ne I t EN t Enz t

On substitution
l E Emt Enzt 72 2 CHEM 1 Enzt 11 0

I t C224 t EZ 221 242 t

E EZ 224 t

Q E 2M EZ 2Nz t

0
At OC07 I 21 1 0

automatically satisfied
 At 0 Ei
Lm l 2M 0
This cannot be satisfied by any finite value

of M
To resolve this conundrum we pose the following
engrams'm
2 I t S CE N t 82CE Nz t

At the outset we do not prescribe the functional

form for 81,82 What we instead assume

lim Sn CE7 0 him O

C o G O Sn CE
or Snee I or Sn Ct SnCE
Ny Nz OCI as C 0

Now let us substitute the new expansion in the

quadratic equation
l E l t S n t SzNzt 72 2C It 8,24 1 82kt 11 0

l E It 28 N t Sint t 282N t

28,822422 SzNzt
822222
t 2 l t S M t 1 I 0

I t 28,24 t 8,2M't 2822 t 28,8224 8 nEt

E LES N E 8,2242 2E 8zNzt
I 28,24 2822 t

I
D
 the cancelling terms here
If we remove we

8PM t 28,82MHz SENT t a

E 2ES M C8,2nF 2E SzUz t 0

we know C I 8248,4 1 but what is

the outahm between C IS z Let us
compare
the lines
first teams in 142 in the atom egg

Can I 8,23 E 8,2242 0 Snu m OCD

so unacceptable

Arni 8,2 E E O Unacceptable

Can Il Site sin E 0

So can It is acceptable Since M OCD
8 E's M I 1
Now the resulting equehm is
t 28,8224Mt SENT t a

TE 2E 81M C 8,2nF 2E SzNz t 0

We balance 2 S Sz M Nz 2E 81M
Cant 827 E 28,82MHz O
unacceptable
Cantt Sake yes m o

Com TI Sz E 28,822,22 2 C8124 0

Ane is acceptable Sa E 92 1

Thus we have N I I E't 1 E t

 Logarithms
the transcendental
find roots for following
equehm
n c
Ne
solve this let
Before we
any perturbation they
us this
investigate graphically
Thus N will have
ne

seem 2 intersections for

OLE I

n
The root near 2 0 Can be
found any
standard RPS
N Not C24 t CZaz t

not Em Enz t exp not EM 1 East L

No
C 2Mt
ECM Emt 7
E no tent e

no no
e no I e no 1 m E t Lemof 22g't
Noni 24 2AM E t OCES 0
no
At OCI e no 0
Since we are interested in the root near o 2620

OfEl I th O 24 1
 0 E 2 t 0 G NEI
22

N E t E't OCES

Now let us consider the soot near are N

n 1
N e E C
Taking log
log n n
bye
n
login L when 4 loy HE
As E O L to

Thus as C 0 the RHS blows up For a balance

to emit the LHS too should diverge as C 0

Noo lim tog n o

n a a

Thus at leading order a L

N L 1 Lz with the assumption KL

L
4th log 4th
log L D
Lz Cities
Since I

logfl.CH Tg bg4tlogCitE
hoy4tE ICE t's to l
Thus we have

light 0K 12 O

a
log L
Now let us propose the following expansion
N L t log L t Lg when K log L K 4
On substitution

L t
by L t
by L t
ly L t Ls L

log L tiz log f4 It boozy O

y flight ta flight t 0

Balancing the first two terms

toy
Ne L t tog L t loft
4
Thus we have the non trivial expansion

n
log et t loglog te t logby
byte
The nature the above engrams'm could not have
of
been priori
ginned a