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From Generation to the Building

Introduction to Interior Lighting Installation

Illumination Techniques
Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan
Fall 2021-2022

Definitions
Electric High Current Installations
• Installations that maintain the utilization of electrical energy that may be dangerous for persons,
livestock, plants and objects in some cases (to get close to, to touch, etc.) through maintaining the
generation of electrical energy, changing its properties, storing, transmitting, distributing and
converting it to mechanical energy, light, chemical energy and similar energy types.
Electric Low Current Installations
• Installations in which current levels do not pose a threat to persons or objects under normal
circumstances.
Grid
• All overhead lines and cables from the current source to the connection points of consumption
devices.
Distribution Grid
• All overhead lines and cables from the current source to the consumer installation.
Definitions
Consumer Installation
• All electrical devices after the building terminal box or in installations where the terminal box is not
necessary, after the final distribution board’s exit ends.
Building Connection Line
• The connection line between the distribution grid and building input line.
Building Input Lines
• For overhead lines, the lines between the building terminal box and overhead line isolator positioned
on the console connected to the building or roof post. For underground lines, the connection cable
between the terminal box and the point from which the connection line enters the building.
Main Line
• The feed-in line between the Operation’s main input (main terminal box) to the consumer’s initial
distribution point (main distribution board, electricity meter).

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Definitions Introducing Electricity into the Building

Main Line
The electrical wiring between the first distribution point for the consumer and the remaining
distribution points (distribution boards)
Line
The electrical wiring from the distribution board to the junction box connected to the luminaire or the
socket.
Outlet
The electrical wiring between the luminiare or socket and the line.
Building Connection Box (Main Junction Box or Terminal Box)
The system utilized to connect buildings’ electrical installations to the grid, to install the circuit breakers
as well as maintain the delivery of electrical energy to the consumer installation.
Building Electrical Installations
High current installations with line to ground voltage levels up to 250 V for residential buildings, office
buildings, etc.

Introducing Electricity into the Building

isolator Energy distribution
line Main
Distribution Illumination
Board Secondary outlet, min.
Distribution Illumination
1.5 mm2
Board line, min. 2.5
Main Transformer mm2
distribution isolator Circuit breaker
line meter Distribution
board Building Main Main
connection connection line, min.
Building line, min. 6 4 mm2
line Socket line,
Main line connection mm2
min. 2.5
Circuit box
mm2
breakers (conduit
Socket
box)
line outlet outlet, min.
2.5 mm2

The minimum conductor cross sections are given for copper material and Turkish Electrical Regulations.
pole Residential Building

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Introducing Electricity into the Building Distribution Board

• A distribution board – known as a circuit breaker panel,
panelboard, load center or fuse box, is a mounting enclosure
for multiple electrical circuit breakers.
• Distribution boards are typically found in central locations
inside buildings and often serve as the point at which
electricity is distributed within a building.
• Circuit breakers can be used to manually de-energize
electrical circuits when the downstream wiring is being
serviced.

House Connection Box / Terminal Box Electricity Meter

(Kofra) Distribution Board (Sayaç)
(Dağıtım Panosu / Tablosu)

Circuit Breakers Circuit Breakers

• A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch which is designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
• Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset either
manually or automatically to resume normal operation.
• Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices which protect an individual household
appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
• International Standards, IEC 60898-1 and European Standard EN 60898-
1, define the rated current In of a circuit breaker for low voltage
distribution applications as the maximum current that the breaker is
designed to carry continuously (at an ambient air temperature of 30 °C).
The commonly available preferred values for the rated current are 1A, 2A,
4A, 6 A, 10 A, 13 A, 16 A, 20 A, 25 A, 32 A, 40 A, 50 A, 63 A, 80 A,
100 A,[5] and 125 A. Instead, the ampere figure is preceded by a letter, B, C,
or D, which indicates the instantaneous tripping current — that is, the
minimum value of current that causes the circuit breaker to trip without
intentional time delay (i.e., in less than 100 ms), expressed in terms of In:

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Residual Current Device (RCD) / Residual Current Circuit Residual Current Device (RCD) / Residual Current Circuit
Breaker (RCCB) Breaker (RCCB)
• An RCD or RCCB is an electrical wiring device that disconnects a circuit whenever it detects that the • RCDs operate by measuring the current balance between two conductors using a differential current
flow of current is not balanced between the phase conductor and the neutral conductor. transformer, an opening the device’s contacts if there is a balance fault (i.e. Difference in current
• The presumption is that such an imbalance may represent current leakage through the body of a between the phase conductor and the neutral conductor).
person who is grounded and accidentally touching the energized part of the circuit.
• A shock, possibly lethal, is likely to result from these conditions.
• RCDs are designed to disconnect quickly enough to prevent such shocks.
• 30 mA RCDs are used for life protection.
• 300 mA RCDs are used for fire protection.

Residual Current Device / Residual Current Circuit Breaker

(RCCB)
Line and Outlet
• RCDs are designed to prevent electrocution by detecting the leakage current, which can be far • The conductor from a fuse in the main fuse box to the junction box from which the outlets (switch,
smaller (typically 5-6 milliamperes) than the trigger currents needed to operate conventional circuit luminaire or socket) are separated is called a line.
breakers, which are typically measured in amperes. • Lines are separately installed for power and lighting curciuts.
• RCDs are intended to operate within 25 milliseconds, before electric shock can drive the heart into • The conductor from the junction box on the line to the lighting switches, lighting luminaires or
ventricular fibrillation, the most common cause of death through electric shock. sockets are called outlets.
• Turkish Electrical Interior Installation Regulations designate the following minimum conductor
cross sections for lines and outlets (for copper material):
– Socket outlet – 2.5 mm2
– Lighting outlet – 1.5 mm2
– Socket line – 2.5 mm2
– Lighting line – 2.5 mm2

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Junction Boxes Lighting Switches

• A wide variety of switches and sockets is available on the market.
• In residential installations these are often the only visible elements of the electrical installation.
• The variety, therefore, lies in particular with the design, as they can be adapted to any conceivable
style of apartment or to the design and color of the walls.
• Installation switches visible in the building, mounted in or on the wall, usually serve to switch light
circuits on or off.
• A wide range of technical features is available with manually operated switches for fixed
installations.

Lighting Switches Lighting Switches

• Single Pole Single Throw – SPST (Single Pole Switch) • Two Way Switch - Series Switch
• The SPST switch controls one wire (a pole) and it makes one connection (a throw). • The switch to light two groups of lamps either all together or separately.
• Used to light a single lamp or a group of lamps all at once.

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Lighting Switches Lighting Switches

• Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT) • Three Way Single Pole Double Throw Switch (Three Way Switch)
• Lights two groups of lamps separately; can not light both groups at the same time. • Lights a lamp or a group of lamps from two different locations.

Lighting Switches Lighting Switches

• Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT) (Four Way Switch – Intermediate Switch)
• Ligths a lamp or a group of lamps from more than two different locations

Examples of rotational, rocking, tilting, push and pull switches.

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Plugs and Sockets Plugs and Sockets

• AC power plugs and sockets are devices for removably connecting electrically operated devices to
the power supply.
• Electrical plugs and sockets differ by country in rating, shape, size and type of connectors.
• The types used in each country are set by national standards.
• Plug type C - The plug socket can be identified by two circular holes adjacent to each other.
• Plug Type E - The recessed circular plug socket (called a CEE 7/7 socket or type E power outlet) can
be recognised by the two 4.8mm round holes 19mm apart from each other plus a single long metal
grounding pin protruding in the top in a triangle configuration.
• In most countries, household power is single phase electric power, in which a single live conductor
brings alternating current into a house and a neutral returns it to the power supply.
• Many plugs and sockets include a third contact used for a protective earth ground, which only carries
current in case of a fault in the connected equipment.
• The live contact (also known as phase, hot or active) carries alternating current from the power
source to the equipment.
• The neutral contact returns current from the equipment back to the power source or distribution
panel.
• The earth contact – known as ground in American English – is only intended to carry electric current
when connected to equipment that has developed an insulation fault.
• The earth connection was added to modern plugs because if a live wire or other component in a
device touches the metal casing, anybody touching the device may receive a dangerous electric
shock.
• In many countries, devices with metal cases must have the case connected to the earth contact.

Table 9 - Load Currents Insulated Copper Conductors Can

Conductor Cross Section Calculations Heating Continuously Carry at Ambient Temperatures up to 25 °C
Cross Section Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Explanations
[mm2] [A] [A] [A]
• In choosing the cross section of a conductor, the following are important: • In terms of cable heating, the
0,75 - 13 16 Group 1
– Mechanical strength – if the correct cross-sections are selected from standards and regulations, the current value a conductor can 1 12 16 20 Installed inside a conduit, one or
mechanical strength problem can be eliminated. withstand is limited. 1,5 16 20 25 more single core conductors (such
– Heating • If the current exceeds a 2,5 21 27 34 as NV)
certain level, the insulator 4 27 36 45
– Voltage drop
araound the cable can not 6 35 47 57 Group 2
– Short circuit current – the current value is quite low in interior installations and therefore can usually be withstand the temperature of 10 48 65 78 Multiple core conductors such as
endured by the conductors. the conductor and begins to 16 65 87 104 conductors with thermoplastic
burn, resulting in a fire 25 88 115 137 sheaths, tubular conductors, lead
situation. 35 110 143 168 sheathed conductors, plastic
50 140 178 210 conductor flat conductors, movable
• In electrical installation conductors
70 175 220 260
standards, the current values
95 210 265 310
that each conductor cross
120 250 310 365 Group 3
section can tolerate without
150 - 355 415 Single core conductors installed at a
heating up in excessive
185 - 405 475 distance equal to at least the outer
amounts have been calculated 240 - 480 560 diameter of the conductor in
and tabulated. 300 - 555 645 between overhead naked
400 - - 770 conductors and single core
conductors used in distribution
500 - - 880 boards

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Heating Voltage Drop

• For heating calculations, the initial step is to calculate the load current. The obtained value is then • When circuit conductors carry load current, a voltage drop is produced in the conductors due to
compared to the tables given in standards and regulations to choose the correct conductor cross their resistance (impedance), which means the voltage at the load is less than that at the supply end.
section. • So, to ensure the safe and satisfactory operation of current-using equipment, it is necessary to limit
• For a single phase system: the voltage drop in a circuit.
• Sometimes, in order to do this, it is often necessary to use circuit conductors larger than would
𝐼 = 𝑆= 𝐼 = otherwise be required, depending on the load and the circuit length.
• The Turkish Regulations require that the voltage drop between the building connection box and the
• For a three phase system:
receiver (the load) not exceed:
– 1.5 % for lighting and socket circuits,
𝐼 =   𝑆= 𝐼 =  
– 3 % for motor circuits.

Voltage Drop Calculations in a Single Phase Circuit Voltage Drop Calculations in a Single Phase Circuit
• As line lenghts are short in low voltage installations, the capacity of • For low voltage installations, the imaginary part is small enough to be neglected. Thus,
the line is neglected in voltage drop calculations.
∆𝑈 = 𝑅 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝜔𝐿 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
• Here,
∆𝑈 = 𝑅 𝐼 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝐼 ∆𝑈 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝜔𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝐼 = 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
∆𝑈 = 𝑅 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝜔𝐿 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 • This is the absolute voltage drop. In order to calculate the relative voltage drop:
∆𝑈 = 𝑅 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 − 𝜔𝐿 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
∆𝑈
= 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝑈
∆𝑈
%𝜀 = 100 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝑈

∆𝑈 100 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑

%𝜀 = 100 =
𝑈 𝑈

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Voltage Drop Calculations in a Single Phase Circuit Voltage Drop Calculations in a Single Phase Circuit
∆𝑈 100 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 100 𝑃 𝑅
%𝜀 = 100 = Here, %𝜀 =
𝑈 𝑈 l: line length [m] 𝑈
𝑃=𝑈 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 q: conductor cross
𝑃 section [mm2]
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 2 𝑙
𝑈 x: conductor specific 𝑅=
𝑥 𝑞
100 𝑃 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 conductivity
%𝜀 =
𝑈 [m/Ωmm2] = 56
200 𝑃 𝑙
If the inductance of the line is very small, which is usually the m/Ωmm for copper
2
%𝜀 =
case for interior installations, then the inductance is also conductors 𝑥 𝑞 𝑈
ignored, leaving, The coefficient 2 comes If there are more than one devices on the line, the formula then becomes,
100 𝑃 𝑅 from the lengths of the
%𝜀 = phase and the neutral
𝑈
together. 200 𝑃 𝑙
2 𝑙 %𝜀 =
𝑅= 𝑥 𝑈 𝑞
𝑥 𝑞

Voltage Drop Calculations in a Three Phase Circuit Installed vs. Operating Power Loads
• In an equally balanced three phase circuit, • The installed power is the sum of the nominal
powers of all power consuming devices in the
– Each phase is loaded by 1/3 of the total power, in other words, P/3 installation.
– As the vectoral summation of the three phase loads is equal to zero, there is no load in • This is not the power to be actually supplied in
the neutral line, meaning no voltage drop in the neutral line. Therefore, the length of the practice.
line is taken as only the length of the phase line, l instead of 2l. • All individual loads are not necessarily operating
at full rated nominal power nor necessarily at the
same time.
• The installed power for residential buildings is
generally the summation of the lighting power,
%𝜀 = 𝑈 =   socket power and the power consumed by the
electrical appliances, if known.
• Thermal calculations and voltage drop calculations
in an installation are performed using the
%𝜀 = %𝜀 = ∑ operating loads in an installation.
• In order to calculate the operating load, a
concurrency factor is utilized.

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Concurrency Factor
• The concurrency power is calculated through multiplying the installed power with the concurrency
factor.
• According to the Turkish Regulation, for residential buildings, the concurrent power is calculated as
follows:
– For installed power up to 8 kW, take 60 % of the installed power value;
– For the remaining installed power, take 40 % of the installed power value.
• For instance, if the installed power of a residential building is equal to 25 kW, the concurrent power
is:

𝑃 = 8 ∗ 0,60 + 25 − 8 ∗ 0,40 = 4,8 + 6,8 = 11,6 𝑘𝑊

• For villages, small towns and single houses or summer houses in areas which do not have
construction plans, these fundamentals are not mandatory.
• The minimum concurrent power value is 3 kW in residential buildings.
• For the concurrency factor of buildings with more than 3 apartments, the following table should be
utilized.

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Example 2

Step 2. Calculate The Voltage Drop Between the Terminal Box and the Main Distribution Board

SDB1
SDB2
MDB

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Step 3. Calculate The Voltage Drop Between MDB and SDB1 Step 4. Calculate The Voltage Drop Between MDB and SDB2

Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (c) Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (c)
- Take the highest
power / highest
load into
consideration
- Use 100 as the
coefficient for the
voltage drop
calculation, as all
the distances for
the phase and the
neutral line are
already included in
the equation!

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (c) Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (d)

Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (d) Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (d)

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (a) Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (a)
%𝜀 =%𝜀 +%𝜀 +%𝜀 +%𝜀

∆𝑈
220

∆𝑈
o

Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (b) Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (b)

%𝜀

%𝜀 = %𝜀 +%𝜀 +%𝜀 +%𝜀

∆𝑈
=
220

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

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Maximum Voltage Drop

• 0.858 % at point a
• 0.695 % at point b
• 0.97 % at point c
• 0.84 % at point d

• The maximum voltage drop is at point c.

Illumination Techniques - Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan - Fall 2021-22

Lecture Notes 16