Mineralogi dan Kristalografi – 2

Classification of Minerals
1. Native Metals
Examples:

Name Chemical Uses

Formula
Gold Au Used in jewellery
Silver Ag Used in jewellery
Copper Cu Mostly used in electrical conductors
Platinum Pt Used in jewellery, as a catalyst (in catalytic converters fixed to cars), in
dental crowns, and to make standard weights and measures
Iron Fe  Used in mostly equipment

2. Native Non Metals

Examples:

Name Chemical Uses

Formula
Diamond C Used in jewellery
Graphite C Used in pencils
Sulfur S Used in matches, gunpowder, detergents, fireworks, batteries,
vulcanization of rubber
Flourine F Used in toothpaste
Selenium Se Used in photoelectric cells, light meters, copy machines

3. Native Semi-metals
Examples:

Name Chemical Uses

Formula
Silicon Si Used in solar cells, tools, cements, LCDs, grease and oils
Arsenic As Used as deadly poisons of insectisides, in shotguns pellets, metal for
mirrors, glasses and lasers
Tellurium Te Used as an alloy in the new phase change memory chips developed
by Intel
Polonium Po Used for nuclear batteries
 Used to harden lead alloy's. Also used in solder, bearings,
lead batteries, mascara, infrared detectors, plastics and
Antimony Sb chemicals

4. Sulfides
 Examples:

Name Chemical Formula Uses

Used in cosmetics (BiOCl), used in medicine
Bismuth Bi (Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4)
Stibnite Sb2S3 Used in cosmetics
Molybdenite MoS2 Used in semiconductors elecric
Galena PbS Used in semiconductors elecric
Argentite Ag2S Used in jewellery

5. Sulfosalts
Examples:

Name Chemical Formula Uses

Proustite Ag3AsS3 Used in jewellery
Tetrahedrite Cu12Sb4S13 Used as ore of copper
Pyragyrite Ag3SbS3 Used as ore of silver
Bournonite CuPbSbS3 Used as ore of lead and copper
Tennantite Cu12As4S13 Used as ore of copper

6. Halides
Examples:

Chemica
Name l Uses
Formula
Calomel HgCl Used in medical
Used in human and animal diet, food seasoning and food
Halite NaCl preservation
Sylvite KCl Used as potassium fertilizer
Cerargyrite AgCl Used as ore of silver
Used in production of hydrofluoric acid, which is used in pottery, ceramics,
Flourite CaF2 optical, electroplating and plastics industries

7. Oxides adn Hydroxides

Examples:

Chemical
Name Formula Uses
Ice H2O Used in freezing
Manganosite MnO Essential to iron and steel production
Bunsenite NiO Used in ceramic industry
helpful in the treatment of vertigo and is used to eliminate
Cuprite Cu2O altitude sickness
Pyrolusite MnO2 Used in steel making
 8. Borates
Examples:

Name Chemical Formula Uses

Borax Na2B4O5(OH)4.8H2O Used in cosmetics and house hold cleaning
 Used in the manufacture of heat resistant glass,
and has other industrial, medicinal, and cosmetic
 Colemanite Ca2B6O11.5H2O  uses
 Ulexite is an ore of boron and is studied in regard
to its unique optical properties. "Television Stone"
is extremely popular as a specimen among
 Ulexite NaCaB5O9.8H2O amateur mineral collectors

9. Silicates
Examples:

Chemical
Name Uses
Formula
Zircon ZrSiO4 used for abrasive and insulating purposes
Industrial and nuclear defense applications, used in light, very
Beryl Be3Al2Si6O18 strong alloys for aircraft industry
Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Used in medical, mining, cosmetic, and paper
Mg3Si4O10(OH)
Talc 2 Used in household products, such as deodorants, cosmetics, etc
used in manufacturing of glass, paints, abrasives, refractories
Quartz SiO2 and precision instruments

10. Carbonates
Examples:

Name Chemical Formula Uses

Azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Used in jewellery and healing stones
Malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2 used for ornamental stones, electrical circuits
Natron Na2CO3.10H2O Used in medicine, cookery, agriculture
Trona Na3H(CO2).2H2O Used in glass container manufacture
 used as an ore of zinc if found in areas where an
Hydrozincite Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 abundance of zinc minerals are present

11. Nitrates
Examples:

Chemica
l
Name Formula Uses
Niter KNO3 Used in fertilizers, rocket propellants and fireworks
Used as an ingredient in fertilizers, pyrotechnics, as an ingredient in smoke
Soda bombs, as a food preservative, and as a solid rocket propellant, as well as in
niter NaNO3 glass and pottery enamels
 12. Sulfates
Examples:

Chemical
Name Formula Uses
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O Used in dentistry, construction, casting, etc
Anhydrite CaSO4 used for the production of sulfuric acid and as a filler in paper
MgSO4.7H2 used in the preparation of pharmaceutical products, for the production
Epsomite 0 of paper and sugar, and as dying material
Used in paper, cosmetics, paint, linoleum
Barite BaSO4 or a weighting agent in petroleum
Celestite SrSO4 Used in fireworks

13. Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates

Examples:

Name Chemical Formula Uses

CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8.4H
Turquoise 2O Used in jewellery
Apatite Ca5(PO402(OH, F, Cl) Used in manufacture of fertilizer
Carnotite K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.nH2O Used for uranium as a nuclear fuel conversion
Used in steel alloys, railway equipment, mineral specimens,
Vanadinite Pb5(VO4)3Cl etc
newer finds of bright neon green Pyromorphite which
Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4, AsO4)3Cl command very high prices

14. Tungstates and Molybdates

Examples:

Name Chemical Formula Uses

Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO4 used in the chemical, paint, and tanning industries

References:
 “Rocks and Minerals of the world” book
 Minerals.net
 Minerals-n-more.com