Jeevandeep Shaikshanik Sanstha Poi, Sanchalit

ARTS, COMMERCE, SCIENCE JUNIOR &

SENIOR COLLEGE, KHARDI

Name: Ajay Arun Sabale.

Roll No: 15147
Subject: RM
Topic Name: Business Ethics, its need and sources.
Teacher Name: Mr. Salaman Sir
Types of Research
The research activity can be classified into different categories. Some of the main types
of research as follows

Basic Research:

Basic research is also called pure or fundamental research. It is undertaken to develop a

theory or a body of knowledge. The main goal of basic research is to expand man's
knowledge. In basic research, there is no commercial angle. For instance, basic research
can be undertaken to study the origin of the universe. Basic research lays down the
foundation for the applied science that follows.

In basic research, there is no commercial angle. There is no obvious commercial value to

the discoveries that result from basic research. In almost all countries, pure research is
mainly carried out by universities and institutes financed by the government

Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world. It focuses on refuting
or supporting theories that explain observed phenomena. Pure research is the source of
most new
scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be exploratory, descriptive,
or explanatory; however, explanatory research is the most common.

Basic research generates new ideas, principles, and theories, which may not be
immediately utilized. However, the new theories or ideas form the basis of progress and
development in different fields. For instance, today's computers could not exist without
research in pure mathematics conducted over a there was no known practical
application at the time

Applied Research:
Applied research is a scientific study designed to solve practical One of its problems,
rather than merely acquiring knowledge. Applied research is used to find solutions to
everyday problems, and develop innovative technologies.

Psychologists working in human factors or undertaking applied research. The goal of

applied research is to improve the human condition. It is generally used to handle
particular situation or to solve a particular problem.

For instance, a social research scholar may undertake research to find out job
satisfaction of college teachers affiliated to indust University of Mumbai. The research
findings can be applied by colleges or the University to improve the level of job
satisfaction of the teachers. Also, a research can be undertaken Which to study the job
satisfaction of nurses in Govt. hospitals vis-a- remai vis private hospitals in the city of
Mumbai. The research findings can be used by Govt. hospitals and private hospitals to
improve the job satisfaction levels of the nurses.

The applied research can be undertaken by business organisations as well. For instance,
a business organisation may undertake applied research to find out the causes of poor
sales of a particular brand in the market. The research findings will be used to design
necessary measures to overcome the problem of poor sales.

Descriptive Research:

Descriptive research or statistical research provides data about the population or

universe being studied. But it can only describe the "who, what, when,
where and how" of a situation It does not describe what caused a particular situation
Proactive research is used when the objective is to Systematic description

as possible. It provides the number of times something occurs, or frequency of

occurrence. It lends itself to statistical calculations such as determining the average
number of occurrences or central tendencies. The two most common types of
descriptive research methods include observation method and the survey method.
One of its major limitations is that it cannot help determine what causes a specific
behaviour, motivation or occurrence. It cannot establish a cause-effect relationship
between variables.

The descriptive research provides facts of a particular event or situation. It gives a

description of the state of affairs, as it exists of a particular event or situation. The
researcher has no control
over the situation or event. He can only report what has happened or what is
happening. For instance, a researcher may report on the absenteeism in a particular
organisation or several
organisations in a particular industry or even in different industries. Details can be given
for a particular period - in terms of the total number of absentees, the number of days
which the
employees have remained absent, the department or section in which there is more
absenteeism, the class of employees who vis-à- remain absent the most, and such other
details. The research will not indicate why the employees remain absent

Another example of descriptive research is in respect of the study to understand the

general pattern of buying behaviours of consumers during a particular season or in
general may throughout the year - the quantity of purchases, the frequency of
purchases, the type of purchases, and so on. This research will not provide answers as to
why (reasons) the customers blem buying certain quantity or quality or the reasons for
low/high frequency of purchases, and so on.

Analytical Research:

Analytical research is undertaken to collect facts or data, or the facts or data may be
readily available. The researcher attempts to critically evaluate such facts and data so as
to arrive at conclusions. This type of research may establish the cause and effect
relationship The researcher may provide necessary recommendations to improve or
solve the problem or to handling certain situation

A research may be conducted to find out the relationship between two variables such as
advertising and sales for instance, the marketer sells the product in two period,Period I
January to March) and Period li (April to Junel marketer increases advertising in Period
l1. The sales data indicate an increase in sales in Period I1. The marketer may
know through causal or analytical research whether or advertising has caused the
increase in sales during Period

The analytical research helps to understand the cause-ef relationship between variables.
It also helps to focus on the variables that have greater positive effect, and to eliminate
certain variables that have negative effects on the situation.

Empirical Research:

Empirical Research can be defined as "research based on experimentation or

observation". Empirical research is a Way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and
indirect observation or experience or experiment. Such research is conducted to test a
hypothesis.

The word empirical means information gained by experience, observation, or

experiment. The central theme in scientific method is that all evidence must be
empiricał which means is based on evidence. In scientific method the word "empirical''
refers to the use of working hypotheses that can be tested using observation and
experiment.

Empirical evidence (based on one's direct observations experiences) can be analyzed

quantitatively or qualitatively Through quantifying the evidence, a researcher can
answer empirical questions, which should be clearly defined and answerable with the
evidence collected. Research design varies by field and by the question being
investigated. Ma researchers combine qualitative and quantitative forms analysis to
better answer questions which cannot be studied in laboratory settings, particularly in
the social sciences.

Qualitative Research:

Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many disciplines, especially in

the social sciences. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of
human Behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method
investigates the 'why and how' of decision making, not just what, where, and when.
Hence, smaller but
focused samples are more often used than large samples.

For instance, a research undertaken to find out the reasons as to why employees remain
absent from work or why people behave in certain manner. Motivational research is an
important type of qualitative research. Qualitative research is especially important in
the behavioural sciences where the main aim is to find out the underlying motives of
human behaviour.

Quantitative Research:

Quantitative research is 'Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are

analysed using mathematically based methods. The objective of quantitative research is
to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to
phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it
provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical
expression of quantitative relationships.

The researcher asks a specific, narrow question and collects a sample of numerical data
from the respondents. The researcher analyzes the data with the help of statistics. The
analysed data may provide unbiased result that can be generalized to some
larger population. Qualitative research, on the other hand, asks broad questions and
collects data from participants. The researcher looks for themes and describes the
information in themes and patterns exclusive to that set of participants.

More generally, quantitative research is widely used in social Sciences such as

psychology, economics, sociology, marketing, community health, health & human
development, gender and
political science, and less frequently in anthropology and history

Other Types of Research:

Research can be classified into various other types such as:

Field research or laboratory research.
One-time research or multi-period research
Conclusion-oriented research or decision-oriented research.
Historical research or current-situation research.
Thank You