SPECIAL SENSES

 HEARING
- Sense of hearing and equilibrium

MECHANORECEPTORS

- Detect sound waves (touch & hearing)

 OUTER EAR

PINNA | AURICLE

- The only visible part of the ear with its special helical shape

EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL | EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS

- A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

- Thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear

 MIDDLE EAR

TYMPANIC CAVITY

- An air chamber
- It contains a chain of movable bones which transmits the vibrations of the tympanic
membrane across the cavity to the middle ear

MASTOID ANTRUM | TYMPANIC ANTRUM

- An airspace in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

AUDITORY TUBE | EUSTACHIAN TUBE

- Equalizes the pressure between the outer and inner ear

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 - Methods we use when we feel pressure inside our ear: swallowing yawning, and
chewing (happens here)

AUDITORY OSSICLES

1. MALLEUS | HAMMES
- Transmits sound vibrations from the eardrums to the incus
2. INCUS | ANVIL
- The middle bone; connects to the malleus and to the stapes
3. STAPES | STIRRUP
- Transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window
- It connects middle ear to the inner ear

 INNER EAR

COCHLEA

- Receives sounds in the form of vibrations

- Transforms vibrations of the cochlear liquids and associated structures into a neural
signals
- Organ of hearing

VESTIBULE

- Detect changes in gravity and linear accelerations

- Responsible in balance
- Contains utricle and saccule

1. UTRICLE
- Changes in velocity when traveling (horizontal & vertical)
2. SACCULE
- Acceleration & Deceleration

A. OVAL WINDOW | VESTIBULAR WINDOW

- Transmits the vibrations to the inner ear
B. ROUND WINDOW | COCHLOEAR WINDOW

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS (ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR, LATERAL)

- Helps maintain balance when turning spinning, or tumbling

- Fluid filled tubes in your inner ear that helps you keep your balance

! FLUIDS IN THE EAR

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 - Help in transmission of the sound
- Are separated from each other
- Chemically different
1. PERILYMPH
- Fluid outside
2. ENDOLYMPH
- Fluid inside

NOTES:

FLUID

- The flow of fluid in the ear counter flows the movement of our body to maintain balance

CERUMINOUS GLANDS

- Produces earwax

EARWAX | CERUMEN

- Helps keep the skin in the ear canal soft

- Keeps the bugs out

CUPULA

- Hair-like structure
- It helps the movement of the fluid; Endolymph

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE VII

- VESTIBULAR – maintain balance

- COCHLEAR – auditory sense

SENE OF HEARING

- Last sense that is last to leave the body when you die
- First to return when you wake up

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AUDITORY PATHWAY

1. AURICLE
2. EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
3. TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
4. AUDITORY OSSICLE
5. COCHLEAR FLUID is disturbed
6. Ripple disturbs hair cells in the ORGAN OF CONTI/COCHLEA
7. COCHLEAR NERVE
8. BRAIN STEM
9. THALAMUS
10. AUDITORY NERVE OF TEMPORAL LOBE

 TASTE & GUSTATORY

 TOUNGUE
- Main organ of taste
- Plays a major role in speech, swallowing, cleanse the teeth

 FRENULUM
- Location: below the tongue
- Holds the tongue at the bottom of the mouth

 TASTE BUDS

1. SWEET
- Tip of the tongue
2. SALTY
- Sides

3. SOUR
- Back part of the sides

4. BITTER
- Back part

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NERVE RECEPTORS for sense of taste

- VII FACIAL NERVE

- IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
- X VAGUS NERVE

 EYES

 MUSCLES OF THE EYE

SUPERIOR RECTUS Rolls eyeballs upward

INFERIOR RECTUS Rolls eyeballs downward
MEDIAL RECTUS Rolls eyeballs medially
LATERAL RECTUS Rolls eyeballs laterally
SUPERIOR OBLIQUE Rolls eyeballs on axis
INFERIOR OBLIQUE Rolls eyeballs on axis

 LACRIMAL GLAND
- Produces tears

3 LAYERS OF THE EYE

1. SCLERA
- Hardest part
- Serves as an attachment
- Helps maintain shape

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 2. CHOROID
- Highly pigmented
- Contains lots of blood vessels

3. RETINA
- Avascular / no blood
- Photoreceptors and very fragile
- Innermost layer
- RODs – acts nighttime, detects color (black, white, and gray), functions in peripheral
vision
- CONEs – acts daytime, detects various/all colors, functions best in bright light
- 3 types of CONES (BLUE: 16%) (GREEN: 10%) (RED: 74%)

FOVEA CONTRALIS

- Small central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye

- Located in the center of the macula lutea of the eye

CORNEA

- Avascular
- Most exposes and transparent
- Nothing protects cornea
- Protective window for which the light passes

IRIS

- Makes the constriction and dilation of pupils

- Iris muscle
- CIRCULAR MUSCLE – when contracts it constricts the pupil (parasympathetic)
- RADIAL MUSCLE – when contracts it dilate the pupil (sympathetic)

PUPIL

- Protective reflex
- Prevents excessively bright light from damaging the delicate photoreceptor
- ACCOMODATION PUPILLARY EFFECT – pupil constrict to increase depth of focus of the
eye by blocking the light
- PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX – the reflex of the eye to the brightness or dimness of the light

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LENS

- Avascular like the cornea

- 65% water; 35% protein
- To focus light rays on the retina by accommodation
- Distant object – the lens flattens
- Near object – the lens gets rounder and thicker

MACULA LUTEA OR FUVEA

- Contains very high concentration of cones

CILLARY BODY

- Controls the shape of the lens (cilliary muscle)

- Cillary epithelium – produces aqueous humor
- Vitreous humor – produced in the non-pigmented portion of the cillary body

AQUEOUS HUMOR

- Help with the movement of the eye

- Anterior

VITREOUS HUMOR

- Fillers of the eyeball behind the lens

- Posterior

NOTES:

NORMAL INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE (IOP)

- Ranges from - 12 – 21 mm Hg

CANAL OF SCHLEMM

- Circular canal lying in the substance of the schlerocorneal junction of the eye and;
- Draining the aqueous humor from the anterior chamber
- Aqueous humor circulation

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VISUAL PATHWAY

1. LIGHT
2. CORNEA
3. PUPIL
4. CLEAR LENS
5. RETINA
6. RODS & CONES
7. OPTIC NERVE
8. BRAIN

AQUEOUS HUMOR CIRCULATION

1. CILLIARY BODY
2. POSTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE
3. ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE
4. CANAL OF SCHLEMM
 SMELL | OLFACTORY

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 CHEMORECEPTOR (TASTE & SMELL)

- Detect the molecules in our food and the air around us

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

- Olfactory’s main organ

- Smelling something mean getting tiny molecules up inside your nose

- The tiny hairs in the nose filters those molecules in nasal cavity

OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURON

COLUMNADR SUPPORTING CELL

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