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OLFACTION: SENSE OF SMELL TONGUE

→ NOSE – contains 10-100 million receptors for the sense → LINGUAL PAPILLAE
of smell of olfaction - Hair like structures that gives rough texture
- On the surface of the oral part of the tongue
→ OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM – olfactory receptors,
supporting cells, and basal cells. 4 types of papillae:
Olfactory receptors 1. Circumvallate
- First order neurons of olfactory pathway 2. Fungiform
- Each receptor is bipolar neuron with 3. Filiform
exposed-knob shaped dendrite and axon 4. Foliate papillae
projecting through ciribriform plate and *All EXCEPT filiform papillae, have taste buds on them and
ending in olfactory bulb they can detect sour, sweet, bitter, and salty.
Parts of Olfactory receptors that responds to inhaled
chemicals: → LINGUAL FENELUM
1. Olfactory hairs – cilia that project from dendrite - Connects the tongue to the floor of the oral
2. Odorants – stimulate olfactory hair cavity (fold mucous membrane)
3. Supporting cells – columnar epithelial cells of - Along the lower midline of the tongue
mucus membrane. Provides physical support,
nourishment, electrical insulation for olfactory VISION
receptors.

GUSTATION: SENSE OF TASTE

ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYES

→ EYELIDS, EYELASHES, EYEBROWS, THE LACRIMAL

APPARATUS, & EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES
a. EYELIDS or PALPEBRAE
- shade the eyes during sleep, protect the eyes
from excessive light and foreign objects and
spread lubricating secretions over eyeballs

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b. EYELASHES or EYEBROWS
- Protects eyeballs from foreign objects, ANATOMY OF THE EYEBALL
perspiration and direct rays of sun

c. LACRIMAL APPARATUS
- a group of structures that produces and
drains lacrimal fluid or TEARS

EXTRINSICS MUSCLES OF THE EYE

SUPERIOR Look laterally

RECTUS and upward

INFERIOR Look laterally

RECTUS and
downward
LATERAL Look laterally
RECTUS

MEDIAL Look medially

RECTUS

INFERIOR Look medially

OBLIQUE and upward

SUPERIOR Look medially

OBLIQUE and
downward

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AUDITORY SYSTEM

INNER EAR
→ houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium
EXTERNAL EAR → also called LABYRINTH
→ It collects sound waves and channels them inward
1. AURICLE
- Flap of elastic cartilage shaped like the flared
end of a trumpet and covered by skin
2. EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
- A curved tube long that lies in the temporal
bone and leads to eardrum
3. TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (eardrum)
- Thin, semi transparent partition between
external auditory canal and middle ear
- Tearing of tympanic membrane may be due
to pressure from cotton swab, trauma or
middle ear infection

MIDDLE EAR
→ Conveys sound vibrations to the oval window
Important structures: bones names for their shapes
a. MALLEOUS (hammer)
- Attaches to internal surface of tympanic
membrane
b. INCUS (anvil)
- Middle bone in the series, articulates with
the head of stapes
c. STAPES - stirrup