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1 Straight Lines and

Pairs of Straight Lines

1. Slope of a line :
i. If ‘  ’ is the angle made by the line with +ve x-axis in anticlockwise direction, then ‘tan  ’ is called its
‘slope’ and is denoted by ‘m’
ii. The slope of a horizontal line is zero as  = 0
iii. The slope of a vertical line (i.e. a line perpendicular to x-axis) is  as  = 90º
iv. The slopes of parallel lines are equal.
v. If m1, m2 are the slopes of two mutually perpendicular lines, then m1 . m2 = -1 (non vertical)

2. Different forms of a straight line :

i. Slope-intercept form : Equation of the line having slope ‘m’ and y-intercept ‘c’ is y = mx + c

ii. Point-slope form : Equation of the line having slope ‘m’ and passing through the point (x 1, y 1) is
y – y1 = m(x-x1)
iii. Two - Points form : Equation of the line passing through points (x 1, y 1) and (x 2, y 2) is
y1  y2
y – y1 = (x–x1), where m 
x2  x1

iv. Intercept form : Equation of the line which has x-intercept ‘a’ and y-intercept ‘b’ is

v. Normal or perpendicular form : Equation of the line having ‘p’ as its perpendicular distance from the
origin and ‘  ’ as the inclination of its normal from the origin is x cos  + y sin  = p, (0  < 360).
vi. Distance form : Equation of the line passing through (x1, y1) and having inclination ‘’ with the x-axis is
n
where   and ‘r’ is the distance of (x1, y1) from (x, y) along the line.
2
The parametric equations of the line is x = x1+ r cos , y = y1 + r sin , where is the distance between
(x, y) and (x1, y1)
3. General form of Straight line :
Every first degree eqution in x and y i.e. ax + by + c = 0, (a, b) (0, 0) represents a straight line.

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(i) Slope of the line = (ii) x-intercept =

(iii) y-intercept = (iv) Length of the perpendicular from (x1, y1) is

(v) The distance between the parallel lines

ax + by + c1 = 0, ax + by + c2 = 0 is

4. Equation of the line passing through (x1, y1) :

(i) and parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is a (x – x1) + b (y – y1) = 0
(ii) and perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is b(x – x1) – a(y – y1) = 0

a1b2  a2b1
5. If slopes of two lines are m1,m2 and  is the acute angle betwen them, then tan  = = a a bb
1 2 1 2

(i) Condition for L1= 0, L2= 0 to be parallel is

(ii) Condition for L1= 0, L2= 0 to be Perpendicular is a1a2 + b1b2 = 0

(iii) Condition for L1= 0, L2 = 0 to be coincident is

6. Equation of any line passing through (x1, y1) and making an angle  with the line ax+by+c = 0 is

a
y – y1 = tan      (x – x1), where tan  =
b
7. Let the equations of two lines be
L1  a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and L2  a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
any line passing through the intersection of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 is L1  L2  0

 L1
8. The ratio in which L = ax + by + c = 0 divides the line segment joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
L2

Where L1 = ax1+ by1 + c

L2 = ax2+ by2 + c
9. The points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are on the same side or on the opposite sides of L = 0 according as the signs
of L1, L2 are the same sign or of different sign

10. Equations of the angular bisectors of the two lines a1x + b1 y + c 1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c 2 = 0 are

11. If c1, c2 are positive, then

(i) is the bisector of the angle containing the origin

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(ii) is the bisector of the angle not containing the origin

(iii) In the case of the bisector of the angle containing the origin, is the acute angle bisector if a1a2  b1b2  0

(iv) The bisector of angle containing origin, is the obtuse angle bisector if a1a2  b1b2  0

p1 p2
12. Area of the parallelogram ABCD is , where p1, p2 are the distances between the parallel sides and
sin 
 is the angle between the adjacent sides of the parallelogram.
13. If the foot of the perpendicular from (x1, y1) on to the line ax + by + c = 0 is
x2  x1 y2  y1 ax  by  c
(x2, y2), then    1 2 12
a b a b
14. If the image of the point (x 1 , y 1 ) w.r.t the line ax + by + c = 0 is

x2  x1 y2  y1 2(ax1  by1  c )
(x2, y2), then  
a b a 2  b2
Pair of Straight Lines
1. The equations a x + b y + c = 0, a x + b y + c = 0 represent straight lines, the equation ( a x + b y
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
+ c1 ) ( a2x + b2y + c2 ) = 0 is called joint equation of the two lines.

2. (i) If h2 > ab, then ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represents two real and different straight lines through the origin.
(ii) The above lines are coincident if h2 = ab and imaginary if h2 < ab.
(iii) If the slopes of the two lines represented by ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 are m 1 and m2, then
2h a
m +m = , m1 m2  .
1 2 b b
Thus equations of the two lines are y = m1x and y = m x
2
3. If  is the acute angle between the pair of lines ax + 2hxy + by2=0 then
2

2 h2  ab
 = tan-1 {a  b}

Note: a + b = 0  The lines are perpendicular

2 2
4. The equation of the pair of lines through the origin and perpendicular to the two lines ax + 2hxy + by =
0 is bx2 – 2hxy + ay2 = 0
2 2 2 2
5. The equation of the pair of lines bisecting the angle between the lines ax + 2hxy + by = 0 is h (x – y )
= (a – b) xy.
6. Let S = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of lines if  = abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2
2 2 2 2
– ch = 0 and g  ac, h  ab, f  bc

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7. Let S = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represent two straight lines

(i) Pair of lines through origin and parallel to S = 0 is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
2 2
(ii) Pair of lines through (x1, y1) & parallel to S = 0 is a (x – x1) + 2h (x – x1)( y - y1) + b (y – y1) = 0
2 2
(iii) Pair of lines through origin and perpendicular to S = 0 is bx – 2hxy + ay = 0
2
(iv) Pair of lines through (x1, y1) and perpendicular to S = 0 is b( x – x1) - 2h (x – x1) (y–y1) + a (y
– y )2 = 0
1

8. Point of intersection of has represented by s  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx 2 fy  c  0 is

 h f  bg gh  af 
 2
, 
 ab  h ab  h2 

9. The equation of angle bisectors of lines represented by s  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is

h {( x  x1 ) 2  ( y  y1 )2 ]  (a  b) ( x  x1 ) ( y  y1 )

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Objective Questions
EXERCISE
1. The normal form of line x + y = 2 is

   
(1) x sin  y cos  1 (2) x cos + y sin = 1
4 4 4 4

3 3  
(3) x cos – y sin =1 (4) x cos + y sin = 1
4 4 3 3

2. A straight line passes through (4, 5) and makes an angle 60º with x-axis in the positive
direction. Its equation in the parametric form

(1) x = 3 + 4, y =  + 5 (2) x =  + 4, y = 3 + 5

(3) x = 3 - 4, y =  + 5 (4) x =  - 4, y =  + 5

x 1 y  2
3. The line   t intersects the line x + y = 8 at t =
2 3

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

4. The area of the triangle formed by the straight line passing through (2, 1), (1, 2) with the co-ordinate axes is
(in sq.units)
(1) 9 (2) 3 (3) 4.5 (4) 3.5

5. The least distance from origin to the straight line 3x – 4y + 10 = 0 is

1
(1) (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 0
2
6. The distance between the parallel lines 3x + 4y + 3 = 0, 6x + 8y + 11 = 0 is

1 1 2
(1) 1 (2) (3) (4)
2 3 3

7. If the point (x0, y0) bisects the portion of a straight line intercepted between the coordinate axes then its
equation is

x y x y
(1)  1 (2)  2
x0 y0 x0 y0

x y x y
(3)  3 (4)  4
x0 y0 x0 y0

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8. If the portion of a straight line intercepted between the coordinate axes is divided at (1, –2) in the ratio
1: 2 then its equation is

(1) 2x – y – 4 = 0 (2) x + 2y + 3 = 0 (3) 4x – y – 6 = 0 (4) 4x – y + 6 = 0

9. If a, b, c are in A.P then the lines represented by ax + by + c = 0 are concurrent at the point

(1) (1, 2) (2) (2, 4) (3) (-2, 1) (4) (1, -2)

10. If the sum of the slopes of the lines given by x2 – 2cxy – 7y2 = 0 is four times their product, then ‘c’ has the
value

(1) – 2 (2) – 1 (3) 2 (4) 1

11. The line passing through (1, 1) and parallel to the line 3x + 4y + 10 = 0 divides the line segment joining (1,
2), (–2, 1) in the ratio

(1) 3 ; 4 (2) 4 : 3 (3) 4 : 9 (4) 9 : 4

12. The point A(2, 1), B(3, –1), C(1, –3) are given. The pair of points which are on the same side of the line
3x + 4y + 7 = 0 are

(1) B, C (2) A, B (3) A, C (4) Cannot be determined

13. The image of the point (3, 1) w.r.t the line 3x – y + 8 = 0 is

 8 9   33 21    48 16 
(1)  ,  (2)  ,  (3)  ,  (4) (0, 0)
 5 5   5 5  5 5
14. If 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining the points A(1, 2) and B ,   then the
value of    is

81  136  135  134

(1)  (2) (3) (4)
13 13 13 13
15. The circumcenter of the triangle formed by the lines x + y – 1 = 0, x – y – 1 = 0, x – 3y + 3 = 0 is

 3 3
(1) (1, 5) (2) (-1, -5) (3)  2 , 2  (4) (0, 1)S
 

16. Slope of a striaght line passing through (a sec , b tan ), (a sec , b tan ) is

 
cos   b   
b  2  b   b  
(1) (2) cot  (3) tan  (4) tan 
a   a  2  a  2  a  2 
sin  
 2 
17. If p, q are the lengths of the perpendicular from the origin to x cos  – y sin  = sin 2 , x sin  + y cos 
= cos 2  then p2 + q2 =

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

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5
18. If the distance from the origin to the line ax + by + 5 = 0 is , then the distance from the origin to the line
10
ax + by + 10 = 0 is

(1) 5 (2) 2 (3) 10 (4)None

19. Two sides of a triangle are y = m1x and y = m2x; m1, m2 are the roots of the equation m2 + am – 1 = 0. For
all values of ‘a’, the orthocentre of the triangle lies at

3 3
(1) (1, 1) (2) (2, 2) (3)  2 , 2  (4) (0, 0)
 

20. The equation of the straight line passing through the intersection of x + 2y – 19 = 0, x – 2y – 3 = 0 and at
a distance of 5 unit from (–2, 4) is
(1) 5x –12 y – 7 = 0 (2) 5x +12 y +3 = 0 (3) 5x –12 y + 7 = 0 (4) 12x – 5 y + 7 = 0

21. If a vertex of a triangle is (1,1) and the mid points of two sides through this vertex are (–1, 2) and (3, 2) then
the centroid of the triangle is

 7  1 7
  7 1 7
(1)  1,  (2)  3 , 3  (3)  1,  (4)  , 
 3     3  3 3

a
22. The foot of perpendicular from (a, 0) on the line y  mx  is
m
 1  a  a
(1)  0,   (2)  0,  (3)  0,   (4) (0, a)
 a  m  m

23. Angles made with the x-axis by two lines drawn through (1, 2) and cutting the line x + y = 4 at a distance
1
6 from the point (1, 2) are
3
   3  5  3
(1) and (2) and (3) and (4) and
6 3 8 8 12 12 4 4
24. A ray of light is sent along the line x – 2y + 5 = 0 upon reaching the line 3x – 2y + 7 = 0, the ray is reflected from
it. The equation of the straight line containing the reflected ray is
(1) 2x + y = 0 (2) x + y – 1 = 0 (3) 29x – 2y + 33 = 0 (4) 2x + 29y – 33 = 0
2 2
25. If the equation  x – 5xy + 6y + x – 3y = 0 represents a pair of straight lines then their point of intersection
is

(1) (–3, –1) (2) (–1, –3) (3) (3, 1) (4) (1, 3)

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Answers

1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (3)

6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (2)

11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (4) 15. (3)

16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (1)

21. (3) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (3) 25. (1)

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