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5.1 The need for energy in living

5.2 Aerobic respiration
5.3 Anaerobic respiration

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

5.1 The need for energy in living

• Outline the importance of energy and respiration
in living organisms
• Describe the structure of the energy carriers such
as ATP, NADH and FADH2.

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5.1 THE NEED FOR ENERGY IN LIVING

• Respiration: process of metabolism that breaks down an organic compound to release energy in a living
cell.
• It is catabolic & exergonic.
• Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as a reactant to complete the breakdown of a variety of organic
molecules to release energy.
• Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) leads to the partial breakdown of sugars in the absence of
oxygen.

Aerobic Respiration
• Breakdown of organic compound to release energy in the presence of oxygen.
• Overall process:
– Organic compounds + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy
• With glucose.
– C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
(ATP + heat)
– The catabolism of glucose is exergonic with a ∆G = -686 kcal per mole of glucose.
– Some of this energy is used to produce ATP that will perform cellular work.

CHAPTER 5 : CELLULAR RESPIRATION

TYPES OF RESPIRATION
Cellular Respiration

Anaerobic respiration Aerobic respiration

Fermentation Cellular respiration

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Comparison: aerobic & anaerobic

• Both produce ATP from sugars.
• Both use glycolysis to oxidize sugars to pyruvate.
• Both use NAD+ as an electron acceptor.
• Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in both.

• Aerobic needs O2 , but not for anaerobic.

• Aerobic involves the Krebs cycle & the ETC in the mitochondrion, but not for anaerobic.

• In aerobic respiration, the electrons of NADH are ultimately passed to O2 ; in fermentation, the
electrons are passed to pyruvate.

• Under aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose yields 38 ATP (max), but only 2 ATP under
anaerobic respiration.

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ATP
• ATP is a universal form of energy – a common energy currency of the cell.
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the high-energy molecule that powers cellular work.
• ATP is a nucleotide; consists of the nitrogenous base adenine, the pentose sugar ribose, & a chain of
3 phosphate groups.
• The 3 phosphate groups are –vely charged & joined by 2 high-energy bonds

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• The unstable phosphate bonds can be broken by hydrolysis (to drive endergonic reactions).
– Hydrolysis of the end phosphate group forms ADP & inorganic phosphate (Pi) & releases 31 kJ of
energy per mole of ATP.

ATPase

31 kJ

CHAPTER 5 : CELLULAR RESPIRATION

…ATP
 The transfer of phosphate group from ATP to another molecule is phosphorylation.

 This changes the shape of the receiving molecule, performing work (transport, mechanical, or
chemical).

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• Reactions that result in the transfer of 1 or more electrons from 1 reactant to another are oxidation-
reduction reactions, or REDOX REACTIONS.
– OXIDATION:
involve the loss of 1 or more electrons from an atom or molecule, the loss of H
or gain O2.

– REDUCTION:
involve the addition (gain) of electrons by an atom or molecule, the loss of O2
or gain in H.

• In respiration, glucose & other fuel molecules (carbohydrate, lipid, protein) are oxidized, releasing energy.

Oxidation (becomes oxidized ~ loses electron)

Eg: C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

Reduction (becomes reduced ~ gains electron)

(glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced)

CHAPTER 5 : CELLULAR RESPIRATION

NADH
• NADH is reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotjde (NAD+)
• NAD+ is a coenzyme, a derivative of the vitamin niacin.
• The molecule consists of two nucleotides joined together at their phosphate groups.
• Nicotinamide is a nitrogenous base.
• The name NADH shows the hydrogen that has been received in the reaction when NAD+ received
two electron and one proton (H+) from organic molecule or substrate.
• The nitrogenous base in NADH has one more hydrogen ion and two more electrons than NAD+.
• NADH is reduced form and NAD+ is the oxidized form
• An oxidized molecule is able to accept electrons from another molecule. After NAD+ obtain the
electrons, it has a negative charge and it picks up hydrogen atom from the surrounding environment
and become NADH

NAD+ + 2e + H+ NADH

• NAD acts as a hydrogen acceptor in oxidation-reduction reactions.

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• Several steps in glycolysis & the Krebs cycle also transfer electrons (& H+) from substrates to NAD+,
forming NADH + H+.

• NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme functions as the oxidizing agent / hydrogen
acceptor in many of the redox steps in respiration.

2 e- + 2 H+
2 e- + H+ H+

of NAD+ .
. of NADH .

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PRODUCTION of ATP

1. Substrate level phosphorylation:

~ An enzyme transfer a phosphate group from an organic molecule (the substrate) to ADP using enzymes,
forming ATP
~ Glycolysis & Krebs cycle

2. Oxidative phosphorylation:
~ In the ETC, the electrons move from molecule to molecule until they combine with O2 & H+ to form water.
~ through a redox reactions
~ produces almost 90% of the ATP driven by proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane &
generated by respiration

3. Photophosphorylation:
occurs on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
~ Light Dependant Reaction (Photosynthesis)

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OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION:
ETC & CHEMIOSMOSIS

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