972 Jons 373

I
ll ,'
-,,
l:9.6 ( I .-+17 (Jr )2
li A ftia 4
llf-r1 J(.,?.'Q,
2
l l-il (0.105) t,
P

Pr wetted perimeter of
lrr,+ = Ir.l-1 * 1t,..
ls
0.1I ltt']iis t channel

2,2 9l 8.5 (0.1 I )2 S = rlope of energy gredient

It,-
l,;
= 718.() Q3 + 467 .7 Qt
) 1 3.116 tl Kutter's Formulal.
Q+'= 1196'3Q32
9r8.5
a) Eng[sh system:
Qu =ll4lQ3 HL = hf, + hf+ + ttf. i
4t.oz+Q'4'ffi0'!+l$11
Q), =Qz+Q,+Qo Q= - '----' b- ' -n'
= l.g2b + 13 .216
+#:(41'65 + P'og'?-0l)
1
q,
0)7 = 0.421 Q, + Qi * l.l4l Q:
liI
HL = 18.993 nr {P.
I,
0.17 = 1.5(r8 Q:
[r] Metric System:
I, I
Q, = 0.105 rnr/s
C = Chezy's coefffcient
33 +! + 0.00155.
nS
1 +&(23 + Sott{s"; S = slope of energy gredienr
'iR
R = hy&aulic slope
n = rp$ghness doef{icient

s) Mannings
CHAPTERVNI tdpnning's Formula: coe ffcient
a) English syscem: a) English systern
.--L486Rtl6
v = -1J8,6- n2/3 s16
l--

n
OPEN CHANNELS n
(UNIFORM FLOW) b. Metric system:" b) Metric system
It
,^-R /6
with V =!n A2l3 514 \- --
An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows a'i|fr n
surface. Bazins Formula
system
a) English b) Metric system
L. Chezy Formula: ,
C=!57,6.- C* 87,-
1-[" m 1+
g= C.m .M -"9=
JT
A- AV m "! roughness coeffici€nt
V = velocity of water (uniforr"n R = hydraulic radius
flow)
 Jons
,t

( )II LEM:
'ltl
llt
-t{
375
('orlpute A. l', and R',for elr'lr ol' llrt' t'lr,rrru"l glttSS sc,-'tictns show
iti tlrt' l'igure. Depth d = 2.5,[r, llollt)nl wirlllr ll in (b)is 5 ttl; in (c) 1.5
llt 'l'
,
i I.

V = CJRS tllrrIion: (
4
I

-t-
: ,

\f =,-*-*" Bl'\ :
n 212{ d=2,5
r Q:$)2 12
I
i
;
I t\ 3 l2f r n'tz
I' Trr i

t' i.)
----Ll
7r m,
Ai
l{ D
f
:'

3.125 7v

2.5n'
l( = 1.25 m

lrt i\ = Bd
3) Semi-circle (most ef{icient cirpular section} ,\ =, 5 (2.5)
z\= 12.5 rn2
l'= B+2d
R=L = 5+l(2.5)
2 l'= l0m
A
4) Merimum flqw of waterrin chcular ctranncl'occurs when the It= p,
ncl is filled up ro a height of 0.938 D o
12.5 ffi
l0 V_
J 4.,51 m
't I
1"25 rn .t D-. g+2y
I.5 + 2 {4,51)

(1.5) (2.5) p= 10.52 rn

= .1.75 m
I A
5)'I'rietrgplar section:
T(br +lrz)h ft=
p
2
Note: r3.l2s
For different cross-sectionu 13.125 m2, r 0.52
having the same area, the
I
efficient section is the one
Tt i.5 + 1.5 +- j.75 t: )l ( 2.s) ftx 1 .148 rn
having smaller wetted.peri
(sd)2 + iz
376
Jons 377

PROBLEM: '
I Pltt llt LEM : *'
('orrrpare the wctted per$i'nbters irtttl ltytlrrrrrlic radii of the three
,rii

lf g = 5'4 m3/s i' problent l. cornput$ Vnlitt

# rliltt.r'tnt forms oJ'cross sectib4fiol'plolrlettt .l Wlrich of the three tbrnrs
[',u il(.s tltc given l]crw with the l6bst lll('il ()l'e lr;rrrrrt,l litring?
Solution ,#
fd
.,t,
a)v= _9_ ,l:l', Fulrrl ir>u :

'A
, t)
i'

5"4 Trr
V= 0.550 ur/s
a)
ffi= lt= n (0.691 )
5.4
b)V= fr= 0.432mis
l, _- ').11 ttt (lcast linirrg for scuti-circular cross section)
r4,

5.1 A
c)V= *rU= 0.4linr/s It= p
0.7.5 .
PROBLEM: It= on5d=,49.l m
If a flow of1.35 m3 /s is to be carried in a fluute at a vclocit :.t7" f.5
1.8 m/s, compute the dimensiotrs of the orcss sections if it is:
a) r;

circular, (b) rectangular with the vridth equal to deptl

.twicc.the .t
l{= 0.345 nr

trapezoidrl *itn B = d a'tl side slope'S = 3 tic-rrizorttal'tcr rte

l,= B+lcl
Solution:
i l,= l.ll5 + I (0.(rll)
a AV O,75d
m---.-
i
-dD
r5
.1. o,?Fd .d
-. -
lg=d = o,Gisi
I

l,= 1.45 nt +t -.5

l._lii j A(l;8) A
It= '-f
p
A = 0.15 m7
'sr* u.i5 _ 0.306
a)A= -"- R= 2.45
/-

n12 (0.491 ) + io.r''ss)t

0.75 = -i--
/.
0.81875 nr
r= 0.691 m
P= B+16 ,,.
I
b)A = Bd c)'L^fr .- T(bt + bz ) d
P= 0.(r55 + I (0.81875)
0.75 E t2d) (d) I
g.Ts = -i id "t 1.5 ct) fi P_ l.l9l5 nr
0.75 = 2d2 \
A
d = 0.612m
0.?5 =" 1.75 ,ii? R_ p

p= d :: 0"655 m 0.7
fi :t
5
2 (0.61 2) R_ 0.317 rn
B,o t.]]5 m ;: Llel5
O.qr55 n:
 378 Jons 379
PROBLEM: R2/r r l, (.) = AV
A conduit is to have a cross-sectionaf a,,'', ol'0.9 nr2 C, (.) -= O.7Z ( I .867)
the wetted perimeter and the hydrautic' rutlius il the sectiorr I t'tll llrtlle . ll :: 0.012 t
circular flowing full (pipe); (b) senticirg$lar opr'n c.hannr'I. :
(.) .
. I a,a 1.5 Vt
1.344 m3/s
Solution:
,','

tli \ ,)J I I (0.3 t-'' (

10T0)
'\,,

a)A= rr2 \ 1 .8(r7 m/s

t
0.9 = rr? I

lr
I'ltoBLEM:
I

r- 0.535 nr I
Dctcrnrine the discharge of a concrete{ined canal of a trapezoidal
p= 2rr r rrss scctiotr. bottom width 1.5 m. depth of flow 1.5 m. side sloPes
1 lrorizrrntal to 2 vertical; slope 3 n1 per 5000 m. n = 0Ol3
p= 2n (0.535)
\r

w
,l tr t icllt
P - 3.353 m
:

A *r
R= p
0"9
A = I
T(l's +6)(l.s)

ft=
=

\
3.363

0.268 m
A

t'
=
=
5.625 tn2

1.5 + 2 Q.1A4)
(tr
b)A = rr2l2
p= l"-j 78 rn I' = (r.908 ln
0.90 * nr2 lz A
ra A 5.625
ft-: ;- It
p 6,908
0.814 m
r- 0.757 m t"

0.{)
p* R* I
7rt l-37S \, =R l1
213
sYz

P = n(0"757) R - fi"378 rn
Ironrtable, n = 0.013
FROBLEM:
Deterrnirte the discharge of a new planed '* tirnlrer flume 2 t/,
.i
tangular cross section I.2 m wide, flowing 0.6 nr dcep. with a
I
(0.814)zt3 /\
2.5 m per 1000 m. n = 0.012.
m13 5ooo '
V 1.643 mls
-\
Soltrtion:

[ = L2 (0.6) = O.72 m2 (.) AV

!,
I
5.62s 9 (1.643)
T

p = 1.2+2$.6) = 2.4m (.)

I

-.*.- {S,
I

"A 4.72 a 9.2+ nr3/s

R=-=
p = 0.3m
 380
Jons
PROBLEM: .,' 1

t*
I
(2.4e3)2i3 /;J__.
t ,t o,otttt
A circular concrete sewer, 1.5 m in d{'a*ttrlcr und flowing half '
has a slope of 4 m per 5 km. Determine t l$ dlscltrrrgtt. n * 0.013
f,
'q 0.613 nr/s
}],
Solution: w.
ii:'

n 5\2 i{' AV
# Q.7 = 0.884m2
'i'
la
(t47)(0.613) ,

r (0.75) = 2.356 m 90.09 m3/s

0.884
R= 2"356 = 0.375 m
IROBLEM:
An earth canal carries a depth of water of 1.8 m. The canal is6mwide
V = j-n R2/r
I
sY' ttr the bottom and has side slopqs of 3 horizontal to 2 vertical. s = 0.0002
.lsing a value of n of 0.025. compute the discharge by Manning formulao
tlrtl with this discharge determine: (a) the value of n in the Kutter for-
I Itula; (b) the value of m in the Bazin formula.
^,^
V = * @37il213 s\i
{ol111iun '

v = tr(o.37sft3 I ^,^1,ofu-,,t
4
I
A = Zrc+ ll.4)(1.8) = 15.66m2

V = l.l 32 mls = 6+3.245(2) = 9.49m

I5.66
A=AV = 9.49 = 1.65m

a = 0.884(1.132) = '
1

P2/3 sYz
n
a = 1000 m3/s
$
= ffiI Q.osfrt
- .-
(o.ooo2)7'
il
't, PROBLEM:
,r

{
A dredged river channel with sandy bottom has a bottom widt = 0.79 mls
ti cf 40 in, depth of 3 m, and side slopes of 3 horizontal to I vertica
!ii
.ilr
If the fall is I m in l0 km, determine the discharge. n = 0.03 =AV
tit

,;1,
Solution
Lti,
= 15.66 (0.79)
I
|$
lll
1,:
A = T@0
+ 58) (3) = 147 m2 = 12.37 m3 /s
nI

;[n
,'i,

ri
rifi'
40 + 9.487 (2) = 58.974 m Value of n in Kutter's formula:
l!
ii
147
j R
ffi = 2.493m
a=AV
V = l. a = A(CV/TS)
n
R2t3 sY,
 Jons
382 I,I{OBLEM: 383
12.31 = 15.66 ((')/ 1.65(0.0002) What shoultl be the $lopc ol it riclrr('u'c:ular stnooth steel flutne
rvrllr smooth joints to carry 2 7 nt fs. lltt' rlrrrnreter of the flume being
C= 43:48 '.lnr ? n=0.011.
Kutter's Formula: Solution ' '

I 0.00155
r (1.212
\-
t, = ni
t*vRf3* , 0.00155\ r\ = .: /. = 2.2tc2ml

J
f' = n(1.2) = 3.77m
I 0.001 55
Lr '
4-

o ooo2 A
43 .48 = Jr l( = = 0.60m
n / . o.ool55\
t *rzT6r('
p
drodz-f ()=AV
I
30.7s
)J = 2.262(V)
n
43.48 = V = 1.194 m/s
I + 23.94 n I
V=
43.48 + 1040.9n = -t + 30.i5 n
n
I
I t.ts4 =
od(o.oo)z/r (s) %
12.73+1040.9n = n
li = 0.0004
1040.9n2+lZ.73n-l =0
I'ROBLEM
n= 0.0255 What should be the slope of a planed-timber flume, rectangular
irr cross section. to carry 3.25 m3/s if the width is l.8 m and the depth of
lr b) Value of m in Bazin formula: llow is 1.2 m? n = 0.012

87 Solution;
-m-
\TR A 1.8 (1.2) = 2.16 m2

1.8 + 1.2 (2) = 4.2 m

'43.48 87 P
- --t
= 2.t 6
l+
\rer
.m R
ry = o'514 m
lt,?

V
a ___l
43.48 = 87 A
tTTJi8 m 3.25
V
-276. = 1.505 m/s
I + 0.778 m -z
I

m = 1.286
V f Rrl, sYz
 Jons
384 l'R()IJLEM: s85
A V-shaped clrannel, tiuilt ol rrnplurrtrtl timber, carries 0.8O m3/s
Fronr tab]e, n = 0.01 2 rrl .r velocityof 2.5 mis. Each of the sides nruke an angle of 45owiththe
lrorizontal. Deternrine the slope, n 0.014
(o.s liirzrt (s)%
r.sos = # Solulitt' '1

S = 0.0008 r.) = AV

lt l{0= A(2.5)
PROBLEM:
,\ = O.32 m2
An earth canal is to carry 10.8 m3/s itt a mean velocity of 0'65
The side slopes are to be 2 horizontalto I vertical. The depthof wa I
A = ;(2d) (d)
to be one.fourth of the bottom width. Assuming that the canal is z
kept in good condition, find the necessary slope. n= 0.0225
n.il*d2
Solution:
,l = 0.566 m
a= AV
t'
lt

10.8 = A (0.6so) sd
2d ?A .vnT0..J,5ryfD'
A 16.614 n;f
0.6 m
1
A
Z@d
+ 8d) (d) ."l;-
as2
= 0.2 m
16.61 5= 6d2
., r l^
d, = 1.664 m *Rtl,
n
s S%

I
B+2\F '.s = +e.Zftt
0.014 (S)%
,
P = 4(1.664)+ 2\m) :i = 0.01 0
,

P = l4.lm ]'ROBI.EM:
16.61 5
R = Jaf=l.l8m A rectangular concrete lined canal is to carry 1.35 m3/s.The bdttom
is to be twice the depth. What should be the dimensions of the
r,','ic!th
,;lisam cross section if the slope is to be 0,00l? n*0.012
V = 'P2/3S/q
I
n
Solution:
From table n=0.A225
'|A -. 'ts2
LU
I
0.65= u.tlu,.iJ
.=-{r,lq}2/3 (s)%
I x 2cl+d(2)="kl
S = 2d2 d
0.0001 7
r' * 4d, l
386 {V
Jons s87
a= AV
I -,.
sttf
.'ii,/
I'

I () ,\ ( ; R''-'
a=(A) 11,
pz/3 g%

l:xrrt.rtablc n=0.011
From table, n = 0.012
r,+
1.35 = Qd2) (-dln) lcl
t )-tztt
(0.otl I tl''
rr5= + rofurr ?l',:' 900
0.60
|

1.1.5 = Lllc) r8/3

-\
1.35 = 3.32 d8/3
r - 1.0nr
d = 0.714 n
B = 1 2d = l.428 nr ,'i PROB LEM:
An citttlt catral irt goocl corrdition. having a bottonr wiOtfr of 3.6 m
PROBLEM: , rurd sirlc 5llrpcsof I horizontal tcr I vcrtical. is designed to carry 5.4 nr3/s.
what would be the probable depth of flow of ;.t river at low
stage ll'tlic slopc of tltc clnal is 2m per 5 knr, deterrnine the depth of water.
ft =
wide;;ilil-iiOrn36 with a fall of 2 ni per l0 k'r. Assume Strlrrtirrn: n =0.0225
n = 0.04O I
Solution: ,\ = ;(3.6+3.6+4d)d
A=90d n = 3,.6d+2d2 2d 3,G zd

a AV 3.6 + I
l) /54-
a A(+ R2/g s%) A

From table, ll = 0.040

p
3.6 d + 2d2
6\
(d)2/3 ,-
')

\ to.ooo )v, 3.6 + 2\ffi 3,G

)70 = (eod) ( Tfti4T')

a AV
270 = 31.8 ds/3 'l
0 = A (-n p2/3 S% )
d = 3.(rI nr

. t
PROBLEM:
Determiue' the Proper size of a
s'4 = (3'6d+2dz)(
0qi2s )(ffiffi2'(rdd-
3.Oa zu
yn
carry 13.5 m3/s across a valley 900 m

Solution:
6.07s = (3.6d n4drlfffi,yn
A nr2 l2 224.2 = (3.6 d + 2ct2 )3 (:.oo + zoz)z
7rr
(3.6 + 2\m\2
n12 r
R = ,)
27rr
 Jons
22rt"6 =
,g.ao + aol.l' OPEN CHANNEI.S
{.3.6 + :

^r@'z NON.UNIFORM FTIIW

liy trial & error: i

in
Alterntte Stages of Flow
d = l.l 85.rn F= Froude Number
Per '
,;
,
Total head or energy of water = H
PROBLEM: yz
A snrooth metal tlunre <lf senricircular cross section has a diarnete H:l d+ rg
SUBCRITICAL OR
TRANoUIL FI.OW
ol'' 1.8 nr ancl a slope of 0 005. What diameter of corrugated rnetall'lun
witl be required to have tlie same capacity'i n = 0.025 for corrugated metal d depth of water
n = 0.012 for srnooth metal
Sc'lution: V mean velocity of water F({

For srnooth metal tlume (n = 0.01 2)

Or9-*--qr
tf
2g
H*d DEPTH

A = n(0..9)2 = I.272m2 ii
ffia V 2g(H-d)
f.--"-'l
2
oq -'Av
, = 0.45m
\v Q

Qs AJma
SUPER CRITICAL
OR RAPID FI,.oW
(A) Rz/r sYz
* For a rectangular cross-section, discharge per meter width of channel
I is q m3 /sec.
1.272( *o-orz )(0.+s)zi: (o.0os)%

a = 4,40 m3/s 9=AV

For corrugated tnetal flume (n * 0.C25) q (1)d\ffi
To obtain maxirnurn discharge. differentiate q with respect to d.
r12
=
2 q = d/hG d)Y'
r
2

*t = Gfrrd (H - q-Y' (*1) + (H - d)Y'(ltr = o

I ^,^ 2H= 3d
a = (A) n- R2ig s Yz

t _d)y, =
nr2! I I
ffir,* (H o
d= 2
5
H (critical depth)
*?..r\,
44n
2 \ 0"025 ) (Z )2/3
^,^ (o.oorv'
-J*2(H-d)
r0
)
dc=
4.40 = 2.80 r8/3- -"d+ 2H*2d =, 0 t H (critical depth)
Critical depth is the depth at which ful given total head the dis-
r = 1.185 m "
charge is maximum.
 Jons
390
(u +d')-,b +'fl, )
nVmt;t'sl
sgl
q= dJ"tr{-d) tr 29 $r (
r

,1 $o-s Rm2/3
q= ,il
o
i:"
.t,
it'
''ll'
"J;F
q2=d.tg hrpose ofepron r to preventllcrorion et the toe of the dam which
-l

q = dln'J
, b

g d"-'fil- Tgh, rcsulfr to frihue to srrucrure. As water dis;

q- d"t/'
Jt chrrges ovd tn over0ow dm most of its potential
ener3y are convened into kinetic energt thus pro-
glfr
' rlucing hryh vclocities at the toe of the dam which,
probably cruses erogion at the toe of the struiturg'
FroudeNo.F = %-- l) F(l SubCriticalflow
2) F ) I Supercritical flow Hydraulic Jump
Lt 3) F = I (criticalflow)
It ls an abru-pt rise. in water surface which results from reprdhg
Non+rnifotn flow occr'rr whcre thc rnurn enttn rnd lavcr thc
ne,l et obrtnrctiont guch rs drmr, weirr, bdftW c pico. Tt* -CIowirg 1_ll*er srage. The churge in stage is Som a depth lesi
!h- *9 cdicaldepth to one grearer than the crlicd depth, bui due to
lolr of hc.d in thejum-p, the totd.energy after the jump-ir lus rhan the
-
![L ! So (Slope of chennd) HFtrae;*:___ dternate sEryI before thc jump.

}|. a g (rlopc of encrgy gredient

ur

{t'- a dr +sot, * $ L+ vrl +do

29 29

SoL-SL - &_ + dr")-,b +dr)

'2g

(hngth ofucft
_sr\
ts\__ H,L.
From I to 2 we hrve nrro vrlues of v and R, take thc mean vtrlues, i.e.: _l*_.
'ut
vrt
q 4
v=Y +Vz
m
\ Pz

vmn=J'g R*'/'t sYi

a,L./ dr
H
$Yt =
[rise.rgc u point I b cqul to dirchrrge atBoint 2
$=$ (pcr m sldth of chrnnel)

= t#d Rrns Rr + Ra
2
{r =ArVr
{r = dt (1) Vt Tr = dr (l)Vt
 I'ROBLEM: Jons
s93
Cornpute thc t'ritical a*$ff, lirr ir rerctnrr!iulirr flume
3rn wide carrying
l0.B nrr/s.

ft I
tt,

drVr Solution:
gr = drVr
s'
10.8 1 / l/
that is thc J.0 ln"/s
nf.r"o t to point Z, the wat{,lo*es momentum,
From poht *3
3_*
unbalanced eccdg to rcigfd the mrrs ir equal to the rarc of mot:
/q'
mentunl. V; b
3-
% N{= y / (s.o't'
g F=9. (v' -vr) {;3l
g
F = M(Vr -Vr) ,1. = l.l0m
The unbalanqed force F is assumed to be egurl to the I'IIOBLEM:
of hydrosratic pressure correspondirrg to depth 8t I and 2. Critical depth in a rectarrgular tlurne I,5 m wide is 0.80 m. Compute
llrc discharge.
p"
'2= :udi Solllfien:

v;rc
3

P* =*y
b

M(Vr *Vr)=Pr -Pl 3--

f ,-2
ollt
j0= /#
' (Vr wdrr
"'.t = 2
g \-' -Vr1
= 2.24 m 3ls per meter
Vrd, = q Vrd, =
= 2.24(1.5) = 3.362 nr3/s
vr =1
dr
Yr =1
dr OBLEM:

what should be'the slope^ of a planed-timber flume, rectangular in

*rsss..tton, to c_arry 0._80 rn3ls if the width is 1.2 * uoo thil;;il ;f
)w is 0.45 m3/,+ rs the tloe at upper or lower stage? Deiermin;;;;i.;i
'pth and critical slope fbr the givin discharg* u,rd'width. n =ooiz
-'--'
q:= d'*
+dr) I lution.

= 1.2 (0.45) o 0.54 m2

= 1.2 + 0.45 (2) = 2.1 rn

0.54
= =4.257m I

a (A) -P2/3 S/'

n
l
 Jons
394
Irromtable; n=0.012 t/;
rcb
dJ=
I
3-
0.80
l
= 0.54(ffi)(0.25T2t3 s%
lr,
;i
v / tt-t,t'
1)
,l
9Jl
I
:i
S 0.00 r 9 l.l rn
0.80
q
ffi = 0.667 nr3fs per nreter t12
" +d
,)o,
-b

dc (3.7 5t2
ZCItrD + 0.e6 g
1.67.7 = ffi.61d, \2 1dz
(Q.667 f ll = 1.617 m
9.8r o.66
It'l d2 = alternate depth + dz
1.677 = -a
dc = 0.356m dz

\/= q 3-6
For critical slope, d = dc = 0.356 rn d2
= d2
drt = 1"677 dr2 + 065 = 0
A = 1.2 (0.:561 = 0.4272 n2 ?

+V.
/o
pb
+d, By trial & error: d2 = 1.28 rrt
\.2+ 0.356(2) = l.9l2rn
I'ROBLEM:
0.4272 Determine the critical slope of a rectangular smooth concrete
R = W= 0.223m
llume 4.5 m wide which is to carry 4.5 m3/s per meter of widttr-r-

Solution:
a= (A)
l1
I
RZIZ gVz

I q2
0.80 = 0.4272 ( o^or7 l
(o 22z7ztt 5% ('

3-
S = 0.0037
11+.s)z
PR.OBLEM:
n 9il
Water is flowing in a rectangular flume with a Velocity of 3.75
dc 1.273 m
and a depih of 0.96 m. Is the t'low at upper or lower stage? What is
aiternate depth of {low.with equal energy?
A 4.5 (,1.273) = 5.73 mz
l{clution: '

P 4.5 + 1.273 (2) = 7 .046 m

{0.e6) (l) (3.7s)
5.73
q:; 3.6 m3/s 7 .046 = 0.813 m
396
I r .l Jons
a 4.s (4,s) 20.25
7T17
1 ( ool3 1
)t/'t
5(XX)
tl : 1.865 r''/3
0 = A'(
jn
Irn 2l'3
s%) = 2,7 2 nt

Irroln table. n = 0.013 IIIi0BLEM:

If the tnost of'all trapezoidal cross-sectiorrs can be used what shape
I
,tlltl size of open chanttel would y()u recomrncrrrd to carry g.iO *51-
20.25 = 5,73 (1^013 ) (0.8l3t'B rvillr a velocity of I m/sec? Conrpurcl resulting perimeter *iift that of'
lrrolrlcrn l.
S ,= 0.0028 \oltrtion'

PROBLEM:
(.) = AV
If the most efficient of all cross sections can be used, what shape
size of open channel would you recommend i;;;;rt;. i0;;l;il;h
ar:
s,l0 = A (2)
velocity of 2 misec?
\ = 4.05 rn2
Solution: I
A = 2(B+28)(0.8668)
a=AV
,1.05 = 1.,299 82
8.10 = A (2)
It = l.l66m
A = 4,05 n2
1(r'
,,
l' = 38
4.05 = T/.
f) = 3(1.76(t) = 5.291 n
r = 1.6m
ln Problent l.
PROBLEM:
P= n' ( 1.6) = 5.027 rn
An open sewer is to be of most efficient cross section and lined wi
brick, well laid, on a grade of 3 rn per 5 km. lhe flow capacity is to PROBLEM:
27 m3 ls. Determine the proper cross section n = 0g:-f What shotrld be tlre width and the depth of llow of'a rectangular
plarred.timber tlume ot'nrost efficient cross section to carry 2.40 rn3/s,
Solution: with a velocity of 1.5 rrr/sec? What grade shoulcl the flurne have? What
nrZ percentage less flow would this tlume carry if d = 0.6 nr antl B = 2"70 m?
A = T. n = 0.012
Solutiorr:
r
R=-- L
/ a: AV
A Irl (tl )

. e. =i A (+ R2rr s%) 1.40 = A ( r.5)

t,6 Jdr
A 1.6 nr2
From table, n=O.013
A ,lrl (rll
398
1.6 2d2 ;
I
(B + li i rl) d
Jons 899

0.894 m l. r -r
d
L(l l.i(,d)(l)+dJ rt
-
B 2(0'894) = 1.789m
\ I .736 tlr
ci
R V= 0.447
l{
d
( l'crr nrost cftlcicrtt st't.Iio11
I
: ;

V= * ntl, S% I
yp2il
B=2d A( l'l
Sli
F.rom table. n = 0.012
I I rolrr tublc. n = 0.013
1.5 =
TrT10.4
4tf rt (s)%
S = 0.000948 t--
t
I
l0l{= tt.736d2), #" ,,+)ri3( *# /,
jd=o,c
Ifd=0.6m, B=2.70nr i
10.8 = 1.06 de/r
I

A = 0.6 (2.70) = L6l nr2 +

B= 2,7A
t-
il- I.8(r I rn
D
I* 2.70 + 0.60 (2) = 3.9 m It = r.136(t.86t)
1.52
R= g = 0.415 m ll = l.3O rn

a o (+) P2/3 5
t/z
I'ROBLEM:
Find thc tlost efllcient crc)ss scction and thc required gradc of a
I ttrrlrczoidal calral in clean eartlr with good dlignnreni to .urry 12.70
a t.o2( tr ) (0.4 tr23 (o.oooe48)"' rrrr/s at a velocity of 0.90 nt/s. assurling sicle slopcs of a horizontal
to I
vt'rtical. n = 0.O20
3/s
a 2.314 m
SolLtlisn'
- 2.314 * i00 = 3.58,/(
% less flow = --tab--
2.40
I o1 111ost etTicient section:

PROBLEM: ll+46 =y'5d (2)

What should be the bottorn width arrd clcpth of flow in a concfe
lirred canal of most efficient trapezoiclal cross scction with side sl It = 0.472d
Yzhorizontal to I vertical to carry 10.8 m3/s on a gracle of 3 rn per5
n'= 0j013 A = (B+2d)d '1i1,
Solution: Wrop = B+d
-@*__ B A = (4.47 2d + 2d) d
For most efficient section,
v
With at top = sum of sides 2.47 2 d2

B+d AV

i, r l.ll(r d - (2.472 o2 ) (O.qO)

400
li =
Jons 401
(l = 2.39 rn ';ri'

A=
'

l .75 ( 2.s4io2
B = A.472(2.39) = l.l28nr
d A= I 1.34 nr2
R = T-L
l.l95rir
()= AV
rI p213RgYz
V = nt .\2.4 = I 1.34 (V)
Frorntable, n=0.020 V= 2.857 m/s
't
= Tdr6 ( 1.195)2/3 3vz
o.9o
PROBLEM:
Determine the slope that a circular concrete sewer, 1.5 m in
S = 0.00025 5 diameter, must have when flowing at its maximum capacity if the
mean velocity is 2.4 m/s. n = 0.013
PROBLEM:
What should be the bottom width and the depth of t-low for a
Solution;
crete-lined canal of most efficient cross section with side slopes
lrorizontal to I vertical to carry 32.4 m3/s on a grade. of I m per
For max. flow, d = 0.938 D
What is the velocitY of flow? n = 0.013

Solution:
d= 0.938 ( 1.5) = 1.407 m

For urost efficient section,

y= 1.407 - 0.75 = 0.657 m
WnCp = S+ {,Fd
o;75d B --o'zgd 0.657
B+ l.5d = 1.25d(2) CosO= 0.75
B u-J
O = 28.8360
A = (B+0.75d)d 360 *2&= 302330
A = (d + 0.75d) d
AS 302330
A = l.1S d2 @t312 360

R=+ As= 1.484 m2

.l I
a = At;)RzllgYz A4= T (0.75) (0.657) (Sin 28.8360) (2) = 0.238 m2

Fromtable, n=0.013 A AS+AA

32.4= -^ ( I tI
1.75d2
mf: r$frt /-* looo ft 1.484 + 0.238

=
32.4 2.692 6tlz A 1.722 m2
T
d = 2.546 m P 0.7s (302.33) (
lg0 |
402 Jons 40s
P_ 3.957 m
r.722
lHO ntnnn: ri

. A planed-timbr:r flume'islto havc l r(.(.llurltular cross section of

.,,i.,
i
J,

3.957 ,
,t' fu.rl rrfficiency, Thc velocity is rtpt to trxcecd J.4'nr/s on a grade ol lm
'il
,if pt'r krn. What shoultl be the climerrsit,ns of tlrc c:ross section and the
R -0.435 m 2.40,s
I
, .=*(0.43
(r.ulJ' 5\2tt (s) p;rcity of the canal? Is the flow:ht upl)or or lowr:r stage?

I rlrrtion:
V=- R2/3 S ,= 0.003

-l
S,Y,
n
= Bd-2d2
d
('
=
2
PROBLEM: id
t/z
A trapezoidal concrete-lined canal is to have side slopes of 1

zontalto I vertical and a bottom width of 2.4 m. What will be the ; Rt/t SY, I
r
+-
of flow for best hydraulic efficiency and wJrat will be the capacit
the canat if the grade is ?. m per 5 km? n = Q'ptl

Solution:
lrd
0.011 2
*t3
) (# )"
For most efficient section, 1.65 d
d+2.4'=l.ll8d(2) 1.738 m
wlep= dte,4
2.4 = 1.236 d o,5 d 2,4 2 (1.738) = 3 .476 m
d= 1.94m 3.476(1.738) * 6.0,4 m2
[ = 12.40 + 0.5 d] d
AV
[ = 12.40 + 0.5 ( 1.84)] t.94
6.44 Q.4)
A = 6.53 78 m2
14.50 m3/s
d
R=T= 0.97 m 14.50 a.l7 m3
7V6 = ; Psr meter of width
5%
'

a A t;; P2/r
'rc
V;
0 6.s37s ( #1il )$-w)ztt ( sooo

a 9.856 m3/s
1.33m < d = 1.738 m (upper stage)
404 Jons 405
PROtsLEM: ,'*l
!'l
90
An earth canal in good corrdition is ll Srrr wirle on the bottom lilT'=05?5m I

has sidr: slopes of 2 horizorrtal to I ver{lcul t )rre side slopes exten l^

an clevation of 6 m abovc the bottorifl ol'lltc t:altal. The other t A (-'lt ) R2/3 g% .

which is a practically level tncatlow at$rr clt'v'rrliotr of 1.8 m above ,

bottom of the canal. extends back l5ffirrr l'rt,rn thc canal and thenr!
abruptly. Tlre meadow is covercd with sliorl grass a.nd weeds. If' q0 ( lr ( T'Ou-
) (0.5 95',zn
slope of the canal is 2 m per 5 knr. dptcrrtrirrt: the discharge when Tm- )Y'z

water is 2.40 m.deep in the ca,,ar

lfl:BiSrri:i_H,H:1. 42"445 rit3/is
?2^g m

t\
4,9 m tgm {5O m
()
,:--- - 66.7 (t4 + 42.445
I () i09.1I nrris.
I

lo' I'ROBLEM:
The rivcr at flo<.rcl stagr slrorvn has an average slope of 0.001. F'or
t_
I

tlrc main channel n = 0.030 and for the flood plain n = 0.040. Area
Solution: AIICM = 2lA rn?. arta MCD[:. .= 80 rn2, Wetted perimeter ABC = 60 m
,rnd CD[: = 90 nr. Corr.rputc the clischarge when the depth of flow on
For Qr :
tlrc flood plain is 0.90 m. Compute the false discharge obtained by
;rlrplying the. sanre formula dircctly to the entire cioss section, assUm-
urg an avcrage value of n of 0 035.
( l8 + 22'3;
rr 2
Q.q) = 48.96 m2

5:367 + 18 + 2.4 = 25.7 67 m

-48.96 lo
25.767 t '/
a A ,*, R2/r s'/z

Solut

Qt 48.e6 (W I
) 0.s)ztt ( 5ooo )v' [;irr Qr :
qrr:
'\ , I

Q, 66.864 m3/s A = )70m2

P=60+0.9 = 60.9tn
For Q, :
270
R=
r\
A 0.60 (150) = 90 nr2 60.9
1,
I
150+0.6T(2) = l5l.2m a = A(:-y gz/3 g[/,
406 Jons 447
Flt on Lilt :

llrr' t'ivcr t'ltrtttn,.'l r'l'()\s sr'r'lrrrrr -,lrorr n t., .,\ runrctric;.rl ltbtrtrt the
I ., l' rtl' r lirtc. -['ltt' lrt',1 ltrtrl lltc [rlttrk. ,u(' ()l lirnr lnrvt.l rrncl il,cll-socltlcd
Q, = 270 ( ) &.433)13 (o.ool)! r rrtlr resp{1'{ivcly,. ri,itlr l'airly strlrir,ltt :rlignnt(.nt. .I'hc sltrpc is lrrr ltcr
*b ' lrrr ,,\sjrnrrilrg rr 0.0-15 I'rlt. llrr. t.rrlir.r., (,t()\\ \cCti()lt. c()lltprrtc lhc
trrlr,1, it1' trl'the cltallrcl l'rrr tlcpllts ol 5 rrr. (r nl. lnttl lJ nr.
Q, = 768.10rnris

For Qz fL-3M. BERM

A= 80rn

P = 90+0.9 = 90.9nr

R = #= o'88
l'11111a',t.,'

,tt l ol'd = 5 rn
Q' = 80 (#(0'88)2/3 (o'ool)%
'\ t,t:O+35)(5) = 137.5 tn2
Q; = 58. l0 m3/s
l' l0 + 9.0t (:) = 39.02 m
a =Qt +Q,
i37.5
= 768.10 + 58.10
lJ --_..
3 8.02
=
- 2 Atl,,* rn
3.61(r

Q = 816.20 m3/s
Considering entire cross section:
ln
R2/: g%

A = 270+80 = 350m2
# (3.616)2tt (t*d )*
P=60+90=l50nr
1.505 nr/s ?o 9
r\
R = 15i9
l5o = 1.33
' nr AV

a = a(;;P2/3

a = 350 ( *fr)
I

I
572

p.3312/r 10.001)%
= 137.5 (1.505)
= 206.95 rn3is

)lrord=6nt
#
Q= 556.3 nr3/s : Y, (20 + 38) (6) = 174 nt2
(f alse discharge)
= 20 + 10.82 12; = 4l.63 nr
408 409 Jons
t11 t,l{oFLEl!{:
R = 4. lS rrr ll' a di.schargt. of 900 litct:,;',,', Pt.r rnc lr.r width of channel has a
4l .63
,, ir,qify of'3.fr rn/s. to r,vhat depllr t',rrr il jrrrtr;''l
ll ',',lirlion:
V = oh(4 ts)ri3 (,odo ttt'
(r : { jl trtl) (\/1) Yl * 3,6 fn/S
V = l.(''58 rrr, s vq
)-/ -^-1:-;
ffi*-l>
'11'^ '-
tl()' = dl (3.6)
o = 17-t (1.b58)
,l .' 0.25 m
l*'
I
a = 188.-l.l nrr/s
-\
r*) Ford=,3 ltt
'lt. := .c!t d: (91 + d:)-
t'2

3S2()93
-- r'i.L)) 0.l5dr (0.1.5 + 4"1
-+ -- -- t- -
i I
T"-:--T
i ___-l__i_-
,).8 i =L:'
-_^-*2*
"} dl
,r (-01 = 0.:5 fi7 + 61 .' tu4-
,2

'lr + o.:s rlr * o.6or = o

(l)
l.f,tzt (6)I (2) + t2(3)l(2) + lY,(2+8\ (e)l(2) + 8(20)
2
A
:: 0.697 rn
A = 274 m2 '12

P = 6.324 (2) + 3(2) + 10.82 (2) + 20 I}IIOBLED{.

,,\ stream having a discharge per rneter width of channel of 0.90
P = 60.288 m nr36 iras a depth after the .jr,rmp of 0.90 ,o. Deterrnine the velocity of'
the water betore the iump.
274 v2+
R - = 4545nl ,$clution' )

60.288
V1

q = dtdz li *d?,
1

V =
# G.slrzl (;# )Y' g ' ,
1

= (0.90)
dt(0.e0) t*cl , .,
V i.753 m/s 0.()0 +
q.8l )

0 = | .1 53 (214)
0.183 ;:
2
dl + c).90 d I
a = 480.3 m3/s l
 410 Jons
dl + 0.90d1 0.183 = 0

dl =
(t)
2 ..1-
dl = 0.l7lm
q --_ (lXdlXVl)
.0.90 =.(0.171) Vl

Vl = 5.25 m/s
G.s\2 3
PROBLEM:
g.gl z
(3) !z*
In a flume of rectangular cross section I .5 m wide, water flowing 2
at a depth of 0.30 m jumps to a depth of 0.9 m. Determine the discharge.
dz + 3d2
2
1.376 = 0
Solution '

-J
a
(-r .37 6)
q2 d2=
('
drdr
tL2
(' *l
d' * d"2)
, 2 (t)
t)
d2 = 0'.404 m
q2
0.30 (0.e0) (01191 !fl) q (r) (d) Yz
9.81 2
4.5 (l) (0.40+)Yz
q l.26m3ls per meter width
v2 I l.I3 m/s

= 1.26 (1.5) q (l) (d1) vr

a = 1.891 m3/s 4.5 dl (13.s)

t''-a-
dl 0.333 m
PROBLEM: A-,f ll
Water upon leaving the spillway of a dam passes over a level con-
Al 60 (0.333) = 20 mz
crete apron 60 m wide. Conditions are such thdt a hydraulic jump will
fornr on the apron. When the discharge is 4.5 m' 3/s per meter width of
channel the velocity where the water leaves the spillway is 13.5 m/s and
Pl 60 + 0.333 (2) = 60.661 m
the depth after the jump is 3 m. Determine the distance downstream from 20
the dam to the place where the jump occurs. Rl 0,3297 nt
60,6"67

Solution: A2 60 (0.404) = 24.24 ntz

e2 d.*d"
ai = dzdt t#l P2 60 + 0,404 Q) = 60.t{0ll
 412
I't(( )B["HM
Jons 413
!r, (r0 + 0.404 (l) = (10.808 . Wttr:r Ltpoil lt;rVirtg tlfe spillrr,rV t,l .r rl;Utr paSSeS over a Concrete
rl;r()lt {r0 nr widt'lrlrr ingasit-lpe ol'l,r(t (',,rrtliliplrsaresuch
rrr thataltyclrau-.
24 24 l:' liill-lp r't'ill lot'ltt t)ll thc aprorr. \Vlrt'n llrt. ,lisr:5arge is 4.5,r,t1g pr.,.
I{./ (r0.808
0.31)86 nr Itrrl''r wid{.lr rlf't'lt;tttite:l tltc velo('ilv rvlrt're llrt' wlrterleaves the s'iliway
I' I 1"4 rrris. ;ttitl llt,' watcr surfac'r' rrllt'r lltr: lrrrrrrp is 3rn higlrer tiran the
l{,t: + R., rtlts[;1'11111 tlltil ol' tl]i) ltllrolt Dctt'ltiun(' tlrrr tlistlutce clow'stream frorri
t! Rr,r = -.*2 I l,L, rl,,i,ln t. tJtt_" plllrr-'. tvlrc,i.r: the,juIIIl.r 1r1.gr,rs
li
+
f.i
it'
* 4.3297 + 0._1986
R,,
1
= 0.3(>4f rrr
;
{.
ts
I
i.
:t
V,IL -t- V..
IT
unt --;--

l-{._5+11 1.3
v'In --*:
i:.,1 l5 rn/s

[l 1/"
* ril R,,,'/o 5"'*
5
I
I
ll

5nisfie11"
Assr;rtte i) : {l l}12
= (i)td1)(V1) = ( l) (c12) (Vei
i rir
iJ .r l5 - - L.,$lt-* ir, iir4.l)
= (l)(dl)(14.40)
4.5 = U.341 (V1l
0.31 15 m
s :: 0.ils4.
:: v) = I 3.J ntis
rl-1 125+3=331:5
-)- ,; \ vr
2

,/ V-' \ lrv t' , u'l

"t\
T
L't^
_ J.'-
I
+ {.i-, I
al
{- t (l 2
.; drill {c!1+1;..; 1,,
rl. li'7(-' rn

I
\ze / \2e t:
= -ll

so*$ Ar :: (r0 (().-32+) =- lC.4tr nr2

{ tit I -1,Y? '+ il 4a4) f,r', :.i {- u.33i (!2)' l:5)t,il +:J.Jll"5l r o.:1,11 ( .l )
= 1i.i.3
cl l, ., riO
L = \--2, \':s q.8 l
';t il - 0"t)84 ,- (rO (rl'i.) ttt
,l
t
L
il d; + 3.3125dr l.llr' . ()
34.6 m '() ,lrr
rl-r = 0,341 rn
It'' t) , I /,! rrr
{,(1.(rli.)
t-.
 Jons
')'

Al 4L5
60 (0.3 125) = , 18.75 m2 GEHXRAL PROIII,I|MS

Pl 60 + 0.3125 (2) = 60.625 nr PROBLEM:

Determine thc disc harge ol :r st'nrit'irt'rrlar planed wood-stave
18.75
l-id on a grirtlt' ol'(r nr l)cr 5 km.
flume 2.4 m in diarrrt'ler
Rl= = 0.3093 m
Solution:
60 625
2
-10.569 m r (1.2\2
ll
Vr- A=- =2.itilnrZ
,29
1)
vl +v2 R = :t1 = 0.6m
vm= 2
2 I
V = -1-
n
R2/3 gvz

14.4 + 13.2
vm= = 13.8 m/s
2 From table, n = 0.012
RrlRz
R*= I
2 V =orTfo.6\2R r
-#- r'
0.3093 + 0.3372 ! = 2.05 m/s
Rm = 0 32325 m
a=AV
l_zlslz a = 2.262 (2.05)
Vm = ; Rm-' S

a = 4.645m3/s
n = 0.A12 PROBLEM:
*-ble
Determine the proba flow of a river at full stage 300 m wide,
average depth= 10 m, witt-r a fall of I m per 8 km. Assume R = d. The
13.8 = =,|
0.01 2
es23zs)'l' stlz river bed is of uniform cro-s section with good alignment.

S = A.1236 Solution:

I Fromtable, n=0.030
F
= 0.02
50 I
2 V='R2/3S%
/ Y"
a/-
+ n

\2e
So-S (ro)28 (
--:-l_
l{(>'(X)
lr',

"#
1.73 nr/s
(8.876+0,34)
= (10.569 + 0.3125) a= 300(10)(1.71)
= 16.07m
0.02 - 0- t236 AV
a= 5l u9.5 rtrr/s
416
As = 0.38Tm2 Jons 417
PROBLEM:
An earth canal in good condition, has rr lr<ittom width of 3.6 m
and side slopes of 2 horizontal to I vertical' ll' the grade of the canal ArRrorycru = Y, 0 45) (0.4S) Sirr t.t I
o

is 3 m per l0 km, determine its capacity, for il tlcpth or m.

]* = 0.064 m
Solution:
d = 0.387 + 0.064 = 0.451 rnz
[ = 7.6(2) = 15.2m2
P - 3.6 + 4.472(2) = 12.544 m P - 0.4s (2ts"lfffiI = t.72m
3,6
t5.2
=.12.544= l2l2m
r' 0.451
f(=m=0.262m
I
= :n R2/3 S% I
\,/ = ;- Rt* D 51"
From table, n=0.0225 Fromtable, n=0.013

u =o*(t.zrazl (afou Y, u = o# @.2eDz3 r *fo- t*

! = 8 0.875m/s V - 0.772 mls

A-AV Q=AV
a - ls.2(0.87s) Q= 0.45 1.(0.772)

a - 13.30 m3/s a- 0.348 m3ls

PROBLEM: PROBLEM:
What is the caPacitY of a 900 mm vitrified sewer pipe, well What slope should a smoothly finished concrete.lined canal have
on a straight grade of 3 m per 5 km, when it is flowing 0.60 m to carry 35 m3/s, if the bottom width is 3 m, the depth 2.4m, and the
side-slopes 3/4 horizontal to I vertical?
Solution:
0.15 Solution:
CosS= ffi
A = Y2 {6.6 + 3) (2.4) = I I.52 m2
g- 70.50
P - 3+3121 = 9m
20 = l4lo
360 - 2&= 2l9o = 1.28 m

\
",^--- =
2tso I
V - _^-pz/r g%
r(0.45)2 360" n
418 Jons 419
! = g8.24SY' S = 0.0002

Q=AV Grade = 0.2 rn pt'r km

PROBLEM:
35 = 11.52 (98.245Y')
Determine the critical slope lirr u sn'rooth wooden flume of rec-
$ = 0.00096 tangular cross sec:ticln, 3.6 m widc rrilrrying 2.7 nt3fs.

PROBLEM: Solution:
What fall per km should a river have to discharge 13,509m3/s wi "l
q=G=
"7
tr,
'a width of 720 m and an average depth ,rf 12 m? Assume R = d. 0.75 m3/s per meter of channcl
rivdr is at bank-full stage with fairly stable bed.

Solution: d"=:/8.
o,396
Fromtable, n = 0.030
[ = 720 (121 = 8640 m2 dc= v,M 9.B r

dc= 0.386 m
a- rfl P2/3 5/z
n
A= 3.6(0.386) = l.388 rn2
13,s00 = 8640 ,a#l s tr 21zn s'h
p= 3.6 + 0.386(2) = 4.372 m
S = 0.00008
1.388
R_ = 0.3 17 rn
fall per krn = 0.08 m Per km 4.37 2

I
PROBLEM: a = A (;) P2/3 5%
A semicircular concrete channel having a 1.5 m radiusper
ca
3.25 m3/s when flowing full. Determine the grade rn meters k Fromtable, n=0.012

Solution:
n(1.5)2 . 2.7A = 1.388 (# ) (0.3 fi:zB sYz
[ = T = 3.534m2 4.s
S = 0.0025
1.5
ft = T= o'75m
PROBLEM:
l^ An earth canal in good conditiorr having a bottorn rvidth of 3.(r nr
Q = A(#P2/3 5% and side slopes of 2 horizontal to I vertical is designed to carry 4.85
m3/s at a mean velocity of 0.675 m/s. What is the neccssary gracie ..rl'
Fromtabie, n=0.013 the canal?

3.2s = 3.s34,# ) (0.7s)2F (s)% Solution: Q=AV

424
4.85 = A (0.675) d= 2.484m Jons 42!
t P = 2d + l,g0d (lt
A- 7.185 rrr2

A = (3.6+2d)d P = 5.6d
I
-
P s.6 (2.484) v::;Rt' g%
1.185 = 3.6d +2d2
P- 13.92 m
2d2 + 3.5d +1.185=0 lrrorn tablc, n=A.0225

d =.1.2 m R = 2l'9
13.92
I
u./5 =b;56 (l.SSl1:/r S'A
P = 3.6+ u.6d
R= 1.551 m S = 0.00016
= -1.6 + 2\/T(il.2)
PROBLEM:
P = 8.967 n't An earth canal in goocr condition with some
5'4 m3/s with a trapezoidal ci.oss section. clrrves is to car.ry
side sropes 2 to r. and the
7.r85 bottom width harf the depth ri n;*.-Cr;pr,e
R= 8.e6i = 0.80 rn canal if the grade is 3m p*i 5 k*.
the dimensio's of trre

1
Solutionl
\' = -i* p2.3 5%
lt A = (2d + dlz) (d) 2A dlz
Fromtablc, n=0.02.15 A= 2.5d2

I P - dlz +,frdQ)
0"6i S = (0"90)28 Sli
'om P - 4.97 2d
5= 0.00031
R= 0.503d
PROB',.EM: I
An earth canal in good condition with siJe slopes of lYzhonzon- Q= A(-)n' R2R 5%
tel to i vertical carries 16.2 m3/s at a velocity of 0.75 m/s. If thb
bottorn wiclth is twice the depth, deterrnine the grade of the canal. From table. n= A,0225
$ohrtiun:
s-4 = (2.sd2, t#X) (o.so3d)2n ( 3
tYz
Q=Av '5ooo )

d88 = 3.14
ib.2 = A (0"75)
A aa 21"5 rtr2 d= 1.535 m

A = (2d -r" 1,5d) (d) b = |.S3Sl2

: j]]

'] I {-, = '1,5

fl?
b = 0."j6 m
 422 l

Jons 423
PROBLEM:
A canal is to be constructed in eartharrrl tttaint:: 'r:d in good con-
P= d+\6de)
clition. If it is given a grade of 3 m per l0 krrr. side slop"., of 2 horizott. P= 5.472 d
tal to I vertical" and a bottom width that is tcn times the depth when
the discharge is 54 m3/s. determine the bottorn width.
3d'
R= 5.472d
Solution:

A= (r0d + 2d) (d) R= 0.548d

A= l2d2

P- lOd + \/Td (2) a- A (;)I n?F slz

P- t4.472 d Fromtable, n=0.03

l2d2
r\
I)=
| 4.47 2d t6.z = 3d, ( (o.s48d)2F (
2
tth

,J
,i
0;30) ' 5oooo /
1,,
tl" R = 0.829 d 16.2 = I.34 d8B \
i,iri

I tf ri{{
I zB d= 2.546 m
"llll a = A(n)R Sy,
b - d = 2.546m.
Fromtable. n=0.0225
PROBLEM:
^l
54 = l2d2 (O-O::S)(0.819d )28 (-;#,. slopes
An earth canal in good condition is to be constructed with side
of llz horizontal to I vertical and a fall of 2mper 5 ilm. Deter_
mine the depth and the bottom width of the most .fn.i.ni section
54 = 8.153 d8P the discharge is 16.2 m3/s.
if
d= 2.03 nt Solution:

b = l0(2.03) Width at top = sum of sides

b= 20.3m b + 1.5d (2) = 1.80d (2)

PROBLEM: [ = 0.60d
A dredged ditch with side slopes of 2 honzontal to I vertical .
.:l

designed to have a bottom width equal to the depth. If it is to ca a - (b+ l.5o)o

16.2 m3/s and have a grade of 2 m per 5 km, determine the botto
width. [ = (0,60d + l.sd) d
Solution: [ = 2.10d2
[ = (d+2d)(d) d
R =J-
A=3dz
 PROBLEM: Jons
424 ,' 425
I Determinc llrc bottOnr w;rlllr ul':rrr t.rrrth canal, in good ccndi_
a = A (;) R2r3 S,k
tion, haveing sidc slop.t'of 2 lrnrizorrlul to I vertical, ii it is to have
the
most efficient sct,fffiand carry .5.4 rrr.r/s wiilr a grad e of 2m per
5 km.
Frorn table. n=O-0225
Solution:
,i'
I
)\Td )' \
th ? ,t/,
16.2 =: 2.l0dz (ffi \ LIJ I

soott ' Width at top = 2urn of sides

b+4d = \/5d(2)
16.2 = 1.176 d8B
b = 0.472 d
cl * 2.6"V4 m
A = (b+2d)d
b= 0.60 (2.67 4)
A- (0.472d + 2d) d
h= 1.604 m
A = 2.472d2
PR.OBLEM:
flow for a
what should be the bottom width and the depth of R= 0.5d
slopes o!
canal of most efficients trup.toiJal section, side ]--trorizontal
t" *r.y';.4;lCwith a velocitv of 0'75 nt/tJ What should
ir'^i in good condi-
be the""*i.rf,
slope of the lanal if it is to be in eaith and kept a = A (;)
1

RzB SY'
tion?

Solution: 5.4 = (2.472d2)(# )(o.so)zn

2
t 5ooo
(- tlz
)
2d zd
Width at toP = sum of"sides
5.4 = 1.384d8F
b+4d = 6d(2)
d= 1.666 m
b* 0.472d
b b = 0.472 (1.666)
A - (b+2d)d :

b= 0.786 m
A: Q.472d"+ 2d) d
PROBLEM:
A- 2.472d2 An earth ditch having side slopes of 2 horizontal to I vertical
is to have grade of 3.4 m per I 0 km and carry 2.15 m3/s when maintained
a=AV I .707
a
in good condition. What per cent,greater will be the cross-sectional
R = T = 0.8535m
area and wetted perimeter if the bottom width is made twice the depth
5 .4 = (2.47 2dz X0. 75 )
thart if the most efficient section is used?
d= 1.707 m \,r = * *to s/' Solution:
b = 0.472 (1.707) For most efficient section,
I
b = 0.806 m 0,75 =
i'.
ffi (0.8535)2P s% width at top = sum of sides

Irrl* R=T d b+4d = r,EaQ)

,,
S = 0.00035
\:,iI.
 Jons
I
I
426
-l 4
l 427
b = 0.472 d 2.15 = (4d2 ) ( x0.6 I fttt )Ur ( -t,,,', t/z
,
(b +2rl)d
'Ln
A= 2.15 = 1.784d8R
A- Q.4:72d + 2d) d d= 1.072 m
A- 2.472 d2 2d 2d [ = 4 ,(l .07 D2 = 4.60 m2
P = b+/5de) P = 6.472 (1.072) = 6.928 m

P 0.472 d +v6d (2) 4'60 - 4'536

% rnqease in A;rea=-l333*--x 100 = l.4l%
P_ 4.g44d
.6.939
R= 2.472 d2
7o Inqease in wetted perimeter = - 6.70 x I00 = 3.55%
6.70
4.944d
PROBLEM:
ft = 0.5d A sharp-crested weir having a crest 6m long and lm above the
bottom of the canal is installeo in ttre middle of an earth
canal,in gooct
condition, having a bottom width of 3.6 m ano side
slopes of 2 hori-
a * n (;) PzF
I
zontal to I verticai. If the measured head over the
sYz weir is 0.45 m and
the depth of water downstream from the weir is 0.90
the grade of the canal.
*, o*t.r*in.
z.ts = (2.472d2)( *h- )(O.So)zF ( r o,ooo

2.15 = 0.957d8F

d= 1.355 m

d= 1.355 m

A - 2.472(1.355)2 = 4.536m2
p = 4.944(1.355) = 6.70m
If b=2d, 4d
R= 6.47 2d
A = (20 + 2d) (d)

A = 4d2
R- 0.618d
;

p = 2d +n6.d (2)
Q= A (+) R2P g1

P - 6.472d
\
 Jons

Solution:

Q = 1.85 (L + 0.2 H) gtp

a = 1.85 t 6 - 0.2(0.45) J Q.+rtrz

Q= 3.30 m3A

d = (3.6 + 1.S) (0.90) = 4.86 m2

P - 3.60 +: 2.Al (21 = 7 .62 m

4.86
r\
D
7.62
0.637 m

a-A(;)I r R2/3 S7'

I
3.30 = 4.86( (0.637)zt'
O.oZX )

'$ = 0.000426