Electromagnetics

Lecture 6:
Dielectrics and Capacitance
Dwi Joko Suroso
Engineering Electromagnetics

Lecture 6
Dielectrics
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n A dielectric material in an electric field can be viewed as a free-space arrangement

of microscopic electric dipoles, a pair of positive and negative charges whose
centers do not quite coincide.
n These charges are not free charges, not contributing to the conduction process.
They are called bound charges, can only shift positions slightly in response to
external fields.
n All dielectric materials have the ability to store electric energy. This storage takes
place by means of a shift (displacement) in the relative positions of the bound
charges against the normal molecular and atomic forces.

24/03/21 3
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n The mechanism of this charge displacement differs in various dielectric materials.
n Polar molecules have a permanent displacement existing between the centers of
“gravity” of the positive and negative charges, each pair of charges acts as a dipole.
n Dipoles are normally oriented randomly, and the action of the external field is to align
these molecules in the same direction.

n Nonpolar molecules does not have dipole arrangement until after a field is applied.
n The negative and positive charges shift in opposite directions against their mutual
attraction and produce a dipole which is aligned with the electric field.
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n Either type of dipole may be described by its dipole moment p:
p = Qd

n If there are n dipoles per unit volume, then there are nΔv dipoles in a volume Δv.
The total dipole moment is:
nDv
p total = å p i
i =1

n We now define the polarization P as the dipole moment per unit volume:

1 nDv
P = lim
Dv ® 0 Dv
å
i =1
pi = np = nQd

n The immediate goal is to show that the bound-volume charge density acts like the
free-volume charge density in producing an external field ► We shall obtain a result
similar to Gauss’s law.
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n Take a dielectric containing nonpolar molecules. No molecules has p, and P = 0
throughout the material.
n Somewhere in the interior of the dielectric we select an incremental surface element
ΔS, and apply an electric field E.
n The electric field produces a moment p = Qd in each molecule, such that p and d
make an angle θ with ΔS.

n Due to E, any positive charges initially lying below the surface ΔS and within ½dcosθ
must have crossed ΔS going upward.
n Any negative charges initially lying above the surface ΔS and within ½dcosθ must
have crossed ΔS going downward.
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n For n molecules/m3, the net total charge (positive and negative) which crosses the
elemental surface in upward direction is:

DQb = nQd cos q × DS

DQb = nQd × DS
n The notation Qb means the bound charge. In terms of the polarization, we have:

DQb = P × DS
n If we interpret ΔS as an element of a closed surface, then the
direction of ΔS is outward.
n The net increase in the bound charge within the closed
surface is:

ò P × dS
Qb = -—
S
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n Seeing some similarity to Gauss’s law, we may now generalize the definition of
electric flux density so that it applies to media other than free space.
n We write Gauss’s law in terms of ε0E and QT, the total enclosed charge (bound
charge plus free charge):

ò e 0E × dS
QT = —
S

QT = Qb + Q
n Combining the last three equations:

ò (e 0E + P) × dS
Q = QT - Qb = —
S

n We may now define D in more general terms:

D = e 0E + P
• There is an added term to D when a
material is polarized
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n For equations with volume charge densities, we now have:

Qb = ò rb dv
v

Q = ò rv dv
v

QT = ò rT dv
v

n With the help of the divergence theorem, we may transform the equations into
equivalent divergence relationships:

Ñ × P = - rb
Ñ × D = rv
Ñ × e 0E = rT
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n To utilize the new concepts, it is necessary to know the relationship between E and
P.
n This relationship will be a function of the type of material. We will limit the discussion
to isotropic materials for which E and P are linearly related.
n In an isotropic material, the vectors E and P are always parallel, regardless of the
orientation of the field.

n The linear relationship between P and E can be described as:

P = c ee 0 E
D = e 0E + c ee 0E = ( c e + 1)e 0E
n We now define:
e r = ce + 1 χe : electric susceptibility,
a measure of how easily
a dielectric polarizes in
D = e 0e r E = e E response to an electric field
e = e 0e r εr : relative permittivity
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n In summary, we now have a relationship between D and E which depends on the
dielectric material present:

D = eE
e = e 0e r
Ñ × D = rv

ò D × dS = Q
—S
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n Example
We locate a slab of Teflon in the region 0 ≤ x ≤ a, and assume free space where x <
0 and x > a. Outside the Teflon there is a uniform field Eout = E0ax V/m. Find the
values for D, E, and P everywhere.

Eout = E0a x
Dout = e 0 E0a x
Pout = 0 • No dielectric materials outside 0 ≤ x ≤ a

e r ,teflon = 2.1 ® ce = 2.1 - 1 = 1.1

Din = 2.1e 0Ein
Pin = 1.1e 0Ein
• No relations yet established over the boundary
• This will be discussed in the next section
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials

n Consider the interface between two dielectrics having permittivities ε1 and ε2, as
shown below.

n We first examine the tangential components around the small closed path on the
left, with Δw<< and Δh<<< :

ò E × dL = 0
—
Etan1Dw - Etan 2 Dw = 0
Etan1 = Etan 2
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials

n The tangential electric flux density is discontinuous,
Dtan1 Dtan 2
= Etan1 = Etan 2 =
e1 e2
Dtan1 e1
=
Dtan 2 e 2
n The boundary conditions on the normal components are found by applying Gauss’s
law to the small cylinder shown at the right of the previous figure (net tangential flux
is zero).
DN 1DS - DN 2 DS = DQ = rS DS
• ρS cannot be a bound surface charge
DN 1 - DN 2 = r S density because the polarization already
counted in by using dielectric constant
different from unity
• ρS cannot be a free surface charge
density, for no free charge available in
the perfect dielectrics we are considering
• ρS exists only in special cases where it is
deliberately placed there
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials

n Except for this special case, we may assume ρS is zero on the interface:

DN 1 = DN 2

n The normal component of electric flux density is continuous.

n It follows that:
e 1 EN 1 = e 2 EN 2
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials

n Combining the normal and the tangential components

of D,
DN1 = D1 cos q1 = D2 cos q2 = DN 2
Dtan1 D1 sin q1 e1
= =
Dtan 2 D2 sin q 2 e 2
e 2 D1 sin q1 = e1D2 sin q2

n After one division,

tan q1 e1 e1 > e 2 ® q1 > q2
=
tan q 2 e 2
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials

E1

n The direction of E on each side of the boundary

is identical with the direction of D, because D =
εE.

e 1 EN 1 = e 2 EN 2
Etan1 = Etan 2

e1 > e 2 ® q1 > q2
E2
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials

n Example
Complete the previous example by finding the fields within the Teflon.

Eout = E0a x • E only has normal

component
Dout = e 0 E0a x
Pout = 0

Din = Dout = e 0 E0a x

Din e 0 E0a x
Ein = = = 0.476E0a x
e re 0 e re 0
e 0 E0a x
Pin = 1.1e 0Ein = 1.1e 0 = 0.524e 0 E0a x
e re 0
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n Example
A spherical conducting shell has an excess charge of +10 C.
A point charge of –15 C is located at the center of the shell. Use Gauss’s law to
calculate the charge on the inner and outer surface of the shell.

–15 C, point charge at

• Inside a conductor, E = 0, the center
static equilibrium.
• No field means no flux,
whereas means no +15 C, on inner
enclosed charge for any surface of the shell,
imaginary surface in the counteract the point
conductor. charge so that no field
exists in the conductor

Since total charges in the shell is

+10 C, the charges on outer
surface must be –5 C
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

–15 C
E
1 15
E =
4pe 0 r 2
+15 C

–5 C E =0
1 5
E =
4pe 0 r 2

r
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

–15 C
E
1 15
E =
4pe 0 r 2

E
1 15
E =
4pe 0 r 2

• What will be the difference if the shell is made of insulator?

► Excess charge given to the shell will not be evenly distributed, never move
from initial location of charging.
► The distribution of charges on the inner and outer surface of the shell is not
homogenous and cannot be determined.
► The field E is not radially homogenous.
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

The Nature of Dielectric Materials

n Example
Now, the conducing spherical shell is replaced by an insulating one, with εr = 3. The shell has
no excess charge. A point charge of –15 C is still located at the center of the shell.
Determine the magnitude of electric field E as function of radius r.

• The direction of the field E

1 15
is radially outward à E=
only normal component 4pe 0 r 2
exists –15 C 1 1 15
E=
DN 1 = DN 2 e r 4pe 0 r 2
1 15
e 1 EN 1 = e 2 EN 2 E=
4pe 0 r 2

r
e1 1
EN 2 = EN 1 = E N 1
e2 3
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Boundary Conditions Between a Conductor and a Dielectric

n The boundary conditions existing at the interface between a conductor and a

dielectric are much simpler than those previously discussed.
n First, we know that D and E are both zero inside the conductor.
n Second, the tangential E and D components must both be zero to satisfy:

ò E × dL = 0
—
D = eE
n Finally, the application of Gauss’s law shows once more that both D and E are
normal to the conductor surface and that
DN = ρS and EN = ρS/ε.
n The boundary conditions for conductor–free space are valid also for conductor–
dielectric boundary, with ε0 replaced by ε.
Dt = Et = 0
DN = e EN = rS
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 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Boundary Conditions Between a Conductor and a Dielectric

n We will now spend a moment to examine one phenomena: “Any charge that is
introduced internally within a conducting material will arrive at the surface as a
surface charge.”
n Given Ohm’s law and the continuity equation (free charges only):

J =sE
¶rv
Ñ×J = -
¶t
n We have:
¶rv
Ñ ×s E = -
¶t
s ¶rv
Ñ× D = -
e ¶t
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Boundary Conditions Between a Conductor and a Dielectric

n If we assume that the medium is homogenous, so that σ and ε are not functions of
position, we will have:
e ¶rv
Ñ×D = -
s ¶t
n Using Maxwell’s first equation, we obtain;
e ¶rv
rv = -
s ¶t
n Making the rough assumption that σ is not a function of ρv, it leads to an easy
solution that at least permits us to compare different conductors.
n The solution of the above equation is:

r v = r 0 e - (s e ) t • ρ0 is the charge density at t = 0

• Exponential decay with time constant of ε/σ
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Boundary Conditions Between a Conductor and a Dielectric

n Good conductors have low time constant. This means that the charge density within
a good conductors will decay rapidly.
n We may then safely consider the charge density to be zero within a good conductor.
n In reality, no dielectric material is without some few free electrons (the conductivity is
thus not completely zero). The charge introduced internally in any of them will
eventually reach the surface.
ρv

ρ0
r v = r 0 e - (s e ) t

ρ0/e

ε/σ t
Engineering Electromagnetics

Lecture 6
Capacitance
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
n Now let us consider two conductors embedded in a
homogenous dielectric.
n Conductor M2 carries a total positive charge Q, and M1
carries an equal negative charge –Q.
n No other charges present à the total charge of the
system is zero.

• The charge is carried on the surface as a

surface charge density.
• The electric field is normal to the
conductor surface.
• Each conductor surface is an
equipotential surface
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
n The electric flux is directed from M2 to M1, thus M2
is at the more positive potential.
n Works must be done to carry a positive charge
from M1 to M2.
n Let us assign V0 as the potential difference
between M2 and M1.
n We may now define the capacitance of this two-
conductor system as the ratio of the magnitude of
the total charge on either conductor to the
magnitude of the potential difference between the
conductors.

C=
ò
— e E × dS
S
Q +
C= - ò E × dL
V0 -
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance ò
— e E × dS
C= S
+
n The capacitance is independent of the potential and total charge
for their ratio is constant. - ò E × dL
-
n If the charge density is increased by a factor, Gauss's law
indicates that the electric flux density or electric field intensity
also increases by the same factor, as does the potential
difference.

n Capacitance is a function only of the physical dimensions of the system of

conductors (dS and dL) and of the permittivity of the homogenous dielectric (ε).
n Capacitance is measured in farads (F), 1 F = 1 C/V.
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
n We will now apply the definition of capacitance to a simple two-conductor system,
where the conductors are identical, infinite parallel planes, and separated a distance
d to each other.

rS
E= az
e
D = rS a z

n The charge on the lower plane is positive, since D is upward.

DN = Dz = + r S
n The charge on the upper plane is negative,
DN = - Dz = - r S
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
n The potential difference between lower and upper planes is:
lower 0 rS rS
V0 = - ò E × dL = - ò × dz = d
upper d e e
n The total charge for an area S of either plane, both with linear dimensions much
greater than their separation d, is:

Q = rS S
n The capacitance of a portion of the infinite-plane arrangement, far from the edges,
is:

Q eS
C= =
V0 d
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
n Example
Calculate the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor having a mica dielectric, εr =
6, a plate area of 10 in2, and a separation of 0.01 in.

S = 10 in 2 eS
C=
= 10 in 2 × (2.54 ´10-2 m in) 2 d
= 6.452 ´10-3 m 2 (6)(8.854 ´10-12 )(6.452 ´10-3 )
=
2.54 ´10-4
d = 0.01 in
= 0.01 in × (2.54 ´10-2 m in)
= 1.349 nF
= 2.54 ´10-4 m
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
n The total energy stored in the capacitor is:

WE = òvol dv 2
e
1 2
2
E
æ rS ö eS
= 2 ò e ç ÷ dv
1
C=
vol
è e ø d
1 S d rS
2
rS
= 2ò ò dzdS V0 = d
0 0 e e
r 2
Q
= 12 S Sd C=
e 2 V0
1 e S rS
=2 d 2

d e2
2
Q
WE = 12 CV02 = 12 QV0 = 12
C
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples

n As first example, consider a coaxial cable or coaxial capacitor of inner radius a,
outer radius b, and length L.
n The capacitance is given by: rL a
Vab = - ln
2pe b
Q 2pe L
C= =
Vab ln(b a ) Q = rL L

n Next, consider a spherical capacitor formed of two concentric spherical conducting

shells of radius a and b, b>a.

Q 4pe Vab =
Q æ1 1ö
C= = ç - ÷
Vab 1 - 1 4pe èa bø
a b
24/03/21 35
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples

n If we allow the outer sphere to become infinitely large, we obtain the capacitance of
an isolated spherical conductor:

C = 4pe a
n A sphere about the size of a marble, with a diameter of 1 cm, will have:

C = 0.556 pF
n Coating this sphere with a different dielectric layer, for which
ε = ε1, extending from r = a to r = r1,
Q
Dr =
4p r 2
Q
Er = (a < r < r1 )
4pe1r 2
Q
= (r > r1 )
4pe 0 r 2
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples

n While the potential difference is:

Qdr
a r1 Qdr
Va - V¥ = - ò -ò
r1 4pe r 2 ¥ 4pe r 2
1 0

Q é1 æ1 1ö 1 ù
n Therefore,
= ê ç - ÷+ ú
4p ë e1 è a r1 ø e 0 r1 û

4p
C=
1 æ1 1ö 1
ç - ÷+
e1 è a r1 ø e 0 r1
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples

n A capacitor can be made up of several dielectrics.
n Consider a parallel-plate capacitor of area S and spacing d,
d << linear dimension of S.
n The capacitance is ε1S/d, using a dielectric of permittivity ε1.
n Now, let us replace a part of this dielectric by another of permittivity ε2, placing the
boundary between the two dielectrics parallel to the plates.

• Assuming a charge Q on
one plate, ρS = Q/S, while
DN1 = DN2, since D is only
normal to the boundary.
• E1 = D1/ε1 = Q/(ε1S),
E2 = D2/ε2 = Q/(ε2S).
• V 1 = E 1 d1 ,
V 2 = E 2 d2 .
Q Q 1 1
C= = = =
V0 V1 + V2 d1 d2 1 1
+ +
e1S e 2 S C1 C2
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples

n Another configuration is when the dielectric
boundary were placed normal to the two
conducting plates and the dielectrics occupied
areas of S1 and S2.

• Assuming a charge Q on one plate, Q =

ρS1S1 + ρS2S2.
• ρS1 = D1 = ε1E1,
ρS2 = D2 = ε2E2.
• V0 = E1d = E2d.

Q e1S1 + e 2 S2
C= = = C1 + C2
V0 d
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

n The configuration of the two-wire line consists of two parallel conducting cylinders,
each of circular cross section.
n We shall be able to find complete information about the electric field intensity, the
potential field, the surface charge density distribution, and the capacitance.
n This arrangement is an important type of transmission line.

• Schematics of a
transmission line
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

n The capacitance, together with conductance, forms a shunt admittance of a
transmission line.
n The line capacitance is proportional to the length of the transmission line.
n When an alternating voltage is applied to the line, the line capacitance draws a
leading sinusoidal current, called the charging current.

n The charging current is negligible for lines less than 100

km long. For longer lines, the capacitance becomes
increasingly important and has to be accounted for.
n The value of such capacitance is significantly higher with
underground cables than with overhead lines, due to the
close proximity of the individual conductors.
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

n The potential field of two infinite
line charges, with a positive line
charge in the xz plane at x = a
and a negative line at x = –a, is
shown below.
n The potential of a single line
charge with zero reference at a
radius of R0 is:

rL R0
V= ln
2pe R
n The combined potential field can be written as:

r L æ R10 R20 ö rL R10 R2

V= ç ln - ln ÷= ln
2pe è R1 R2 ø 2pe R20 R1
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

n We choose R10 = R20, thus placing the zero reference at equal distances from each
line.
n Expressing R1 and R2 in terms of x and y,

rL ( x + a)2 + y 2 r L ( x + a)2 + y 2
V= ln = ln
2pe ( x - a) + y
2 2
4pe ( x - a ) 2 + y 2
n To recognize the equipotential surfaces, some algebraic manipulations are
necessary.
n Choosing an equipotential surface V = V1, we define a dimensionless parameter K1
as:

K1 = e 4peV1 rL

so that
( x + a)2 + y 2
K1 =
( x - a)2 + y 2
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

n After some multiplications and algebra, we obtain:
K1 + 1
x - 2ax
2
+ y2 + a2 = 0
K1 - 1
2 2
æ K1 + 1 ö æ 2a K1 ö
çx-a ÷ + y = çç
2
÷
K1 - 1 ø ÷
è è K1 - 1 ø
n The last equation shows that the
V = V1 equipotential surface is independent of
z and intersects the xy plane in a circle of
radius b,
2a K1
b=
K1 - 1
n The center of the circle is x = h, y = 0, where:
K1 + 1
h=a
K1 - 1
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

n Let us now consider a zero-potential conducting plane located at x = 0, and a
conducting cylinder of radius b and potential V0 with its axis located a distance h
from the plane.
n Solving the last two equations for a and K1 in terms of b and h,

a = h2 - b2
h + h2 - b2
K1 =
b
n The potential of the cylinder is V0, so that:

K1 = e 2peV0 rL

n Therefore,
4peV0 2pe V0
rL = =
ln K1 ln K1
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

n Given h, b, and V0, we may determine a, K1, and ρL.
n The capacitance between the cylinder and the plane is now available. For a length L
in the z direction,

rL L
4pe L 2pe L
C= = =
V0 ln K1 ln K1

2pe L 2pe L
C= =
( )
-1
ln é h + h 2 - b 2 b ù cosh ( h b)
êë úû
• Prove the equity by solving
quadratic equation in eα, where
cosh(α)=h/b.
• cosh(α) = (eα+e–α )/2
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

n Example
The black circle shows the cross section
of a cylinder of
5 m radius at a potential of 100 V in free
space. Its axis is 13 m away from a
plane at zero potential.

b = 5, h = 13, V0 = 100
a = h 2 - b 2 = 132 - 52 = 12
h + h 2 - b 2 13 + 12
K1 = = = 5 Þ K1 = 25
b 5
4peV0 4p (8.854 ´10-12 )(100)
rL = = = 3.46 nC m
ln K1 ln 25
2pe 2p (8.854 ´10-12 )
C= -1
= -1
= 34.6 pF m
cosh (h b) cosh (13 5)
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

n We may also identify the cylinder
representing the 50 V equipotential
surface by finding new values for K1, b,
and h.

K1 = e 4peV1 rL
4p ´8.854´10-12 ´50 3.46´10-9
=e
=5
2a K1 2 ´12 5
b= = = 13.42 m
K1 - 1 5 -1

K1 + 1 5 +1
h=a = 12 = 18 m
K1 - 1 5 -1
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

é rL ( x + a)2 + y 2 ù
E = -Ñ ê ln 2 ú
ë 2pe ( x - a ) 2
+ y û
r L é 2( x + a)a x + 2 ya y 2( x - a)a x + 2 ya y ù
=- ê - ú
2pe ë ( x + a ) + y
2 2
( x - a)2 + y 2 û

r L é 2( x + a)a x + 2 ya y 2( x - a)a x + 2 ya y ù
D = eE = - ê - ú
2p ë ( x + a) + y2 2
( x - a)2 + y 2 û

rL é h-b+ a h-b-a ù
r S ,max = - Dx , x = h -b , y =0 = -
ê (h - b + a) 2 (h - b - a) 2 ú
2p ë û

3.46 ´10-9 é 13 - 5 + 12 13 - 5 - 12 ù
r S ,max = -
ê (13 - 5 + 12) 2 (13 - 5 - 12) 2 ú = 0.165 nC m 2

2p ë û
 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

rL é h+b+a h+b-a ù
r S ,min = Dx , x = h +b , y =0 = -
ê (h + b + a) 2 (h + b - a) 2 ú
2p ë û
3.46 ´10-9 é 13 + 5 + 12 13 + 5 - 12 ù
r S ,min = -
ê (13 + 5 + 12) 2 (13 + 5 - 12) 2 ú = 0.073 nC m 2

2p ë û

- +
- +
- +
- - + +
- +
- +
- +

r S ,min = Dx , x = h +b , y =0
r S ,max = - Dx , x = h -b , y =0

r S ,max = 2.25r S ,min

 Lecture 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

n For the case of a conductor with b << h, then:

(
ln é h + h 2 - b 2
êë ) bùúû ! ln éë( h + h ) bùû ! ln [2h b]
2pe L (b << h)
C=
ln(2h b)
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