Causes, Prevention and Reapir in Bulidung

Causes, Prevention and Repair on Crack in Building
8 2021-2022
APPLICATIONS OF GPS &GIS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
|
Sharnabasava University pg. 1

Department of Civil Engineering

A Mini Project – 5
On the topic
APPLICATIONS OF GPS &GIS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted for
Partial fulfilment of the 5th semester B.Tech. Mini-Project-5.
For the Academic year 2021-2022
Submitted by following students;
AAQIB KHAN SG19CIV001

CHITRANJAN SG19CIV0
CHOUGLE PRANITA SG19CIV021
GAGAN C HOLKAR SG19CIV024
MD. IFAHAM SG19CIV038
ANIKESH SG19CIV010
ABID ALI SG20CIV
Under the Guidance of

Asst. Prof. JAY PRAKASH
- - Certificate - -
This is to certify that the project work entitled,
“APPLICATIONS OF GPS &GIS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING”
Is a bonafide work, carried out by

“AAQIB KHAN (USN: SG19CIV001), ABHISHEK JADAV (USN:SG19CIV005),
CHOUGLE PRANITA (USN:SG19CIV021), GAGAN C HOLKAR(USN:SG19CIV024),
MD.IFHAM (USN:SG19CIV038), SHIVASHARN (USN:SG18CIV125)”.

In partial fulfillment of B.Tech 1st semester in Civil Engineering of the Faculty of

Engineering & Technology (Co-Education), Sharanbasva University, Kalaburagi during the
year 2020-2021. It is to certify that, she/he/team has completed the project satisfactorily.
Marks Details
Sl.No. Name of Student USN Max. Marks. Marks Obtained
1 AAQIB KHAN SG19CIV001

2 ABHISHEK JADAV SG19CIV005
3 CHOUGLE PRANITA SG19CIV021
4 GAGAN C HOLKAR SG19CIV024
5 MD.IFHAM SG19CIV038
6 SHIVASHARN SG18CIV125
Mini-Project Guide Chairman Dean
Name of the Examiners Signature (with Date)

1}
2}
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the
individual efforts but also on the guidance, encouragement and co-operation of
intellectual, elders and friends. A number of personalities, in their own capacities
have helped us in carrying out his friends. A number of personalities, in their own
capacities have helped us in carrying out this seminar work. We would like to take this
opportunity to thank them all.
We would like to express our immense gratitude to Dr. Basavaraj Mathpathi,

as a Dean, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburagi for this help and inspiration during the
tenure of the course.
We also extend our sincere thanks to Prof. Rajshekhar Yargol, as a Chairman

of the Department of Civil Engineering, Sharnbasva University, kalaburagi, for his
constant encouragement.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. CHANDRAKANTH as a

Mini-Project-3 Guide for his valuable suggestions and encouragement. He is the one
who provided me a dynamic intellectual and stimulating state of mind to work hard.
We also extend our sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to all the faculty members
of Civil Engineering Department, Sharnbasva University, kalaburagi, for their constant
encouragement and support….!!
With Regards,
From “Mini-Project Team Members”…!!

INDEX
Chapter 1
i) Introduction
Chapter 2
i) Literature study
Chapter 3
i) Objective
a. Study on cracks and their types
b. Objective on impact of cracks on various building
c. To study the causes on cracks
d. To study the prevention method of cracks

Chapter 4
Repair of cracks in building
Chapter 5
CONCLUSION


I. INTRODUCTION

A crack is a complete or incomplete separation of concrete into two or more parts

produced by breaking or fracturing. Concrete structure has been started applying
since the mid-19th century, because of the low quality of cement and at that time the
development of concrete structure was slow. Until the end of the 19th century,
concrete structure was getting faster development with the development of
production, experimental work, computational theory and improvement of
construction technique and now it has became one of the most widely used building
materials in the modern construction. Cracks are one kind of universal problem of
concrete construction as it affects the building artistic and it also destroys the wall’s
integrity, affects the structure safety even reduce the durability of structure. Cracks
develop due to deterioration of concrete or corrosion or reinforcement bars due to
poor construction or inappropriate selection of constituent material and by
temperature and shrinkage effects.
LITREATURE SURVEY
A. Some researchers already worked on related topics of causes and remedies of
cracks such as Study type of cracks in construction and its controlling done by
[Kazem Reza Kashyzadeh and Neda Aghili Keshet 2012], it shortly describes
about what every civil engineer should know about face of the building i.e.
cracking.
B. Causes and evaluation of cracks done in concrete structure by [Sayed Mohd
Mehndi et al. 2014], they explained about the evaluation of cracks that can be
done by different technique like Crack Compactor and by ultrasonic Testing.
C. Building cracks-causes and remedies by [Grishma Thagunna 2014], from this

research it is found that building cracks has direct and indirect impacts and
building cracks do not cause structural problem in direct way but it facilitates the
activities which ultimately cause the problem.
D. Prevention & repair of cracks in concrete structures by [B.B.Gamit et al. 2014],
they broadly classified about the structural and non structural cracks that occurs
in building along with their causes and remedy.
E. Study on control of cracks in a structure through Visual Identification &
Inspection [Kishor Kunal and Namesh Killemsetty 2014], they talk about how
visual inspection of cracks can be helpful in order to identify and categorize them
with respect to various parameters by taking case study of an institutional
building.

OBJECTIVES OF CRACKS IN BULIDING:
1.STUDY ON CRACKS AND ITS TYPES:
The cracks appear in the masonry structure, at a certain period of time. Most commonly
caused cracks with their respective causes and precaution, are explained below:
Types of Cracks in Concrete

The following figure shows types of cracks in concrete:

Cracks in Brick Mortar Joints

Vertical or horizontal cracks are seen at the brick mortar joints. One of the main reason is the
sulphate attack, that weakens the mortar. These cracks mainly appear after 2 to 3 years of
construction. These cracks can be avoided by:
 Checking the sulphate content of bricks used in construction

 The damping of brick wall has to avoided, as these are more prone to sulphate attack
when it is damp

Fig.1: Cracks Formed in the Brick Mortar Joints
Crack Formation Below the Load Bearing Walls

Cracks are observed below the load bearing walls, mainly those that supports R.C.C slabs.
Now the temperature variation makes the reinforced concrete slab to expand or contract, but
both in the horizontal direction.
These are observed in the Top most story that is more exposed to the temperature changes.
There no smooth contact between the wall and the slab.
Hence the frictional forces are developed at the contact place of the wall and the slab. This
creates cracking in the walls.
The precaution that can be suggested is to provide a bearing plaster over the brick wall,
which helps in having a smooth contact with the floor over it. If required a bituminous
coating can be applied over the plaster applied.
Fig.2: Cracks in Masonry Walls of Multi-Storey Building at Higher Floors
Main Wall and Cross Walls Joint Cracks

Improper bonding between the cross wall and the main wall creates cracks between the joints.
This suggests us to have proper and quality bonding between the two walls. These are
properly done by toothing.
Fig.3: Shear Cracks between Cross Wall and the Main Long Wall of Masonry Building

Fig.4: Tooth connection between the Walls
Cracks Found in R.C.C Columns and Masonry
One of the main reason behind this is the differential movement of the columns and the
masonry because of temperature variation. This variation can be either expansion or
contraction depending upon the temperature.
These cracks can be hidden by making a groove in the reinforced concrete column and
masonry junction. The provision of chicken wire alternatively at the plaster between the
junction of columns and masonry can also help in this variation.
The Horizontal cracks between R.C.C slab and the brick parapet
The non-projecting slab is mainly subjected to such cracks. This too is due to the temperature
variation and the drying shrinkage. Small micro cracks formed he propagated with the
increase in expansion or contraction.
These cracks can be hidden by making a groove at the masonry junction will help in hiding
the cracks. The provision of chicken wire alternatively at the plaster junction can also help.

Cracks in Roof Slab
The exposure of roof slab to higher temperature variation cause cracks numerously. This can
be reduced by providing a weather proof course. New treatment methods and compounds are
available as weather course, that is applied over the terrace
2.IMPACT OF CRACKS ON VARIOUIS BULIDING:
Cracks in a concrete structure reduce its strength and durability, leading to unplanned repair
costs. As explained in Part 1 of this article, cracking is an unavoidable tendency of concrete,
in fact there are many reasons why cracks may occur and we explained some of them. Here,
we would like to focus on what happens within the concrete structure when a crack occurs,
therefore the structure becomes weak and the degradation process is accelerated. Cracks have
a number of negative effects on the building. For example, it will cause the heat
bridge effect even weaken the wall insulation and thermal insulation properties. The
existence of cracks reduces the durability, applicability, bearing capacity and seismic
performance of buildings
Most cracks are wrinkled for the following reasons:

 Load / A,B
 Horizontal movement / C
 Vertical movement / D,E
As illustrated in this diagram, some heavy loads (L) which would usually not harm the
integrity of the structure, result in shearing abrasions almost perpendicular to the surface of
the concrete. This tendency is all the more pronounced if the crack presents some
irregularities. (Fig. a and b)
As a result of deformations and variations of hydraulic and thermal parameters, the lips can
move away and come closer; a material entering the crack (grains of sand for example) then

causes breaks approximately parallel to the surface of the concrete. (fig c). The lips of the
cracks can also move (fig d and e) and lead to wrinkles.
The Diagram illustrates the phenomena caused by the presence of cracks, and their effect in
increasing the severity of defects and damage to the structure as soon as they appear.
It is easy clear that cracks have considerable impact on the durability of the structure.
However, cracks do not only have mechanical effects. In fact, cracks also allow foreign
matter and aggressive substances to penetrate the concrete. These may weaken and damage
the concrete and the reinforcements. In this case, it is necessary to intervene as quickly as
possible in order to avoid a reduction in the service life of the structure and possible structural
risks.
The main substances that can penetrate cracks and the processes that can contribute to the
degradation of concrete are:
 Chlorides contained in de-icing salts and marine salts. Through the crack, they can
reach reinforcements very quickly and trigger corrosion. This corrosion can be very
dangerous as it may occur at a single point on the rebar, causing it to rupture and
rendering the reinforcement ineffective.
 The carbonation of concrete, a natural phenomenon, leads to a reduction in the high
pH of concrete; which is the reason for the passivation of steel in concrete.
Carbonation is accelerated when a crack is opened and can penetrate to the rebars
much faster.
 Water is not harmless to concrete. When cracks are present. the humidity of the
concrete is significantly increased, also leading to an increase in the corrosion rate of
steel. In combination with mechanical effects such as runoff, the water will widen and
deepen the crack. In the case of frost, the water in a crack can quickly cause even
more severe damage.
In general, a crack makes the concrete and the structure more vulnerable to external effects,
accelerates the ageing process and can immediately reduce the mechanical resistance of the
structure. Last but not least, cracks reduce the ability of a structure to absorb stress and may
lead to collapse. If cracks form, their impact on the strength of the structure should be evaluated
and a monitoring plan should be drawn up.
In the third and last part of this article “Why concrete cracks?” we will focus on how to combat
cracking and on the most important preventive measures.

3.TO STUDY THE CAUSES OF CRACKS IN BULDING:
The principal causes of cracks in a building are as follows:
1. Permeability of concrete
2. Thermal movement
3. Creep movement
4. Corrosion of reinforcement
5. Moisture movement
6. Poor construction practices
7. Improper structural design and specifications
8. Poor maintenance
9. Movement due to chemical reactions
10. other factors
1. Permeability of concrete
As deterioration process in concrete begins with penetration of various aggressive agents. it
dictates the ability of concrete to withstand weathering action, chemical attack, or any
process of deterioration. Therefore, low permeability is a key factor to concrete durability.
There are number of factors that controls concrete permeability like water-cement ratio, use
of admixtures, curing, air voids due to deficient compaction, micro-cracks due to loading,
cyclic exposure to thermal variations, and age of concrete.
The first three are allied to the concrete strength as well. The permeability of cement paste is
a function of water-cement ratio given good quality materials, satisfactory proportioning and
good construction practice; the permeability of the concrete is a direct function of the
porosity and interconnection of pores of the cement paste.
2. Thermal movement
Thermal movement is one of the most potent causes of cracking in buildings. All materials
more or less expand on heating and contract on cooling.Ambient temperature changes and
loss of heat of hydration in portion of structure at different rate lead to temperature variations
and subsequent thermal movement.The thermal movement in a component depends on a
number of factors such as temperature variations, dimensions, coefficient of thermal
expansion and some other physical properties of materials.Thermal variations in the internal
walls and intermediate floors are not much and thus do not cause cracking.It is mainly the

external walls especially thin walls exposed to direct solar radiation and the roof which are
subject to substantial thermal variation that are liable to cracking.
Fig.1: Concrete
cracking due to temperature variations
Fig.2: Cracking due to thermal movement

Fig.3: Joints to prevent cracking due to thermal movement
3. Creep Movement
Gradual and slow time dependent deformation of concrete structure under sustained loads is
known as creep. It may generate excessive stress and lead to the crack development.Creep
increases with increase in water and cement content, water cement ratio and temperature.
Added to that, admixtures and pozzolans will increase creep. The increase of temperature in
steel bars will increase creep as well. However, it decreases with increase in humidity of
surrounding atmosphere and age of material at the time of loading.

Fig.4:concrete building cracks due to creep movement
4. Corrosion of Reinforcement
Reinforcement corrosion will produce iron oxide and hydroxide on steel bar surface,
consequently its volume increases.This increase in volume causes high radial bursting
stresses around reinforcing bars and result in local radial cracks. These splitting cracks results
in the formation of longitudinal cracks parallel to the bar.
Reinforcement corrosion will occur unless it is protected properly. Steel reinforcement can be
protected by providing adequate impervious concrete cover. This will prevent the ingression
of moisture and other aggressive elements.Steel corrosion will also not occur as long as
concrete surrounding it is alkaline in nature having a high pH value.

Fig.5: Cracking due to corrosion of reinforcement
Fig.6:Concrete
cracking due corrosion of reinforcement
5. Moisture Movement
Most of the building materials with pores in their structure in the form of inter-molecular
space expand on absorbing moisture and shrink on drying. These movements are cyclic in
nature and are caused by increase or decrease in inter pore pressure with moisture changes.
Shrinkage can be of plastic or dry. Factors that cause cement or mortar to experience
shrinkage include excessive water, and cement quantity; rich cement mixtures suffer greater
shrinkage.

Fig.7:Crack above window due shrinkage
Fig.8:concrete cracking due to moisture movement
6. Poor Construction practices

There are broad variety of construction practices that lead to concrete cracking. Normally,
improper construction practices are due to ignorance, carelessness, greed or negligence.
main causes for poor construction practices:

 Improper selection of materials.

 Selection of poor quality cheap materials.
 Inadequate and improper proportioning of mix constituents of concrete, mortar etc.
 Inadequate control on various steps of concrete production such as batching, mixing,
transporting, placing, finishing and curing
 Construction overloads induced during construction can frequently be more serious
than those imposed during service.
 Inadequate quality control and supervision causing large voids (honey combs) and
cracks resulting in leakages and ultimately causing faster deterioration of concrete.
 Improper construction joints between subsequent concrete pours or between concrete
framework and masonry.
 Addition of excess water in concrete and mortar mixes.
 Lastly, poor quality of plumbing and sanitation materials and practices.
Fig.9:Concrete building cracking due to poor construction practice; water added to fresh
concrete
7. Improper Structural Design and Specifications

Several problems can occur due to incorrect structural design, detailing, and specifications.
Errors that may occur at this stage include inadequate thickness, insufficient reinforcement,
incorrect geometry, improper utilization of materials, and incorrect detailing.
Problems encountered due to those errors include cracking due to insufficient reinforcement,
excessive differential movement due to improper foundation design, increased concentration
of stresses as a result of poorly design re-entrant etc.…
Additionally, it is of crucial that the designer consider the environmental conditions existing
around the building site.

Fig.10:Major structural crack in beam due to poor detailing practice
8. Poor Maintenance
A structure needs to be maintained after a lapse of certain period from its construction
completion.Some structures may need a very early look into their deterioration problems,
while others can sustain themselves very well for many years depending on the quality of
design and construction.Moreover, regular external painting of the building to some extent
helps in protecting the building against moisture and other chemical attacks.Waterproofing
and protective coating on reinforcement steel or concrete are all second line of defense and
the success of their protection will greatly depend on the quality of concrete.Leakages should
be attended to at the earliest possible before corrosion of steel inside concrete starts and
spalling of concrete takes place.Furthermore, Spalled concrete will lose its strength and
stiffness. besides, The rate of corrosion increases because the rusted steel is entirely exposed
to aggressive environment.Finally, it is not only essential to repair the deteriorated concrete
but it is equally important to prevent the moisture and aggressive chemicals to enter concrete
and prevent further deterioration.
Fig.11:Leakage from roof slab

9. Movement due to Chemical Reactions

The concrete may crack as a result of expansive reactions between aggregate, which contains
active silica, and alkaline derived from cement hydration.The alkali silica reaction results in
the formation of swelling gel. This tends to draw water from other portions of concrete.
Consequently, local expansion occur and results in cracks in the structure.
Fig.12:Cracking due to alkali-silica reactions
4.TO STUDY THE PREVENTION METHOD OF CRACKS ON WALLS:
1.Preventive measures to avoid creation of cracks:

2.Reduce Water Content in Concrete:
3.Proper Concrete Mix Design and use of Quality Materials
4.Finishing of Concrete Surface
5.Proper Curing of Concrete
6.Proper Placement and Vibration of Concrete
7.Proper Compaction of Soil to Prevent Settlement Cracks in Concrete
8.Providing Control Joints in Concrete:

1.Preventive measures to avoid creation of cracks:

Preventive measures must be taken at the time of concreting and later to reduce cracks after
concrete formation. Main factors are:
2.Reduce Water Content in Concrete:

A low water cement ratio will affect the quality of concrete. W/C ratio is weight of water to
the weight of cement used. A lower w/c ratio leads to high strength in concrete and lesser
cracks.
W/C ratio shall not exceed 0.5 in concreting, which reduces the workability of concrete
which can be covered by use of plasticizer or superplasticizer. Less water content increases
the durability of concrete
Concrete expands and shrinks with changes in moisture and temperature. The overall
tendency is to shrink. Shrinkage is the main cause of cracks, when concrete hardens it
evaporates the excess water and thus shrinks, so lesser the water content, lesser is the
shrinkage.
Cracking shrinkage in slabs is ½ inch per 100 ft. The shrinkage of concrete pulls the slab
apart showing it as cracks on surface.
3.Proper Concrete Mix Design and use of Quality Materials

The concrete itself must be properly proportioned, and properly mixed. If you use too little
cement, you can almost guarantee cracks. Using too much water will make the concrete
weak, leading to cracking.
Use good quality aggregates so will produce lower shrinkage concrete. Hard, dense
aggregate, using a large top size aggregate and optimizing the gradation of the aggregate is
able to reduce the shrinkage of the concrete.
If the aggregate is of poor quality, maximizing the size, gradation, and content may have little
effect on the concrete shrinkage. Mixing large aggregate with poor qualities to a mid-size
aggregate with good properties may increase the shrinkage of the concrete.
Avoid the use of shrinkage-promoting admixtures (such as accelerators, dirty aggregate

which increases water demand and using a cement with high shrinkage characteristics.
4.Finishing of Concrete Surface

Use proper finishing techniques and proper timing during and between finishing operations.
Flat floating and flat trowelling are often recommended.
Avoid overworking the concrete, especially with vibrating screeds. Overworking causes
aggregate to settle and bleed water and excess fines to rise.

Don’t finish the concrete when there is bleed water on the surface, finishing leads the water
back to concrete instead of evaporating thus leading to cracks.
5.Proper Curing of Concrete

Stop rapid loss of water from surface or drying of concrete due to hydration (liquid concrete
converts to plastic and then to solid state) causes drying of the slab, so it’s recommended to
cure the slab for several days.
As soon as the concrete on slab sets its general practice to make boundary with mortar on the
slab and keep it filled with water. Cover slab with cotton mats soaked with water or spray on
a curing compound also prevents loss of water.
The concrete should not be subjected to load during the curing period, which can last up to
one month.

6.Proper Placement and Vibration of Concrete

Properly placed, vibrated, finished concrete reduces the chances of producing cracks.
Properly vibrate to release entrapped air which later leads to cracks.

7.Proper Compaction of Soil to Prevent Settlement Cracks in Concrete

The area below the concrete slab has to be compacted properly and in layers so as to ensure
against settlement of soil later. If the soil is left loose it will settle over time and create cracks
on surface. This applies in the home as well as constructions on highways.
8.Providing Control Joints in Concrete:

Control joints should be located at regular intervals so as to adjust the shrinkage of concrete.
Generally, for 4-inch depth of slab joints are provided 8 to 12 ft. apart. Control joints are pre-
planted cracks. An engineer should have an idea that concrete will crack at control joints
instead of cracking any other location.

REPAIRS OF CRACKS IN BULIDING
1.Epoxy injection
2.Concrete Crack Repair by Stitching
3.Prestressing steel
4.Drilling and Plugging Method
5.Gravity Filling Method
6.Dry packing

Suitable method for repair of cracks in concrete can be selected based on evaluation of the
crack in structure for its causes. Once the cause is known and type of crack is established,
then suitable method can be selected.
For example, if the cracking was primarily due to drying shrinkage, then it is likely that after
a period of time the cracks will stabilize. On the other hand, if the cracks are due to a
continuing foundation settlement, repair will be of no use until the settlement problem is
corrected.
1.Epoxy injection
Epoxy injection method is used for cracks as narrow as 0.002 inch (0.05 mm). The technique
generally consists of establishing entry and venting ports at close intervals along the cracks,
sealing the crack on exposed surfaces, and injecting the epoxy under pressure.Epoxy injection
has been successfully used in the repair of cracks in buildings, bridges, dams, and other types
of concrete structures (ACI 503R). However, unless the cause of the cracking has been
corrected, it will probably recur near the original crack. If the cause of the cracks cannot be
removed, then two options are available.
2.Concrete Crack Repair by Stitching

Stitching involves drilling holes on both sides of the crack and grouting in U-shaped metal
units with short legs (staples or stitching dogs) that span the crack as shown in Fig.3.
Stitching may be used when tensile strength must be re-established across major cracks.
The stitching procedure consists of drilling holes on both sides of the crack, cleaning the
holes, and anchoring the legs of the staples in the holes, with either a non shrink grout or an
epoxy resin-based bonding system.

Fig.3: Concrete Crack Repair by Stitching
Fig.4: Reinforcement bar orientation for crack repair
3.Prestressing steel
Post-tensioning is often the desirable solution when a major portion of a member must be
strengthened or when the cracks that have formed must be closed (Fig.5).
This technique uses pre stressing strands or bars to apply a compressive force. Adequate
anchorage must be provided for the prestressing steel, and care is needed so that the problem
will not merely migrate to another part of the structure.

Fig.5: Prestressing Steel for Crack Repair

4.Drilling and Plugging Method
Drilling and plugging a crack consists of drilling down the length of the crack and grouting it
to form a key (Fig.6).
Fig.6: Concrete Crack Repair by Drilling and Plugging

This technique is only applicable when cracks run in reasonable straight lines and are
accessible at one end. This method is most often used to repair vertical cracks in retaining
walls. A hole [typically 2 to 3 in. (50 to 75 mm) in diameter] should be drilled, centered on
and following the crack.

5.Gravity Filling Method

Low viscosity monomers and resins can be used to seal cracks with surface widths of 0.001
to 0.08 in. (0.03 to 2 mm) by gravity filling. High-molecular- weight methacrylates,
urethanes, and some low viscosity epoxies have been used successfully. The lower the
viscosity, the finer the cracks that can be filled.
6.Dry packing
Dry packing is the hand placement of a low water content mortar followed by tamping or
ramming of the mortar into place, producing intimate contact between the mortar and the
existing concrete.
Because of the low water-cement ratio of the material, there is little shrinkage, and the patch
remains tight and can have good quality with respect to durability, strength, and water
tightness.
CONCLUSION:
This research work concludes that though it is impossible to guarantee against cracking, yet
attempts can be made to minimise development of crack and also not all the type of crack
require same level of attention, The potential cause of crack can be controlled if proper
consideration is given to construction material and techniques to be used. After detail study
and analysis of existing crack parameters by adopting modern techniques for effective and
efficient repair. By applying old techniques it is not possible to control the effect of cracks in
a building, we conducted several experiments to reduce the effect of cracks by modern
techniques like Epoxy Injection. Finally we got a moderate result comparing to old one.


Causes, Prevention and Reapir in Bulidung

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Causes, Prevention and Repair on Crack in Building

APPLICATIONS OF GPS &GIS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Sharnabasava University pg. 1

Department of Civil Engineering

Submitted by following students;

AAQIB KHAN SG19CIV001

Under the Guidance of

Is a bonafide work, carried out by

Sharnabasava University pg. 2

In partial fulfillment of B.Tech 1st semester in Civil Engineering of the Faculty of

1 AAQIB KHAN SG19CIV001

Mini-Project Guide Chairman Dean

Name of the Examiners Signature (with Date)

We would like to express our immense gratitude to Dr. Basavaraj Mathpathi,

We also extend our sincere thanks to Prof. Rajshekhar Yargol, as a Chairman

Sharnabasava University pg. 3

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. CHANDRAKANTH as a

From “Mini-Project Team Members”…!!

Sharnabasava University pg. 4

d. To study the prevention method of cracks

Sharnabasava University pg. 5

Sharnabasava University pg. 6

A crack is a complete or incomplete separation of concrete into two or more parts

C. Building cracks-causes and remedies by [Grishma Thagunna 2014], from this

Sharnabasava University pg. 7

OBJECTIVES OF CRACKS IN BULIDING:

1.STUDY ON CRACKS AND ITS TYPES:

Types of Cracks in Concrete

Sharnabasava University pg. 8

Cracks in Brick Mortar Joints

 Checking the sulphate content of bricks used in construction

Sharnabasava University pg. 9

Fig.1: Cracks Formed in the Brick Mortar Joints

Crack Formation Below the Load Bearing Walls

Fig.2: Cracks in Masonry Walls of Multi-Storey Building at Higher Floors

Main Wall and Cross Walls Joint Cracks

Sharnabasava University pg. 10

Fig.4: Tooth connection between the Walls

Cracks Found in R.C.C Columns and Masonry

Sharnabasava University pg. 11

Cracks in Roof Slab

2.IMPACT OF CRACKS ON VARIOUIS BULIDING:

Most cracks are wrinkled for the following reasons:

Sharnabasava University pg. 12

Sharnabasava University pg. 13

3.TO STUDY THE CAUSES OF CRACKS IN BULDING:

The principal causes of cracks in a building are as follows:

Sharnabasava University pg. 14

Fig.2: Cracking due to thermal movement

Sharnabasava University pg. 15

Fig.3: Joints to prevent cracking due to thermal movement

Sharnabasava University pg. 16

Fig.4:concrete building cracks due to creep movement

Sharnabasava University pg. 17

Fig.5: Cracking due to corrosion of reinforcement

Sharnabasava University pg. 18

Fig.7:Crack above window due shrinkage

Fig.8:concrete cracking due to moisture movement

6. Poor Construction practices

main causes for poor construction practices:

Sharnabasava University pg. 19

 Improper selection of materials.