Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Factors influencing on the quality of sleep and detection of them remain largely an
unidentified public health issue, especially among students. Previous research has suggested that
students have more sleep disturbances. In recent surveys nearly 75% of students reported
occasional sleep problems such as difficulty falling asleep, sleep disturbances, delayed sleep
phase syndrome, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Study′ indicates that many students suffer
from a suboptimal level of overall sleep quality. However, studies regarding contributing factors
to poor sleep experiences are rare for students. The contributing factors were identified and
comprehensive measures should be taken to improve the quality of sleep. (Atlun et al.,2012).

In early December of 2019, the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), known later as COVID-19, emerged in Wuhan city of China. As of 20th of
December 2020, COVID-19 affected more than 200 countries, with more than 77 million cases
and a death toll that is nearly two million globally. This respiratory pandemic is highly
contagious, and containment strategies include quarantine, lockdown, isolation, travel bans,
country-wide closure, social distancing, personal hygiene, and face-mask mandating were
applied by many countries. These stringent measures helped in controlling the virus spread.
Many countries had applied quarantine or stay at home procedures from the detection of early
cases; it aims to restrict people's movement and reduce their social mixing. Even though
quarantine limits the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases, its psychological effect,
along with its social, economic, and physiological impacts, should not be neglected. Having
sufficient sleep at night plays an essential role in the efficiency of accomplishing everyday tasks
and having good mental abilities Globally, inadequate sleep is considered a public health
epidemic, being linked to 7 of the 15 leading causes of death in the U.S. . A study among
Canadians reported that poor sleep quality with short sleep duration was prevalent, as 43% of
men and 55% of women had a disturbance in sleeping or staying asleep . Another study in
Ethiopia reported poor sleep quality among 65.4% of the participants . Furthermore, in Saudi
Arabia, a study conducted on a sample of health care workers revealed that 42.3% suffer from
poor sleep quality.(Saadeh et al.,2021).

Biopsychosocial model has been taken up in several healthcare fields, but it has not been
accepted in the more economically dominant and politically powerful acute medical and surgical
domains. It is widely used in research into complex healthcare interventions, it is the basis of the
World Health Organisation’s International Classification of Functioning (WHO ICF), it is used
clinically, and it is used to structure clinical guidelines. Critically, it is now generally accepted
that illness and health are the result of an interaction between biological, psychological, and
social factors. (Wade et al., 2017)
According to the study of (Becker et al.,2015) There is much about the crucible of adolescence
that makes it especially susceptible to disruptions in sleep. In addition to many biological
changes that occur during this developmental stage, adolescents are confronted with shifting
family and peer relationships, increased academic demands, and an overarching change in the
daily milieu that now includes not only school and extracurricular activities but also, for many
teens, part-time employment, pervasive use of technology, and decisions on health-related
behaviors such as driving and substance use. As such, the study of sleep in adolescence cannot
resort to the happenstance of having data collected from youth in the second decade of life, but
rather, must consider the unique developmental changes and challenges that typify the adolescent
period

In a research conducted by (Altun et al.,2012) disordered sleep is related to impairment of

cognitive and psychological functioning and worsened physical health. Its situational or
pathological alterations can induce maladaptive functioning and a number of psychiatric and
physical diseases. Disturbed sleep can be both cause a result of ill and health if recognized can
indicate psychosocial, psychological or physical difficulties. The most important social factors
influencing to sleep were having family problems, as state by the students. Over half of the
respondents could be determined that the first five psychological factors that the most affect to
sleep; psychological problems, stress, sadness, depression and, anxiety and tension. As the
authors discuss themselves, university students overwhelmingly reported that psychological
problems and stress were significantly associated with contributing factors to poor sleep
experiences.

References:

Atlun et al.(2012),“The contributing factors to poor sleep experiences in according to the

university students: A cross-sectional study”, retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ on the 25th day of January

Becker et al.(2015),”Advancing a Biopsychosocial and Contextual Model of Sleep in

Adolescence: A Review and Introduction to the Special Issue” retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article on the 25th day of January.
Saadeh et al.(2021), “Effect of COVID-19 Quarantine on the Sleep Quality” retrieved from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/ on the 25th day of January.

Wade et al.(2017),“The biopsychosocial model of illness: a model whose time has

come”retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/ on this 25th day of January