CMPROMGT

Engr. Michael V. Almeida, CE, PMCE, MsCM

Assistant Professor
 The Angelite Prayer

Almighty God, we glorify you for giving us the Angelite

Charism. We thank you for the gift of Your Son, Jesus
Christ, who is the Way, Truth and Life. We bless you for
the continuous guidance of the Holy Spirit. Grant us,
we pray, courage and strength that we may give
perpetual praise to you in whatever we do. We ask this
through Christ, our Lord. Amen. Oh, Holy Guardian
Angels, guide us and protect us! Laus Deo semper!
 CHAPTER 5

Construction Methods and

Operations
 Intended Learning Outcomes
• Define and describe Construction Methods
and techniques in improving methods of
construction operations.
• Identify and describe Modern Construction
Methods.
• Identify and explain the requirements for a
building and basic construction operations.
 Learning Assessments
• Recitations
• Assignments
• Quizzes
CONSTRUCTION
• CONSTRUCTION IS THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING A BUILDING OR INFRASTRUCTURE.
CONSTRUCTION DIFFERS FROM MANUFACTURING IN THAT MANUFACTURING TYPICALLY
INVOLVES MASS PRODUCTION OF SIMILAR ITEMS WITHOUT A DESIGNATED PURCHASER,
WHILE CONSTRUCTION TYPICALLY TAKES PLACE ON LOCATION FOR A KNOWN CLIENT.
CONSTRUCTION AS AN INDUSTRY COMPRISES SIX TO NINE PERCENT OF THE GROSS
DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
• LARGE-SCALE CONSTRUCTION REQUIRES COLLABORATION ACROSS MULTIPLE
DISCIPLINES. AN ENGINEER OR ARCHITECT NORMALLY MANAGES THE JOB, AND A
CONSTRUCTION MANAGER, DESIGN ENGINEER, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER OR
PROJECT MANAGER SUPERVISES IT. FOR THE SUCCESSFUL EXECUTION OF A
PROJECT, EFFECTIVE PLANNING IS ESSENTIAL. THOSE INVOLVED WITH THE DESIGN AND
EXECUTION OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE IN QUESTION MUST CONSIDER ZONING
REQUIREMENTS, THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE JOB, THE SUCCESSFUL
SCHEDULING, BUDGETING, CONSTRUCTION-SITE SAFETY, AVAILABILITY AND
TRANSPORTATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS,LOGISTICS, INCONVENIENCE TO THE
PUBLIC CAUSED BY CONSTRUCTION DELAYS AND BIDDING, ETC. THE LARGEST
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ARE REFERRED TO AS MEGAPROJECTS.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
1. SURVEYING 12. WALL
2. CLEARING 13. ELECTRICAL/ MECHANICAL
3. FRAMING 14. PLUMBING
4. SIGNAGES 15. FINISHING/PARTISIONS
5. MOBILIZATION 16. TAPPING OFF/ROOF DECK
6. LAYOUT 17. PAINTING
7. EXCAVATION 18. POWER SUPPLY
8. FOOTING 19. TESTING
9. COLUMNS 20. DEMOBILIZATION
10. BEAMS 21. HANDOVER
11. SLABS
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
2.RESIDENTIAL
3.INFRASTRUCTURE/HEAVY
4. INDUSTRIAL
 • BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IS USUALLY FURTHER DIVIDED INTO RESIDENTIAL AND NON-
RESIDENTIAL (COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL). BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IS THE PROCESS
OF ADDING STRUCTURE TO REAL PROPERTY OR CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS. THE
MAJORITY OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION JOBS ARE SMALL RENOVATIONS, SUCH AS ADDITION
OF A ROOM, OR RENOVATION OF A BATHROOM. OFTEN, THE OWNER OF THE PROPERTY ACTS AS
LABORER, PAYMASTER, AND DESIGN TEAM FOR THE ENTIRE PROJECT. ALTHOUGH BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS TYPICALLY INCLUDE VARIOUS COMMON ELEMENTS, SUCH AS
DESIGN, FINANCIAL, ESTIMATING AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS, MANY PROJECTS OF VARYING
SIZES REACH UNDESIRABLE END RESULTS, SUCH AS STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE, COST
OVERRUNS, AND/OR LITIGATION.
COMMERCIAL
RESIDENTIAL
• INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE IS OFTEN CALLED HEAVY/HIGHWAY, HEAVY CIVIL

OR HEAVY ENGINEERING. IT INCLUDES LARGE PUBLIC WORKS,
DAMS, BRIDGES, HIGHWAYS, WATER/WASTEWATER AND UTILITY
DISTRIBUTION.
INFRASTRUCTURE/HEAVY CIVIL
• INDUSTRIAL
INDUSTRIAL INCLUDES REFINERIES, PROCESS CHEMICAL, POWER
GENERATION, MILLS AND MANUFACTURING PLANTS. THERE ARE
OTHER WAYS TO BREAK THE INDUSTRY INTO SECTORS OR
MARKETS.
INDUSTRIAL
•DESIGN TEAM
IN THE MODERN INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD, CONSTRUCTION USUALLY INVOLVES THE TRANSLATION OF
DESIGNS INTO REALITY. A FORMAL DESIGN TEAM MAY BE ASSEMBLED TO PLAN THE PHYSICAL
PROCEEDINGS, AND TO INTEGRATE THOSE PROCEEDINGS WITH THE OTHER PARTS. THE DESIGN USUALLY
CONSISTS OF DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS, USUALLY PREPARED BY A DESIGN TEAM INCLUDING
ARCHITECT, CIVIL ENGINEERS, MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS,
FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERS, PLANNING CONSULTANTS, ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTANTS, AND
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANTS. THE DESIGN TEAM IS MOST COMMONLY EMPLOYED BY (I.E. IN CONTRACT
WITH) THE PROPERTY OWNER. UNDER THIS SYSTEM, ONCE THE DESIGN IS COMPLETED BY THE DESIGN
TEAM, A NUMBER OF CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES OR CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT COMPANIES MAY
THEN BE ASKED TO MAKE A BID FOR THE WORK, EITHER BASED DIRECTLY ON THE DESIGN, OR ON THE BASIS
OF DRAWINGS AND A BILL OF QUANTITIES PROVIDED BY A QUANTITY SURVEYOR.
• FINANCIAL ADVISORS
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS CAN SUFFER FROM PREVENTABLE FINANCIAL PROBLEMS. UNDERBIDS HAPPEN
WHEN BUILDERS ASK FOR TOO LITTLE MONEY TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT. CASH FLOW PROBLEMS EXIST
WHEN THE PRESENT AMOUNT OF FUNDING CANNOT COVER THE CURRENT COSTS FOR LABOUR AND
MATERIALS, AND BECAUSE THEY ARE A MATTER OF HAVING SUFFICIENT FUNDS AT A SPECIFIC TIME, CAN
ARISE EVEN WHEN THE OVERALL TOTAL IS ENOUGH. FRAUD IS A PROBLEM IN MANY FIELDS, BUT IS
NOTORIOUSLY PREVALENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION FIELD. FINANCIAL PLANNING FOR THE PROJECT IS
INTENDED TO ENSURE THAT A SOLID PLAN WITH ADEQUATE SAFEGUARDS AND CONTINGENCY PLANS ARE IN
PLACE BEFORE THE PROJECT IS STARTED AND IS REQUIRED TO ENSURE THAT THE PLAN IS PROPERLY
EXECUTED OVER THE LIFE OF THE PROJECT.MORTGAGE BANKERS, ACCOUNTANTS, AND COST ENGINEERS ARE
LIKELY PARTICIPANTS IN CREATING AN OVERALL PLAN FOR THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT.
• LEGAL ASPECTS
A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MUST FIT INTO THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNING THE PROPERTY. THESE
INCLUDE GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS ON THE USE OF PROPERTY, AND OBLIGATIONS THAT ARE CREATED
IN THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION.THE PROJECT MUST ADHERE TO ZONING AND BUILDING CODE
REQUIREMENTS. CONSTRUCTING A PROJECT THAT FAILS TO ADHERE TO CODES DOES NOT BENEFIT THE
OWNER. SOME LEGAL REQUIREMENTS COME FROM MALUM IN SE CONSIDERATIONS, OR THE DESIRE TO
PREVENT THINGS THAT ARE INDISPUTABLY BAD – BRIDGE COLLAPSES OR EXPLOSIONS. OTHER LEGAL
REQUIREMENTS COME FROM MALUM PROHIBITUM CONSIDERATIONS, OR THINGS THAT ARE A MATTER OF
CUSTOM OR EXPECTATION, SUCH AS ISOLATING BUSINESSES TO A BUSINESS DISTRICT AND RESIDENCES
TO A RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT.
·INTERACTION OF EXPERTISE
DESIGN, FINANCE, AND LEGAL ASPECTS OVERLAP AND INTERRELATE. THE DESIGN MUST BE
NOT ONLY STRUCTURALLY SOUND AND APPROPRIATE FOR THE USE AND LOCATION, BUT
MUST ALSO BE FINANCIALLY POSSIBLE TO BUILD, AND LEGAL TO USE. THE FINANCIAL
STRUCTURE MUST ACCOMMODATE THE NEED FOR BUILDING THE DESIGN PROVIDED, AND
MUST PAY AMOUNTS THAT ARE LEGALLY OWED. THE LEGAL STRUCTURE MUST INTEGRATE
THE DESIGN INTO THE SURROUNDING LEGAL FRAMEWORK, AND ENFORCE THE FINANCIAL
CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS.
 ·PROCUREMENT
PROCUREMENT DESCRIBES THE MERGING OF ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY THE CLIENT TO OBTAIN
A BUILDING. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION PROCUREMENT;
HOWEVER THE THREE MOST COMMON TYPES OF PROCUREMENT ARE TRADITIONAL (DESIGN-BID-
BUILD), DESIGN-BUILD AND MANAGEMENT CONTRACTING. THERE IS ALSO A GROWING NUMBER
OF NEW FORMS OF PROCUREMENT THAT INVOLVE RELATIONSHIP CONTRACTING WHERE THE
EMPHASIS IS ON A CO-OPERATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPAL AND CONTRACTOR
AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS WITHIN A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT. NEW FORMS INCLUDE
PARTNERING SUCH AS PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERING (PPPS) AKA PRIVATE FINANCE INITIATIVES
(PFIS) AND ALLIANCES SUCH AS "PURE" OR "PROJECT" ALLIANCES AND "IMPURE" OR
"STRATEGIC" ALLIANCES.
CONSTRUCTION PHASES
• VISION/FANTASY/IDEA - A CONCEPT NEVER INTENDED TO BE BUILT, MAY BE AN AESTHETIC OR
STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXERCISE
• PROPOSED - A BUILDING CONCEPT THAT IS UNDER REVIEW BY THE BUILDING OWNER AND BY
GOVERNMENT
• APPROVED - A BUILDING CONCEPT THAT WILL BE CONSTRUCTED IN THE NEAR FUTURE. IF THE PROPOSED
BUILDING IS NOT APPROVED THEN THE PROPOSAL MAY BE AMENDED AND RESUBMITTED, OR IT MAY BE
DEFERRED OR CANCELLED.
• DESIGN - THE SPECIFICATION OF WHAT IS TO BE BUILT IN SUFFICIENT DETAIL TO BE USED AS THE BASIS
AS A CONTRACT BETWEEN THE OWNER AND A CONTRACTOR.
• PROCUREMENT - THE SELECTION OF THE CONTRACTOR OR CONTRACTORS TO CARRY OUT THE CONSTRUCTION.
THIS MAY BE BY COMPETITIVE TENDERING.
• DIVERSIONS - BEFORE CONSTRUCTION CAN START ANY SERVICES ON THE SITE WHICH MUST BE KEPT
OPERATIONAL TO SERVE OTHER ADJACENT SITES MUST BE DIVERTED SO THEY RUN OUTSIDE THE FOOTPRINT OF
THE NEW BUILDING. THIS CAN INCLUDE DRAINAGE, WATER AND GAS PIPED SERVICES AND POWER AND
COMMUNICATION CABLES.
• UNDER-CONSTRUCTION - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING CURRENTLY BEING BUILT
• GROUND WORKS - CONSTRUCTION WORK BELOW GROUND LEVEL INCLUDING THE CONSTRUCTION OF
BASEMENTS AND FOUNDATIONS
• TOPPED-OUT - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING WHERE CONSTRUCTION HAS REACHED THE HIGHEST POINT OF THE
BUILDING
• FITTING OUT - INSTALLATION OF THE DECORATIVE, NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ONCE THE BUILDING MAIN
STRUCTURE IS COMPLETE. THIS INCLUDES PAINTING, CEILINGS, LIGHT FITTINGS ETC.
•`
• COMMISSIONING OR SETTING TO WORK - ONCE THE BUILDING MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING,
COMMUNICATIONS, AND BUILDING CONTROL SYSTEMS ARE INSTALLED THEY THEN NEED TO BE TESTED
AND ADJUSTED SO THEY DELIVER THE REQUIRED PERFORMANCE. IN MODERN BUILDINGS THIS CAN TAKE
SOME TIME DURING WHICH LITTLE SEEMS TO BE GOING ON BUT IF THIS IS NOT DONE PROPERLY THEN
THESE SYSTEMS WILL NOT DELIVER THEIR DESIGN PERFORMANCE LEADING TO HOT AND COLD SPOTS,
SPURIOUS ALARMS, HIGHER ENERGY BILLS, AND SYSTEMS FAILING DURING EMERGENCIES
• SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION / BENEFICIAL OCCUPANCY - A POINT WHEN THE WORK IS SUFFICIENTLY
COMPLETE SO THAT THE OWNER CAN OCCUPY (ITEMS NOTED DURING INSPECTION 'PUNCH LIST' OR
'SNAG LIST' MAY STILL BE CORRECTED)
• COMPLETE/BUILT - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING THAT HAS BEEN FULLY BUILT, EXCLUDING FUTURE
EXPANSIONS (PUNCH LIST ITEMS ALL COMPLETED)
• BUILDING OPERATION - ALL THOSE DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITIES NEED TO ENSURE THE BUILDING CAN BE USED. IN
SIMPLE BUILDINGS THIS MEANS LITTLE MORE THAN CLEANING BUT IN MORE COMPLICATED BUILDINGS THIS
IS A LARGE SCALE OPERATION EMPLOYING A LARGE TEAM OF STAFF. IF THEY DO THEIR JOB RIGHT THEN YOU
HARDLY NOTICE THEM.
• MAINTENANCE - WORKS TO ENSURE THE BUILDING CONTINUES TO OPERATE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS
DESIGN, INCLUDING REPLACING ELEMENTS WHICH ARE APPROACHING THE END OF THEIR USEFUL LIFE
• REPAIR - REPLACING BUILDING ELEMENTS WHICH HAVE BEEN DAMAGED OR WHICH HAVE FAILED TO RESTORE
THE BUILDING TO ITS AS-BUILT STATE
• RENOVATION - MODIFICATION TO THE BUILDING. THIS CAN BE MINOR MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE CARRIED OUT
WHILE THE BUILDING IS OCCUPIED OR MAJOR WORKS WHERE ONLY THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ARE KEPT
AND THE BUILDING IS OUT OF USE FOR YEARS
• DEMOLITION - DESTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING WHICH MAY INCLUDE THE SALVAGE OF SOME ELEMENTS FOR
REUSE ELSEWHERE.
 Construction Methods

There are many construction methods available

in the market today. The efficiency of the construction
will be base on the three(3) areas of planning

1. Time
2. Quality
3. Cost
• Construction methods change when
– Materials change
• Why metal roofs?
• Why wooden and long houses?
• How important where nails to building
– Equipment changes
• Horses to steam engines to today
• Erie Canal was dug with shovels and rock sleds
• Steam engines were stationary with belts going from pulleys to the engine
 •PROS:
Traditional “Concrete Hollow Block
(CHB)”•Cheaper based on materials
CONSTRUCTION
•Readilly available and sold in
local hardware stores
•Lighter and easier to install.
•No special tools and training
needed to install.

•CONS:
If poorly built, this material is
brittle.
Takes time to cure and more
construction things to do like
plastering, finishing etc.
 building Construction
• What materials can be used in building construction and what
equipment is required
– Wood – hammers, saws, drills, squares
• Can also use engineered wood
• What has happened to lumber in last 100 years?
– Concrete – either cast in place, precast, or shotcrete
• Can be above ground or below
– Steel
– Stone
– Brick
– Adobe – only need forms
Questions: What made skyscrapers
possible?
 Precast construction method
PROS:
Affordable in terms of savings in
time and materials.
Flexibility in terms of dimension.
Strong and safe.

CONS:
Not available in local hardware
store
Use of crane or pulley to install
CAST-ON-SITE construction method
(“Buhos”)
PROS:
Strong solid structure.

CONS:
Takes time to cure and install
the forms
Light-weight steel frames
construction method (“DRYWALL”)
PROS:
Superfast construction
Simple procedure for installation
Light and don’t need more tools to
install
Cheaper in terms of labor and
materials

CONS:
Used in One (1) Storey structure
only
Not a solid structue
STEEL FRAMES CONSTRUCTION
PROS:
Used in multi-storey construction
because of its strength and durability
Easy fabrication in different sizes
Fire resistance
Pest & Insect Resistant
Moisture & Weather resistance

CONS:
Thermal conductivity
Reduced Flexibility on site
Supporting structures
MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION (MMC)

THE CONCRETE INDUSTRY EMBRACES INNOVATION AND MODERN METHODS OF

CONSTRUCTION (MMC) BY OFFERING CONCRETE SOLUTIONS WHICH CAN BE
USED TO REDUCE CONSTRUCTION TIME AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS OFFERING COST SAVINGS.
• PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM
FLOOR AND WALL UNITS ARE PRODUCED OFF-SITE IN A FACTORY AND ERECTED ON-SITE
TO FORM ROBUST STRUCTURES, IDEAL FOR ALL REPETITIVE CELLULAR PROJECTS. PANELS
CAN INCLUDE SERVICES, WINDOWS, DOORS AND FINISHES. BUILDING ENVELOPE PANELS
WITH FACTORY FITTED INSULATION AND DECORATIVE CLADDING CAN ALSO BE USED AS
LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS. THIS OFFERS FACTORY QUALITY AND ACCURACY, TOGETHER
WITH SPEED OF ERECTION ON-SITE.
PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM
• 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
• 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION (ALSO KNOWN AS MODULAR CONSTRUCTION) INVOLVES THE PRODUCTION
OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL UNITS IN CONTROLLED FACTORY CONDITIONS PRIOR TO TRANSPORTATION TO SITE.
• MODULES CAN BE BROUGHT TO SITE IN A VARIETY OF FORMS, RANGING FROM A BASIC STRUCTURE TO ONE
WITH ALL INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FINISHES AND SERVICES INSTALLED, ALL READY FOR ASSEMBLY. THE
CASTING OF MODULES USES THE BENEFITS OF FACTORY CONDITIONS TO CREATE SERVICE-INTENSIVE UNITS
WHERE A HIGH DEGREE OF REPETITION AND A NEED FOR RAPID ASSEMBLY ON-SITE MAKE ITS USE HIGHLY
DESIRABLE.
• THIS MODERN METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OFFERS THE INHERENT BENEFITS OF CONCRETE, SUCH ASTHERMAL
MASS, SOUND AND FIRE RESISTANCE, AS WELL AS OFFERING FACTORY QUALITY AND ACCURACY, TOGETHER
WITH SPEED OF ERECTION ON-SITE.
3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
• TUNNEL FORM
• TUNNEL FORM IS A FORMWORK SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS THE CONTRACTOR TO BUILD MONOLITHIC WALLS
AND SLABS IN ONE OPERATION ON A DAILY CYCLE. IT COMBINES THE SPEED, QUALITY AND ACCURACY OF
FACTORY/OFFSITE PRODUCED READY-MIX CONCRETE AND FORMWORK WITH THE FLEXIBILITY AND
ECONOMY OF CAST IN-SITU CONSTRUCTION.
• THIS FAST-TRACK METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION IS SUITABLE FOR REPETITIVE CELLULAR PROJECTS, SUCH
AS HOTELS, APARTMENT BLOCKS AND STUDENT ACCOMMODATION. IT OFFERS ECONOMY, SPEED, QUALITY
AND ACCURACY, AS WELL AS UTILISING THE INHERENT BENEFITS OF CONCRETE, SUCH AS FIRE AND
SOUND RESISTANCE.
TUNNEL FORM
• HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
• HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (HCC) COMBINES ALL THE BENEFITS OF PRECASTING WITH THE
ADVANTAGES OF CAST IN-SITU CONSTRUCTION. COMBINING THE TWO, AS A HYBRID FRAME, RESULTS IN
EVEN GREATER CONSTRUCTION SPEED, QUALITY AND OVERALL ECONOMY. HCC CAN ANSWER CLIENT
DEMANDS FOR LOWER COSTS AND HIGHER QUALITY BY PROVIDING SIMPLE, BUILDABLE AND
COMPETITIVE STRUCTURES THAT OFFER CONSISTENT PERFORMANCE AND QUALITY.
HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
• THIN JOINT MASONRY

• THIN JOINT MASONRY ALLOWS THE DEPTH OF THE MORTAR TO BE REDUCED FROM 10MM TO JUST 3MM
OR LESS, RESULTING IN FASTER LAYING AND IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY, PARTICULARLY ON LONG RUNS OF
WALLING. CONSTRUCTION SPEED CAN BE FURTHER INCREASED BY SOME 13.5 PER CENT USING LARGE-
FORMAT CONCRETE BLOCKS, WHICH HAVE A FACE SIZE EQUIVALENT TO TWO TRADITIONAL CONCRETE
BLOCKS. THE MORTAR CURES RAPIDLY, ACHIEVING FULL BOND STRENGTH WITHIN ONE TO TWO HOURS,
ELIMINATING THE PROBLEM OF 'FLOATING' THEREFORE ENABLING MORE COURSES TO BE LAID PER DAY.
THIN JOINT MASONRY
• INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK
• INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK (ICF) SYSTEMS CONSIST OF TWIN-WALLED, EXPANDED
POLYSTYRENE PANELS OR BLOCKS THAT ARE QUICKLY BUILT UP TO CREATE FORMWORK FOR THE WALLS
OF A BUILDING. THIS FORMWORK IS THEN FILLED WITH FACTORY PRODUCED, QUALITY ASSURED, READY-
MIXED CONCRETE TO CREATE A ROBUST STRUCTURE. THE EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BLOCKS REMAIN TO
PROVIDE HIGH LEVELS OF THERMAL INSULATION AND THE CONCRETE CORE PROVIDES ROBUSTNESS AND
GOOD LEVELS OF SOUND INSULATION.
INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK
• PRECAST FOUNDATIONS
• PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS CAN BE USED TO RAPIDLY CONSTRUCT FOUNDATIONS. THE ELEMENTS ARE
USUALLY TO A BESPOKE DESIGN AND CAST IN A FACTORY ENVIRONMENT, GIVING ASSURED QUALITY FOR
THE FINISHED PRODUCT. THE FOUNDATIONS ARE OFTEN SUPPORTED BY CONCRETE PILES AND
CONNECTED TOGETHER.
• THESESYSTEMS IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS, AND
REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF EXCAVATION REQUIRED - PARTICULARLY ADVANTAGEOUS WHEN DEALING
WITH CONTAMINATED GROUND.
PRECAST FOUNDATIONS
ORGANIZATIONAL

PROJECT

ACTIVITY

OPERATION

PROCESS

WORK TASK

HIERARCHICAL LEVELS IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ORGANIZATIONAL- COMPANY STRUCTURE AND BUSINESS FOCUS, HEAD OFFICE AND FIELD FUNCTIONS,
PORTFOLIO OF PROJECTS, GROSS PROJECT ATTRIBUTES.
PROJECT- PROJECT DEFINITION, CONTRACT, DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, COST, TIME, BREAKDOWN INTO
PROJECT ACTIVITIES.
ACTIVITY- ATTAINMENT OF PHYSICAL SEGMENT OF PROJECT EQUATED TO TIME AND COST CONTROL.
OPERATION- CONSTRUCTION METHOD FOCUS. MEANS OF ACHIEVING CONSTRUCTION COMPLETE.
PROCESS- BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL SEQUENCE FOCUS, LOGICAL COLLECTION OF WORK TASKS AND
RECOGNIZABLE POTION OF CONSTRUCTION OPERATION.
WORK TASK- FUNDAMENTAL FIELD ACTION AND WORK UNIT FOCUS, SKILL AT CREW MEMBER LEVEL AND
BASIS OF WORK ASSIGNMENT TO LABOR.
BUILDING PROCESS MODELS
THE RELATIVE SEQUENCE AND LOGIC OF THE WORK TASKS AND PROCESSES THAT MAKE UP
CONSTRUCTION OPERATION CONSTITUTE THE TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE OPERATION. THE
MODELING ELEMENTS CAN BE USED IN A VARIETY OF PATTERNS TO MODEL CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS.
AS AN EXAMPLE, CONSIDER THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR AN EARTH-MODELING OPERATION
THAT INVOLVES THE LOADING OF TRUCKS WITH EARTH TRANSPORT TO A DUMP AREA.
IN ORDER TO DEVELOP THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EARTH-MOVING OPERATION, IT IS
NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY THE MAJOR RESOURCES INVOLVED (TRUCKS, FRONT-END
LOADER AND SOIL) AND ESTABLISH THE VARIOUS STATES THAT THE RESOURCES ARE
TRAVERSE IN THEIR WORK ASSIGNMENT PATH CYCLES. FINALLY, THE INTEGRATION OF
THE RESOURCE PATHS AND CYCLES ESTABLISHES THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE
OPERATIONS.
 Construction Order
• There is an order to all projects
– What activities get done first
– What activities need to be done in a specific order
– What activities can be done at any point in time
 Construction Order
– Above ground Swimming pools
• Remove topsoil & level area 3’ larger that pool diameter
• Rake soil to remove rocks and roots
• Layout bottom track
• Dump sand inside pool area
• Level track
• Layout wall parts
• Roll wall and put on J channel and top rail
• Bolt wall, attach skimmer
 Construction Order
– Swimming pools
• Spread sand inside pool wall – rake & tamp
• Attach wall uprights
• Attach liner to J channel
• Use vacuum to suck liner to wall
• Plumb sand filter & pump together w/ skimmer & return line
• Attach top coping
• Add water
• Cut out skimmer and return
 Construction Order
o Buildings:
• Clear site
• Foundation work
• Framing & Siding
• Roofing
• Windows and Doors
• Siding
• Electrical - rough
• Plumbing - rough
• Insulation
• Wall finishes
 Construction Order
o Buildings:
• Foundation slab
• HVAC
• Ceilings
• Electrical – finish
• Plumbing – finish
• Paint/wall coverings
• Flooring
• Landscaping
• Pavement
 Construction Order
• How far along do you need to be before starting next activity?
• On a house – probably one at a time
• On a 1 floor bldg – probably 1 activity at a time but depends
on size
• Skyscraper – 1 activity per floor
 Construction Order
o Highways
• Centerline survey
• Clearing
• Bridge work
• Centerline survey
• Earthwork to get to bottom of subbase elevation
• Centerline survey
• Subbase placement
• Centerline survey
• Base placement
 Construction Order
o Highways
• Centerline survey
• Drainage
• Utilities (lights etc)
• Pavement base course
• Pavement wearing course
• Side slope grading
• Guard rail
• Lights and signs
• Pavement Markings
 Construction Order
• Move from one end of project to the other with each activity
• Have multiple activities happening at any time
• Surveying is a full time activity
 Equip Selection
• Proper equipment has major impact on efficiency and
profitablility
• Can equipment perform required work
• Also look at profitablility, other uses for equipment, return on
investment, availability of parts and services, effect of
downtime on other construction equip
 Equipment planning
• Need to plan to effectively use equipment
• Production of equipment
– Production = Volume per cycle/cycles per hour
– Cycles per hour is based on efficiency of equip
• Swing angle and elevation to truck bed
• Soil hardness and Soil type
• Room to manuever
 Equipment planning
• Cost per production unit = equip cost per working hour/equip
production per hour
• Group activity