Trade Tech 132

Structural and Electrical Layout and

Details using CAD

Monday-Wednesday 7:30-11:30 am
Thursday 7:30-10:30 am

Module 1 & 2

http://www.free-powerpoint-templates-design.com
Anne Kryshel M. Laman
College Lecturer
Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you are expected to:

01 Identify what is structural design.

Identify what includes a structural drawing.

02
03 Identify the basics of a structural design.

04 Identify the types of a structure.

I. Structural Design
A. Introduction to Structural Design
B. Factors affecting Structural design
C. Types of Structural components
D. Layout and details of foundation plan
E. Layout and details of floor framing plan
MODULE 1
Introduction to Structural Design
A. Introduction to Structural Design

Structural design
It is a process to find out the safe, durable and
economical specifications of the structure including
materials, technology, geometry, the size of structural
members sufficient to carry loads of structure during the
life period of the structure is known as structural design.
Structural Drawing
- Is a plan or set of plans and details for how a building or other structure will be built.

- Structural drawings are based on information provided by architectural drawings.

Structural Drawing includes the following:

1. General Notes – Just like architectural drawings, this part of structural drawing covers the
codes used in design and the by-laws of the buildings. Structural notes provide information
regarding general material properties (steel or wood grade, concrete strength, etc) or
construction requirements (soil compaction, weld procedures, etc). The structural notes also
provide information about design criteria (gravity , seismic, and wind loading).

2. Structural plan – Drawings that show the foundation, floor, and roof plan of the building.
These plans provide information like size and location of the structural elements present in the
respective plans.
Structural Drawing includes the following:

3. Elevations - show the exterior walls of a building or structure. In elevation drawings you can
find the height of building (floors and roof elevations) and structural properties of elements
present in the walls and that cannot be seen in plan drawings.

4. Sections - plans are referenced in the plan view drawings and provide information about
elements that cannot be see in plan drawings. The sections usually are cut through walls or
structural elements that are not typical and the constructor needs to be aware off.

5. Details drawings- provide particular information on how to construct or connect the

structural elements. The details can be reference in plans, elevations and sections.
Basics of Structural Design

Architectural plans (always the reference for

Plan of a structure structural plans and other trades)

Solid, frame, shell, membrane, composite, liquid

Type of a structure

Assuming the number size Determines beam/column sizes

Applying loads
These are provided by the Structural Engineer

Structural Design and Analysis

Detailing All specifications (size, type of materials, finishes)

 Types of Structure
Within the context of the built environment, the term ‘structure’ refers to anything that is constructed
or built from interrelated parts with a fixed location on the ground. This includes buildings, but can
refer to any body that is designed to bear loads, even if it is not intended to be occupied by people
(engineers sometimes refer to these as 'non-building' structures – such as bridges, tunnels, and so
on).

Structure can be classified in a number of ways:

 Type (solid, frame, shell, membrane, composite, liquid)
 Structural system (tensile, compressive, shear, bending, composite)
 Application (building, bridges, canals, dams, railways, roads, tunnels)
 Form (1-dimensional, 2D, 3D, composite)
 Material (timber, concrete, metal, masonry, glass)
 Element (substructure, superstructure, foundation, shell and core, structural frame, wall)
 Over-all building form (low rise, middle rise, high rise, groundscraper, skyscraper, etc.)
Parts of a Structure

Roof

Second Floor
Superstructure
The superstructure is that part of the building which is
mainly above the ground.
Ground Floor

Substructure
Substructure is that part of a building or other structure
which is below the ground
Foundation
Elements of a Structure

Foundation – A linking block

between soil and
superstructure. This part will be
carrying all types of loads
present in your structure,
human loads, equipment,
furniture and the structure’s
weight itself. All these
loads/weight will be distributed
to the soil which will eventually
carry the structure through
these foundations.
Elements of a Structure

Column –are vertical structural

member of a typical building
construction. They carry loads
transferred by the beam. It is a
structural element that
transmits, through compression,
the weight of the structure
above to other structural
elements below. In other words,
a column is a compression
member.
Elements of a Structure

Slab- is a structural
element, made of concrete,
that is used to
create flat horizontal
surfaces such
as floors, roof decks and ceil
ings on which we sit, we
stand, we walk. It is
generally several inches
thick and supported
by beams, columns, walls, or
the ground. It is connected
and eventually transfer its
load to beams
Elements of a Structure

Beams- are horizontal structural

members that carry load from
slabs and direct loads such as
masonry walls and their self
weights.
Elements of a Structure

Shear wall- vertical structural

element which resist the
horizontal forces acting on
a building structure. Shear wall
can also be defined as a wall
which are reinforced & made of
braced panels to carry lateral
forces (wind load). The thickness
of the shear wall for regular
buildings can be generally in the
range of 150 mm to 400 mm.
This is commonly used for
elevator walls
MODULE 2
Factors Affecting Structural Design
Factors Affecting Structural Design

1. Non-compliance with the requirements of design codes and their updates

2. Ignoring soil investigation or Poor soil investigation leads to the wrong selection of foundation type
3. Ignoring environmental, weather condition, biological and chemical attacks.
4. Ignoring building locations such as buildings located near the sea.
5. Ignoring lateral loads impact on structure stability (winds and earthquakes)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-YKhfZwPTO_JrQvNuGggXDas5yosvloH/view?usp=sharing
Factors Affecting Structural Design

6. Exceeding allowable deflection values.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LkkBj7yAuJpnfkYX3ghswITC79aUXgwx/view?usp=sharing

7. Ignoring dynamic loads impact on structure stability (Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves,
traffic, earthquakes and blast.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/10ys5YFVBbO2pw398Nbu6ocP86ckA2I8V/view?usp=sharing

8. Ignoring the design of expansion, contraction, settlement joint and special construction joint.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gR5EfYeFRYRHOnI_jNPd-qxO71qjguYA/view?usp=sharing
Factors Affecting Structural Design

9. Inadequate concrete cover on reinforcement

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wrcP3d0hKGsMVyj8GTgGJMB8XvfRqxZv/view?usp=sharing
10. . Improperly locating conduits and pipe openings at critical structural locations
11. Insufficient sizing of structural elements such as reducing the size of columns, the size of
reinforcement bars and foundations.
12. Misjudgment in design leading to assumptions or decisions that are not consistent with the actual
behavior of the structure.
Factors Affecting Structural Design

13. A roof design without inverted beams, which allows water intrusion.
14. Inadequate slab types and loading ways with no consideration for codes related rules especially in
long spans and cantilevers.
15. Designing residential buildings away from the municipality’s conditions and engineering association
rules.
16. Lack of technical specification references for residential buildings.
17. Poor materials selection
Assessment
A. Identify the following:
1. Part of the building which is mainly above the ground.
2. Part of a building or other structure which is below the
ground.
3. This part will be carrying all types of loads present in your
structure, human loads, equipment, furniture and the
structure’s weight itself.
4. Horizontal structural members that carry load from slabs
and direct loads such as masonry walls and their self
weights.
5. A structural element, made of concrete, that is used to
create flat horizontal surfaces.
6. Vertical structural element which resist the horizontal
forces acting on a building structure.
7. Vertical structural member of a typical building construction.
Lab Activity
Instructions:
1. Polish the floor plan of your 3-storey educational building you did last semester.
2. Make sure to apply the comments I gave during the consultation and the oral defense.
3. Use appropriate scaling and layout your drawing perfectly. Observe line weights.
4. Upload it in the google classroom as pdf file. (20by30 paper size)
5. Submission: On or before February 7, 2022
Content Here

Note: This floor plan will be used for the structural drawings by next week. You can submit as early
as possible.

Content Here