Personal Identification 

Alphonse Bertillon - was a French criminologist and anthropologist who created the first system of
physical measurements, photography, and record-keeping that police could use to identify recidivist
criminals.

Ancient Babylon - fingerprints were used in clay tablets for business transactions. 1000 - 2000 BC

Anthropometry - the first system of personal identification.

Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose(1897) - Two Indian fingerprint experts credited with primary
development of the Henry System of fingerprint classification (named after their supervisor,
Edward Richard Henry).

Bertillon System - a system of identification which focuses on the meticulous measurement and
recording of different parts and components of the human body.

Chiroscopy – It is the examination and thorough study of the palms of the human hand as a point
identifying persons.

Core -
1. Approximate center of the pattern
2. It is placed upon or within the innermost sufficient recurve.

Dactyl - finger

Dactylography - the scientific study of fingerprints as a means of identification.

Dactylomancy - the scientific study of fingerprint for the purposes of personality interpretation.

Dactyloscopy - a method of studying fingerprints to establish identification.

Delta -
1. point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence of two typelines and
2. is located at or directly in front of the point of divergence.

Dermal Papillae - is the irregular pegs composed of delicate connective tissue protruding and forming
ridges of the skin on the fingers, palms, toes, and soles of the feet.

Dr. Henry P. DeForrest - he accomplished the first fingerprint file established in the United States, and
the first use of fingerprinting by a U.S. government agency.

Dr. Nehemiah Grew - in 1684, he was the first European to publish friction ridge skin observations.

Edgeoscopy – the study of the morphological characteristics of friction ridges; shape or contour of the
edges of friction ridges.

Edmond Locard - informally referred to as the Sherlock Holmes of France, he developed the science of
poroscopy, the study of fingerprint pores and the impressions produced by these pores. He went on to
write that if 12 specific points were identical between two fingerprints, it would be sufficient for positive
identification. This work led to the use of fingerprints in identifying criminals being adopted over Bertillon's
earlier technique of anthropometry.
Fingerprint - is an impression of the friction ridge of all or any part of the finger. Fingerprint ridges are
formed during the third to fourth month of fetal development.

Fingerprint Classification Systems

1. The Henry Classification System – developed by Henry in the late 1800s.
2. Icnofalangometric System – the originalname of the system developed by Vucetichin 1891
3. Dactiloscopy – the new name of the systemdeveloped by Vucetich.
4. The Oloriz System of Classification – developed by Oloriz.
Identakey – developed in the 1930s by G. Tyler Mairs.
5. The American System of FingerprintClassification – developed by Parke in1903.
6. The Conley System. The Flack-ConleySystem – developed in 1906 in New Jersey,an improved Conley
System.
7. NCIC Fingerprint Classification System. Collins System – a classification system forsingle fingerprint
used in Scotland Yard inthe early 1900s.
8. Jorgensen System – a classification systemfor single fingerprints used in the early1900s.
9. Battley System – a classification system forsingle fingerprints used in the 1930s

Friction Skin - also called papillary skin, is the epidermal layer found on the ventral or lower surface of
the hands and feet covered with ridges and furrows.

Fundamental layers of friction skin

1. Epidermis - outer layer (stratum corneum, stratum mucusum)
2. Dermis - inner layer (blood vessel, dermal papipllae, various glands and nerves)

Furrows - the depressed or canal-like structure/the white space between the ridges.

Gilbert Thompson - He used his thumb print on a document to prevent forgery. First known use of
fingerprints in the U.S.

John Evangelist Purkinje - anatomy professor at the University of Breslau, in 1823, he published his
thesis discussing nine fingerprint patterns  but he made no mention of the value of fingerprints for
personal identification.

Juan Vucetich - In 1892, two boys were brutally murdered in the village of Necochea, near Buenos Aires,
Argentina. Initially, suspicion fell on a man named Velasquez, a suitor of the children's mother, Francisca
Rojas. Investigators found a bloody fingerprint at the crime scene and contacted Juan Vucetich, who was
developing a system of fingerprint identification for police use. Vucetich compared the fingerprints of Rojas
and Velasquez with the bloody fingerprint. Francisca Rojas had denied touching the bloody bodies, but
the fingerprint matched one of hers. Confronted with the evidence, she confessed—the first successful
use of fingerprint identification in a
murder investigation.

Loop -
1. One or more ridges enter upon either side
2. Recurve
3. Touch or pass an imaginary line between delta and core
4. Pass out or tend to pass out upon the same side the ridges entered.

           Three Loop Characteristics

           1. A sufficient recurve
           2. A Delta
           3. A ridge count across a looping ridge

Marcelo Malpighi - in 1686,  an anatomy professor at the University of Bologna, noted fingerprint ridges,
spirals and loops in his treatise. A layer of skin was named after him; "Malpighi" layer, which is
approximately 1.8mm thick.

Mark Twain - author of the novel Pudd'nhead Wilson where one of the characters has a hobby of
collecting fingerprints.

Paul-Jean Coulier - of Val-de-Grâce in Paris, published his observations that (latent) fingerprints can be
developed on paper by iodine fuming, explaining how to preserve (fix) such developed impressions and
mentioning the potential for identifying suspects' fingerprints by
use of a magnifying glass.

Poroscopy – refers to the examination of the shape,size and arrangement of the small opening on friction
ridge through which body fluids are secreted or released. Poros (a pair), Skopien (to study)

Podoscopy – a term coined by Wilder and Wentwrth which refers to the examination of the soles and
their significance in personal identification. Podo (foot), Skopien (to study)

Ridge - the elevated or hill-like structure (the black lines with white dots)
1. Recurving Ridge - a single ridge that curves back to the direction where it started.
2. Ending Ridge - it refers to an abrupt end of a ridge
3. Enclosure or Lake Ridge - a single ridge that divides into two but does not remain open and meet at a
certain point to form the original single ridge.
4. Sufficent Recurve - a recurving ridge which is complete with its shoulder free from any appendage.
5.Diverging Ridge - two ridges that split apart.
6.Converging Ridge - two ridges that meet at certain point.
7.Bifurcation - a ridge formation in which a single ridge splits or divides into 2 or more ridges.
8.Ridge Dot (Island Ridge) - refers to a ridge formation in a form of a dot or period.
9.Appendage - a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurve.
10.Rod (Bar) - a short or long ridge found inside the recurve directed towards the core.
11.Obstruction Ridge - short ridge found inside the recurve which blocks the inner line of flow towards the
core.
12.Typelines - a diverging ridge that tends to surround the pattern area and serves as a basic boundary of
fingerprint impression.
13.Pattern Area - a part of a loop or whorl pattern surrounded by typelines and consisting of the delta, the
core and other ridges.
14.Delta - also called the outer terminus, is a point along the ridge formation found at the center or near
the center of the diverging typelines.
15.Core - also called the heart or inner terminus, usually found at the center of the innermost recurve.

Ridge Destruction - ridge destruction of the friction skin can either be temporary or permanent. Generally
temporary destruction occur when only the epidermis layer of the friction skin has been damaged while
permanent damage can be injected to the friction skin due to the damage in the dermis layer.

Ridge Formation - ridges start to form in the fingers and thumb during the 3rd to 4th month of fetus life.

Ridgeology – describes the individualization process of any area of friction skin using allavailable detail.

Ridge Characteristics
1. Ridge Dots - An isolated ridge unit whose length approximates its width in size.
2. Bifurcations - The point at which one friction ridge divides into two friction ridges.
3. Trifurcations - The point at which one friction ridge divides into three friction ridges.
4. Ending Ridge - A single friction ridge that terminates within the friction ridge structure.
5. Ridge Crossing - A point where two ridge units intersect.
6. Enclosures (Lakes) - A single friction ridge that bifurcates and rejoins after a short course and continues
as a single friction ridge.
7. Short Ridges (Islands) - Friction ridges of varying lengths.
8. Spurs (Hooks) - A bifurcation with one short ridge branching off a longer ridge.
9. Bridges - A connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges, generally right angles.

Sir Edward Richard Henry -  he was appointed Inspector-General of Police of Bengal, India in 1891, he
developed a system of fingerprint classification enabling fingerprint records to be organized and searched
with relative ease.

Sir Francis Galton - He devised a method of classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic
science. He pointed out that there were specific types of fingerprint patterns. He described and classified
them into eight broad categories: 1: plain arch, 2: tented arch, 3: simple loop, 4: central pocket loop, 5:
double loop, 6: lateral pocket loop, 7: plain whorl, and 8: accidental

Sir Henry Faulds - his first paper on the subject of fingerprint was published in the scientific journal
Nature in 1880. Examining his own fingertips and those of friends, he became convinced that the
pattern of ridges was unique to each individual.

Sir William James Herschel - was a British officer in India who used fingerprints for identification on
contracts.

Skopien - to study or examine.

Sweat duct - the passage way.

Sweat gland - the producers of sweat.

Sweat pores - the tiny opening/the tiny white dot

Time Line - Fingerprints

1000-2000 B.C. - Fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions in ancient Babylon.

3rd Century B.C. - Thumbprints begin to be used on clay seals in China to “sign” documents.

610-907 A.D. - During the T’ang Dynasty, a time when imperial China was one of the most powerful and
wealthy regions of the world, fingerprints are reportedly used on official documents.

1st Century A.D. - A petroglyph located on a cliff face in Nova Scotia depicts a hand with exaggerated
ridges and finger whorls, presumably left by the Mi'kmaq people.

14th Century A.D. - Many official government documents in Persia have fingerprint impressions. One
government physician makes the observation that no two fingerprints were an exact match.

1686 - At the University of Bologna in Italy, a professor of anatomy named Marcello Malpighi notes the
common characteristics of spirals, loops and ridges in fingerprints, using the newly invented microscope
for his studies. In time, a 1.88mm thick layer of skin, the “Malpighi layer,” was named after him. Although
Malpighi was likely the first to document types of fingerprints, the value of fingerprints as identification
tools was never mentioned in his writings.

1823 - A thesis is published by Johannes Evengelista Purkinje, professor of anatomy with the University of
Breslau, Prussia. The thesis details a full nine different fingerprint patterns. Still, like Malpighi, no mention
is made of fingerprints as an individual identification method.
1858 - The Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, Sir William Herschel, first used
fingerprints to “sign” contracts with native Indians. In July of 1858, a local businessman named Rajyadhar
Konai put his hand print on the back of a contract at Herschel’s request. Herschel was not
motivated by the need to prove personal identity; rather, his motivation was to simply “frighten (Konai) out
of all thought of repudiating his signature.” As the locals felt more bound to a contract through this
personal contact than if it was just signed, as did the ancient Babylonians and Chinese, Herschel adopted
the practice permanently. Later, only the prints of the right index and middle fingers were required on
contracts. In time, after viewing a number of fingerprints, Herschel noticed that no two prints were exactly
alike, and he observed that even in widespread use, the fingerprints could be used for personal
identification purposes.

1880 - Dr. Henry Faulds, a British surgeon and Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, published an
article in the Scientific Journal, "Nautre" (nature). He discussed fingerprints as a means of personal
identification, and the use of printers ink as a method for obtaining such fingerprints. Faulds had begun his
study of what he called “skin-furrows” during the 1870s after looking at fingerprints on pieces of old clay
pottery. He is also credited with the first fingerprint identification: a greasy print left by a laboratory worker
on a bottle of alcohol. Soon, Faulds began to recognize that the distinctive patterns on fingers held great
promise as a means of individual identification, and developed a classification system for recording these
inked impressions. Also in 1880, Faulds sent a description of his fingerprint classification system to Sir
Charles Darwin. Darwin, aging and in poor health, declined to assist Dr. Faulds in the further study of
fingerprints, but forwarded the information on to his cousin, British scientist Sir Francis Galton.

1882 - Gilbert Thompson, employed by the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico, uses his own
fingerprints on a document to guard against forgery. This event is the first known use of fingerprints for
identification in America.

1883 - “Life on the Mississippi,” a novel by Mark Twain, tells the story of a murderer who is identified by
the use of fingerprints. His later book "Pudd'n Head Wilson” includes a courtroom drama involving
fingerprint identification.

1888 - Sir Francis Galton’s began his study of fingerprints during the 1880s, primarily to develop a tool for
determining genetic history and hereditary traits. Through careful study of the work of Faulds, which he
learned of through his cousin Sir Charles Darwin, as well as his examination of fingerprints collected by
Sir William Herschel, Galton became the first to provide scientific evidence that no two fingerprints are
exactly the same, and that prints remain the same throughout a person’s lifetime. He calculated that the
odds of finding two identical fingerprints were 1 in 64 billion.

1892 - Galton’s book “Fingerprints” is published, the first of its kind. In the book, Galton detailed the first
classification system for fingerprints; he identified three types (loop, whorl, and arch) of characteristics for
fingerprints (also known as minutia). These characteristics are to an extent still in use today, often referred
to as Galton’s Details.

1892 - Juan Vucetich, an Argentine police official, had recently begun keeping the first fingerprint files
based on Galton’s Details. History was made that year when Vucetich made the first criminal fingerprint
identification. A woman named Rojas had murdered her two sons, then cut her own throat to
deflect blame from herself. Rojas left a bloody print on a doorpost. After investigators matched the crime
scene print to that of the accused, Rojas confessed. Vucetich eventually developed his own system of
classification, and published a book entitled Dactiloscopía Comparada ("Comparative Fingerprinting") in
1904, detailing the Vucetich system, still the most used system in Latin America.

1896 - British official Sir Edward Richard Henry had been living in Bengal, and was looking to use a
system similar to that of Herschel’s to eliminate problems within his jurisdiction. After visiting Sir Francis
Galton in England, Henry returned to Bengal and instituted a fingerprinting program for all prisoners.
By July of 1896, Henry wrote in a report that the classification limitations had not yet been addressed. A
short time later, Henry developed a system of his own, which included 1,024 primary classifications.
Within a year, the Governor General signed a resolution directing that fingerprinting was to be the official
method of identifying criminals in British India.

1901 - Back in England and Wales, the success of the “Henry Fingerprint Classification System” in India
was creating a stir, and a committee was formed to review Scotland Yard's identification methods. Henry
was then transferred to England, where he began training investigators to use the Henry Classification
System after founding Scotland Yard's Central Fingerprint Bureau. Within a few years, the Henry
Classification System was in use around the world, and fingerprints had been established as the uniform
system of identification for the future. The Henry Classification System is still in use today in English
speaking countries around the globe.

1902 - Alphonse Bertillon, director of the Bureau of Identification of the Paris Police, is responsible for the
first criminal identification of a fingerprint without a known suspect. A print taken from the scene of a
homicide was compared against the criminal fingerprints already on file, and a match was made, marking
another milestone in law enforcement technology. Meanwhile, the New York Civil Service Commission,
spearheaded by Dr. Henry P. DeForrest, institutes testing of the first systematic use of fingerprints in the
United States.

1903 - Fingerprinting technology comes into widespread use in the United States, as the New York Police
Department, the New York State Prison system and the Federal Bureau of Prisons begin
working with the new science.

1904 - The St. Louis Police Department and the Leavenworth State Penitentiary in Kansas start utilizing
fingerprinting, assisted by a Sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been guarding the British Display at
the St. Louis Exposition.

1905 - The U.S. Army gets on the fingerprinting bandwagon, and within three years was joined by the U.S.
Navy and Marine Corps. In the ensuing 25 years, as more law enforcement agencies joined in using
fingerprints as personal identification methods, these agencies began sending copies of the fingerprint
cards to the recently established National Bureau of Criminal  Investigation.

1911 - The first central storage location for fingerprints in North America is established in Ottawa by
Edward Foster of the Dominion Police Force. The repository is maintained by the Royal Canadian
Mounted Police, and while it originally held only 2000  sets of fingerprints, today the number is over 2
million.

1924 - The U.S. Congress acts to establish the Identification Division of the F.B.I. The National Bureau
and Leavenworth are consolidated to form the basis of the F.B.I. fingerprint repository. By 1946, the F.B.I.
had processed 100 million fingerprint cards;  that number doubles by 1971.

1990s - AFIS, or Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems, begin widespread use around the country.
This computerized system of storing and cross-referencing criminal fingerprint records would eventually
become capable of searching millions of fingerprint files in minutes, revolutionizing law
enforcement efforts.

1996 - As Americans become more concerned with the growing missing and abducted children problem,
and law enforcement groups urge the fingerprinting of children for investigative purposes in
the event of a child becoming missing, Chris Migliaro founds Fingerprint America in Albany, NY. The
company provides a simple, at-home fingerprinting and identification kit for parents,
maintaining the family’s privacy while protecting and educating children about the dangers of abduction.
By 2001, the company distributes over 5 million Child ID Fingerprinting Kits around the world.

1999 - The FBI phases out the use of paper fingerprint cards with their new Integrated AFIS (IAFIS) site at
Clarksburg, West Virginia.  IAFIS will starts with individual computerized fingerprint records
for approximately 33 million criminals, while the outdated paper cards for the civil files are kept at a facility
in Fairmont, West Virginia.

Typelines -
1. Two innermost ridges that start or go parallel
2. Diverge and surround or tend to surround the pattern area

Types of Fingerprints
1. Visible Prints
2. Latent Prints
3. Impressed Prints

Visible Prints - also called patent prints and are left in some medium, like blood, that reveals them to the
naked eye when blood, dirt, ink or grease on the finger come into contact with a smooth surface and leave
a friction ridge impression that is visible without development.

         Latent Prints - not apparent to the naked eye. They are

         formed from the sweat from sebaceous glands on the body or
         water, salt, amino acids and oils contained in sweat.
         They can be made sufficiently visible by dusting, fuming or
         chemical reagents.

         Impressed prints - also called plastic prints and are

         indentations left in soft pliable surfaces, such as clay,
         wax, paint or another surface that will take the impression.
         They are visible and can be viewed or photographed without
         development.

Types of Patterns
1. Arch  a. Plain Arch
              b. Tented Arch
2. Loop  a. Radial Loop
              b. Ulnar Loop
3. Whorl a. Plain Whorl
               b. Central Pocket Loop
               c. Double Loop
               d. Accidental Whorl

            Plain Arch - 1. Ridges enter upon one side

                                 2. Make a rise or wave in the center
                                 3. Flow or tend to flow out upon the
                                    opposite side.

            Tented Arch - Possesses an 1. Angle

                                                           2. Upthrust
                                                           3. Two of The Three basic
                                                               characteristics of the loop

            Ulnar loop - flow toward the little finger - ulna bone.

            Radial Loop - flow toward the thumb - radius bone.

            Plain Whorl - 1. Consists of one or more ridges which make

                             or tend to make a complete circuit
                          2. With 2 delta's
                          3. Between which, when an imaginary line is
                             drawn, at least one recurving ridge within
                             the inner pattern area is cut or touched.

            Central Pocket Loop - 1. Consists of at least one recurving

                                                    ridge or
                                                2. An obstruction at right angles to
                                                     the line of flow
                                                3. With 2 delta's
                                                4. Between which, when an imaginary
                                                    line is drawn, no recurving ridge
                                                    within the inner pattern area is
                                                    cut or touched.

            Double Loop - 1. Consists of two separate loop formations

                                    2. With two separate and distinct set of
                                        shoulders and
                                    3. Two delta's

            Accidental Whorl - 1. Consists of a combination of two

                                               different types of patterns with the
                                              exception of the plain arch
                                          2. With 2 or more delta's or
                                         3. A pattern which possesses some of the
                                             requirements for 2 or more different
                                             types or a pattern which conforms to
                                             none of the definitions.

 Personal Identification Reviewer 1

1. The abrupt end of a ridge.
      A. Ridge ending                                     
      B. Independent ridge   
      C. Ridge bifurcation   
      D. Island                                                              
                                                                        
2. A single ridge that divide into two ridges.
      A. Ridge ending                                     
      B. Bridge  
      C. Spur
      D. Ridge bifurcation                                        
                                                                                              
3. A Ridge that commences, travels a short distance and then ends.
      A. Ridge ending                                     
      B. Spur                                                 
      C. Short ridge
      D. Delta
                                                                        
4. A single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that is
    nor connected to all other ridges.
      A. Delta                                                        
      B. Spur                                                        
      C. Short ridge
      D. Island

5. A single ridge that bifurcates and reunites shortly afterwards

    to continue as a single ridge.
       A. Cross-over
       B. Ridge enclosure
       C. Independent ridge
       D. Island                                                                                                    
6. A bifurcation with short ridge branching off a longer ridge.
      A. Core                                                         
      B. Independent ridge                                   
      C. Spur 
      D. Delta                                                                                                
7. A short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.
      A. Bridge                                                 
      B. Short ridge                                   
      C. Ridge enclosure
      D. Ridge bifurcation                                                                                          
8. A Y shaped ridge meeting.
      A. Delta                                                        
      B. Cross-over                                              
      C. Core     
      D. Spur                                                                                           
9. A U turn in the ridge pattern.
      A. Delta                                                        
      B. Cross-over   
      C. Core
      D. Spur                                                                                                                                       
10.Major features of a fingerprint.
      A. Minutiae                                       
      B. Bridge  
      C. Divergence ridge    
      D. Cross-over                                                 
                                                                                               
Remember the following: Personal Identification

1. Ridge ending -The abrupt end of a ridge.

2. Ridge bifurcation - A single ridge that divide into two ridges.

3. Short ridge - A Ridge that commences, travels a short distance 

    and then ends. 
      
4. Island - A single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that 
    is nor connected to all other ridges.
   
5. Ridge enclosure - A single ridge that bifurcates and reunites 
    shortly afterwards  to continue as a single ridge.

6. Spur - A bifurcation with short ridge branching off a longer ridge.

7. Bridge -  A short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.

8. Delta -   A Y shaped ridge meeting.

9. Core - A U turn in the ridge pattern.

10.Minutiae - Major features of a fingerprint.

Personal Identification
1. Fingerprint
2. DNA
3. Forensic Anthropology
4. Facial reconstruction
5. Hair comparisons       

Answers: Personal Identification

1.   A
2.   D
3.   C
4.   D
5.   B
6.   C
7.   A
8.   A
9.   C
10. A

Personal Identification Reviewer 2

1. It is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the 
    finger print pattern.
        A. Fingerprint
        B. Fingerprint Identification
        C. Fingerprint Sensor
        D. Electronic Recording

2. It refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics 

    or traits.
        A. Fingerprint
        B. Fingerprint Identification
        C. Fingerprint Sensor
        D. Biometrics

3. A U-turn in the ridge pattern.

        A. Island
        B. Delta
        C. Bridge
        D. Core

4. A Y-shape ridge meeting.

        A. Delta
        B. Island
        C. Cross-over
        D. Core

5. A short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.

        A. Ridge Enclosure
        B. Bridge
        C. Ridge Ending
        D. Cross-over

6. A bifurcation with a short ridge branching off a longer ridge.

        A. Spur
        B. Ridge Bifurcation
        C. Ridge Enclosure
        D. Island

7. A single ridge that bifurcates and reunites shortly afterwards 

    to continue as a single ridge.
        A. Spur
        B. Ridge Bifurcation
        C. Ridge Enclosure
        D. Island

8. A single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that is 
    not connected to all other ridges.
        A. Ridge Ending
        B. Island
        C. Cross-over
        D. Spur

9. A ridge that commences, travels a short distance and then 

    ends.
        A. Short Ridge
        B. Ridge Ending
        C. Spur
        D. Cross-Over

10. Short Ridge is also known as

        A. Spur
        B. Bridge
        C. Island
        D. Independent Ridge

Answer:
 1.     C
2.     D
3.     D
4.     A
5.     B
6.     A
7.     C
8.     B
9.     A
10.   D

Personal Identification Reviewer 3

1. A bridge is also called
        A. Spur
        B. Island
        C. Independent Ridge
        D. Cross-Over

2. A single ridge that divides into two ridges.

        A. Cross-Over
        B. Delta
        C. Ridge Bifurcation
        D. Island

3. The abrupt end of a ridge.

        A. Ridge Ending
        B. Short Ridge
        C. Island
        D. Core

4. Major Features of a fingerprint, using which comparisons of one 

    print with another can be made.
        A. Minutiae
        B. Friction Ridge
        C. Latent Print
        D. Fingerprint Identification
5. A Short Ridge is also known as
        A. Spur
        B. Core
        C. Island
        D. Dots

6. Ridges which are significantly shorter than the average ridge 

    length on the fingerprint.
        A. Delta
        B. Dot
        C. Spur
        D. Bridge
 7. It is the point at which a ridge terminate.
        A. Core
        B. Island
        C. Delta
        D. Ridge Ending

8. Points at which a single ridge split into two ridges.

        A. Island
        B. Ridge Enclosure
        C. Bifurcation
        D. Bridge

9. The ridges enter from one side of the finger, rise in the center  
    forming an arch and then exit the other side of the finger.
        A. Loop
        B. Arch
        C. Whorl
        D. Accidental whorl

10. Ridges form circularly around a central point on the finger.

        A. Radial Loop
        B. Loop
        C. Arch
        D. Whorl
  

 Answer:

1.     D
2.     C
3.     A
4.     A
5.     D
6.     B
7.     D
8.     C
9.     B
10.   D

Personal Identification Reviewer 4

1. The Ridges enter from one side of a finger, form a curve and then 
    exit on that same side.
        A. Accidental Whorl
        B. Loop
        C. Arch
        D. Whorl
2. When is fingerprint ridges formed?
        A. First to second month of fetal development
        B. Second to third month of fetal development
        C. Third to fourth month of fetal development
        D. Fourth to fifth month of fetal development

3. It is the process of automatically matching one of many unknown 

    fingerprints against a database of known and unknown prints.
        A. Minutiae
        B. Automated Fingerprint Identification System - AFIS
        C. Exemplar
        D. Electric Recording

4. A basic fundamentals of fingerprints which says that fingerprint 

    never change.
        A. Individuality
        B. Permanence
        C. Static
        D. Variable

5. A basic fundamentals of fingerprint which says that no two 

    fingerprints are alike.
        A. Individuality
        B. Permanence
        C. Static
        D. Variable

6. One of the characteristics of a ridge, The point at which the 

    ridge terminate.
        A. Ridge Ending
        B. Bifurcation
        C. Dot
        D. Island

7. The Y-Shaped split of one ridge into two.

        A. Ridge Ending
        B. Bifurcation
        C. Dot
        D. Island

8. It refers to the feet and toes.

        A. Palmar
        B. Plantar
        C. Exemplar
        D. Latent 

9. It refers to fingers and palms.

        A. Palmar
        B. Plantar
        C. Exemplar
        D. Latent
 10. It is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger.
        A. Dermatoglyphics
        B. Latent Print
        C. Friction Ridge
        D. fingerprint
    
  

Answer:

1.     B
2.     C
3.     B
4.     B        
5.     A
6.     A
7.     B
8.     B
9.     A
10.   D

Personal Identification Definition of Terms

Accidental whorl -  relatively rare pattern having 3 or more deltas or all the characteristics of two or more different
pattern types (excluding the plain arch). This category is used to accommodate those patterns that do not conform
to any of the fingerprint patterns.

Adhesive lifter - any of a variety of adhesive coated materials or tapes used to lift fingerprints or footwear
impressions.They are primarily used to lift powdered impressions from non-pourous surfaces.

AFIS - (automated fingerprint identification system) enables computers to make rapid and accurate comparisons
between fingerprints and the vast number of fingerprints in police records.

Alternate light source - equipment used to produce visible and invisible light at various wavelengths to enhance or
visualize potential items of evidence.

Angle - results from two or more ridges converging with one another at a point.

Anthropometry - method of identification devised by Alphonse Bertillon in the late 19th century,consisting of a set
of body measurements thought to form a unique profile.

Arch - the ridges enter from one side of the finger,rise in the center forming an arc and then exit the other side of
the finger.

Argentina - became the first country to rely solely on fingerprints as a method of individualization.

Bartillonage - a method of classifying human beings by a set of detailed body measurements, invented by
Alphonse Bertillon, a clerk in the French Surete in 1883 but rendered obsolete by fingerprinting.
Bifurcation - (fork) a single ridge splitting or forking into two branches.

Biometrics - refers to the identification of humans by their physiological/behavioral characteristics.

Bridges - a connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges generally right angles.

Central pocket loop - a variation of the plain whorl pattern.Some ridges tend to form a loop pattern that recurves
and surround a whorl at the center.

Core - A u-turn in the ridge pattern.Approximate center of the pattern area.

Cross over/Bridge - a short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.

Cyanoacrylate fuming - important method for the visualization of latent fingerprints.Also called "super glue
fuming".

Delta - the nearest point nearest the typeline divergence,a characteristic junction in the looped ridge pattern seen in
the fingerprints of approximately 65% of people.The outer terminal point of the pattern nearest the type line
divergence.A Y-shape ridge meeting.

Dental records - a standard system for classifying a persons teeth according to distribution,displacement, and their
appearance together with any gaps or evidence of remedial work; useful for identifying bodies because of the
virtual indestructibility of the teeth.

Dermis - the layer of the skin just below the epidermis or outer layer.The dermis has a rich supply of blood
vessels,nerves, and skin structures.

Divergence - is the spreading a part of two ridges that have been running parallel or nearly parallel.

Diverging ridges - diverging ridges are parallel for some distance but then swing out away from each other.

DNA profile - consists of a set of DNA identification characteristics that permit the DNA of one person to be
distinguishable from that of another person.

Dot - a very short ridge and means exactly what the word implies.

Double loop - (twinned loop) another type of whorl.In it ,two separate loop formations are present and may
surround each other.

Enclosure,ridge - a single ridge that bifurcates and reunites shortly afterwards to continue as a single ridge.also
known as lakes.

Enhance - to develop or to bring out from a latent form.

Enlargement - a print made from a smaller negative or slide through magnification.

Epidermis - the outermost non vascular covering of the skin.

Femur - the thighbone which can be measured and used as a guide to the height of the person to whom it belong.

Fingerprint pattern type - formed by a series of lines corresponding to ridges (hills) and grooves (valleys) on the
skin of the fingertip.There are eight basic types of fingerprint patterns.
Fingerprint powder - a powder (silver,gray,black,red, or fluorescent) dusted on a latent print with a brush to
enhance or bring out the ridge details of a print.   

Fingerprint recognition/Fingerprint identification - refers to the automated method of verifying a match

between two human fingerprints.

Focal point - are found within most pattern areas, usually a delta and core.

Forensic odontology - the study of teeth,dentures,and bite marks for the purpose of obtaining criminal evidence or
identifying physical remains or the source of the bite wounds.

Friction ridge skin - skin on the soles of the feet,palms of the hands, and fingers of humans ans some primates
that form ridges and valleys.Friction ridge skin forms classifiable patterns on the end joint of the finger.

Horizontal plane - is the ridge directly below an up thrusting or angular ridge in tented arch pattern,the baseline
ridge enters the pattern may rise slightly and exits on the opposite side from which it enters.

Identikit - the first packaged system for reconstructing the appearance of a suspects face based on a wide choice of
drawings of facial features.

Iodine fumes - the oldest method for visualizing latent fingerprints at a crime scene.

Island - a single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that is not connected to all other ridges.

Langer's lines - structural orientation of the fibrous tissue of the skin that forms the natural cleavage line present
in all body areas but visible only in certain areas such as the creases of the palms.

Latent print - generally used to describe any type of print found at the scene of a crime or on evidence associated
with a crime.Latent prints are normally not visible.Some means of development is generally required for their
visualization.

Line of flow - imaginary line between the delta and core in the loop and whorl patterns.Line of flow is used to
determine sufficient recurve in patterns.

Loop - the ridges enter from one side of a finger,form a curve and then exit on the same side.

Major criminal prints - a recording of all of the friction ridge skin that covers the hands.Major criminal prints
include fingers,palms,tips of the fingers and middle joints of the finger on both sides.

Minutiae - the characteristics that make each fingerprint capable of being differentiated from any other print by a
different area of friction skin.Comparison of latent prints with known prints begins with the overall pattern.The
ridge detail of fingerprints including the ends of the ridges,their separations, and their relationships to one another
constitute the bases for fingerprint comparison.

Palmar zone - the elevated area just behind the fingers and above the center of the palm.This zone has no hair
follicles and thus, no apocrine or sebaceous glands.

Pattern area - is that part of the fingerprint impression used in the interpretation and classification of a finger.Is
that part of a loop or whorl in which appear the core,delta, and ridge.

Plain arch - the simplest pattern.The ridges enter on one side,rise to form a wave in the center and exit smoothly
on the opposite side.

Plain whorl - a pattern in which one or more ridges form a complete revolution  around the center.Whorls
generally have two or more deltas.

Plantar - pertaining to the sole of the foot.

Radial loop - a loop formed as part of a fingerprint pattern that opens toward the thumb, recurve and then exit on
the same side

Ridge count - is the number of ridges intervening between the delta and the core.

Ridge crossing - a point where two ridge units intersect.

Ridge ending - the point of the ridge's termination.It is considered an ending ridge only if it terminates within the
pattern area.

Rojas murder case - considered the first homicide solved by fingerprint evidence.

Short ridge - a relative term used to denote a ridge that is not as long as the average ridge in that specific print.

Spur - a bifurcation with a short ridge branching off a longer ridge.also known as hooks.

Tented arch - variation of the plain arch.Ridges at the center are thrust upward in a more abrupt manner similar to
the appearance of a tent pole.

Tibia - the shin bone, often used as guide for calculating a persons height.

Tracings - are used to breakdown whorl patterns into smaller sub-groupings.

Trifurcation - one single ridge splitting into three-pronged fork-shaped pattern.

Typelines - the two innermost ridges that surround or tend to surround the pattern area.The pattern area of a loop
surrounded by two diverging ridges.

Ulnar  loop - a pattern in which one or more ridges enter on the side toward the little finger, re-curve and then exit
toward the same side.

Visible print - sometimes referred to as a patent print.Made by fingers stained with colored materials such as
blood,ink,paint,grease, or dirt.

Whorls - fingerprint pattern where the ridges turn through at least one complete circuit.Ridges form circularly
around a central point of the finger.