Chapter - 10 Gravitation: Connect@gkacads - in

CHAPTER – 10
GRAVITATION
Gravity is one of the most basic forces in the universe. It plays a fundamental role not only in the
structure of our solar system but also in the way objects behave on Earth.
Gravitation
Gravitation is the force of attraction between two objects in the universe. Gravitation may be the
attraction of objects by the earth.
This force is proportional to the product of masses of the objects and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them. It is independent of medium.
Eg :- If a body is dropped from a certain height, it falls downwards due to earth’s gravity. If a body is
thrown upwards, it reaches a certain height and then falls downwards due to the earth’s gravity.
Gravitation may be the attraction between objects in outer space.
Eg :- Attraction between the earth and moon.
Attraction between the sun and planets.
A natural force that pulls all objects toward the centre of the earth keeps the moon orbiting
It holds stars together and binds galaxies together for billions of years
Prevents Planets from losing their atmospheres.
Universal law of gravitation:

The universal law of gravitation states that, ‘Every object in the universe attracts every other object
with a force which is directly proportional to product of the masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.’
Consider two bodies having masses m1 and m2 whose centres are at a distance the from each other
Then, the force between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses
Fα m1m2
And the force between two bodies is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
F α 1/d2
Combining the two we get
Fα m1m2/d2
F = G m1m2/d2
Where G is universal gravitational constant whose value is 6.67 x 10-11 The SI unit of G is Nm2/kg2
The strength of the gravitational attraction between two objects depends on two factors:
a. How big the objects are (how much mass they have) and
b. How far apart they are.
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Exercise 1
1. Why is newton’s law of gravitation called as universal law?
2. Name what is the numerical value of G and its SI unit.
3. What is the force of gravity between the earth and the mass of 20 cagey placed on its surface?
4. Name the source of centripetal force that the moon requires to revolve around the earth if the
distance between masses of two objects is increased by five times.
5. By what factor would the mass of one of them have to be changed to maintain the same
gravitational force would there be an increase or a decrease in the same?
Free Fall
When an object falls freely only under influence of Earth’s gravity, then its called free fall. Falling
objects can be considered freely falling. Objects of different shapes accelerate differently (stone vs
feather)
The acceleration produced in objects due to earth’s gravity is called acceleration due to gravity. The
acceleration due to gravity is denoted by g. The unit of g is same as the unit of acceleration.
To calculate the value of” g (acceleration due to gravity)
From the second law of motion, force is the product of mass and acceleration. F = ma
For free fall, force is the product of mass of object m and acceleration due to gravity.
F=mg or F = GMm/R2
g=GM/R2
where M is the mass of the Earth and d is the distance between the object and the earth.
For objects near or on the surface of the earth d is equal to the radius of the earth R
Mass and Weight:

Mass is a fundamental, universal property. It is scalar qty. Its SI unit is kg. You have the same
amount of mass no matter where you are in the Universe.
Weight is not fundamental its value depends on circumstances in the Universe. Weight is a force. It is
the resultant gravitational force exerted on a body with mass m by all the other bodies on the
Universe. It is vector qty. Its SI unit is N.
Weight = mg
Weight Of The Object On Moon
The mass of the moon is less than the mass of the earth. So the moon exerts lesser force on the objects
than the earth.. The weight of an object on the moon is one sixth of its weight on the earth. The weight
of an object on the earth is the force with which the earth attracts the object and the weight of an bject
on the moon is the force with which the moon attracts the object.
Exercise 2
1. A body of mass 10 Kg is taken to the centre of the earth. What will be its mass there?

2. How is weight related to Mars is weight of a body constant
3. What will the weight of an object of mass 175 KG be at the centre of the earth?
4. Mithali weight 750 N on the Earth. On the planet Mars the force of gravity is 38% of that of
the Earth. How much will Mithali weigh on Mars?
5. Weight of a girl on the earth surface is 66 N find out her weight on the moon.
Thrust & Pressure
Thrust is the force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface. Pressure is the force acting on unit
area of a surface The SI unit of pressure is N/m2. It is called Pascal (Pa).
Fluids exert pressure in all directions. Pressure exerted on fluids is transmitted equally in all
directions.
Buoyancy
When an object is immersed in a fluid it experiences an upward force called buoyant force. This
property is called buoyancy or upthrust.
Why objects float or sink when placed on the surface of water?

Take some water in a beaker. Take a piece of cork and an iron nail of the same mass.Place them on the
water. The cork floats and the nail sinks.If the density of an object is less than the density of a liquid, it
will float on the liquid and if the density of an object is more than the density of a liquid, it will sink in
the liquid.
Archimedes Principle
Archimedes’ principle states that, When a body is partially or fully immersed in a fluid it experiences
an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.’
Relative density
The relative density of a substance is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. It
is a ratio of similar quantities and has no unit.

CHAPTER – 13
Why do we fall ill?
” Health” is a state of being well enough to function well physically, mentally, and socially.
” Disease” (disturbed ease) means being uncomfortable. One or more systems of the body will change,
give rise to “Symptoms” (Cough, loose motions, pus formation, headache, fever, breathlessness,
vomiting, fits, unconsciousness, inflammation, swelling and general effects - a doctor look for the basis
of symptoms).
Exercise 1
1. Define the term health.
2. Give the full form of WHO.
3. Give one significance of good health.
4. Why is social harmony needed for a person to achieve good health?
5. What is a disease?
6. Using a point of difference, state how being healthy is different from being disease free?
Diseases are basically two types- Acute Disease & Chronic Disease.
Acute Disease: The disease which lasts for only a short period of time is called Acute Disease
Ex. Common Cold.
Chronic Disease: The disease which lasts for long period of time is called Chronic Disease Ex.
Tuberculosis.
Acute Disease Chronic Disease
They are short duration disease They are long lasting disease
Patient recovers completely after the cure Patient does not recover completely
There is no loss of weight or feeling of tiredness There is often loss of weight of feeling of
afterward tiredness
There is short duration loss of work and There is a prolonged loss of work and efficiency
efficiency
Causes of Diseases: Most of the diseases have many causes, rather than one single cause, like unclean
water, nourishment, genetic differences, genetic abnormalities etc..
Exercise 2
1. What helps a physician to confirm a disease?
2. When compared to an acute disease patient, a chronic disease patient recovers after a long
time. Is it true? Give one reason.
3. State the relation between inadequate diet and health, with an example.
4. Define the term genetic disorders.
5. Name the diseases which spread to healthy people after coming in contact with a sick person.
6. Name the type of disease that remain restricted only to a particular person.
Based on the cause's diseases are of two types: Non-Infectious Diseases and Infectious Diseases.
Non-Infectious Diseases: Not caused by infectious agents, mostly internal and non- infectious
cause. Ex. Cancer

Infectious Diseases: Caused by infectious agents.
Type Of Diseases:
Bacterial diseases - Typhoid, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Acne, Anthrax,
Viral diseases - Common Cold, Influenza, Dengue fever, AIDS, Japanese encephalitis or brain fever
Fungal diseases: Skin diseases
Protozoan diseases -Malaria ( Plasmodium), Kalaazar (Leishmania), Sleeping sickness
( Trypanosomes)
Worm diseases - Ascariasis ( Round worm), Elephantiasis( Wuchereria )
The infectious diseases spread by agents are called as Communicable Diseases.
Type of Disease, Example
1. Air borne Diseases - Pneumonia, common cold, Tuberculosis;
2. Water borne diseases - Cholera, hepatitis
3. Sexual Diseases - HIV, Syphilis
4. Animal born Disease - Rabbis. *(Vector- the animal carrying infectious agent from a sick person to
another potential host without getting affected Ex. Mosquitocarrying Malaria Parasite)
Exercise 3
1. Name any two infectious diseases
2. give example of one antibiotic that can work against any species of bacteria
3. name any two ways by which microorganisms can find entry into human body
4. which female mosquito feeds on blood of warm-blooded animals like human beings
5. Keeping in mind about the property of organ specific diseases mentioned the location of the
microbes when they enter through nose mouth and sexual contact respectively
6. A person complains of frequent headache vomiting and becomes unconscious frequently
which organ is most likely to be affected Rick Stein system of body human clear factor during
the term in robes with a number of my own body
7. Do you agree that the severity of disease manifestations indirectly depends on the number of
microbes in the body answered simply yes or no
Principles of Treatment
Antibiotics- many bacteria make a cell wall to protect themselves, the antibiotic (Penicillin) blocks the
bacterial process that builds cell wall and blocks the biochemical pathways. Antibiotics do not work
against viral infections. Antiviral medicine is harder than making Antibacterial medicine because Virus
has only few biochemical mechanisms of their own. Other medicines bring down fever, reduce pain or
loose motions. We can take bed rest to conserve energy.
Principles of Prevention:
Following three limitations are normally confronted while treating an infectious disease:
 Once someone has disease, their body functions are damaged and may never recover
completely.
 Treatment will take time, which means that someone suffering from a disease is likely to be
bedridden for some time even if we can give proper treatment.

 The person suffering from an infectious disease can serve as the source from where the infection
may spread to other people.
General ways of preventing infectious disease

• Air-borne – We can prevent exposure by providing living condition that are not over crowded.
• Water-borne – prevent by providing safe drinking water. This is done by treating the water to
kill any microbial contamination.
• Vector-borne – We can provide clean environment, which would not allow mosquito breeding.
• Proper nutrition is essential to maintain body immunity. There are vaccines against tetanus,
diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, polio and many other diseases.
Prevention of disease is better than cure. Hygiene is the basic key to maintain good health.
Vaccination is another way to prevent the disease in which killed microbes are introduced into
the body to develop antibodies and can prevent occurrence of disease during actual entry of
disease-causing microbes.
Exercise 4
1. What are the two principles for treating infectious diseases
2. Why antiviral medicines are difficult to make than antibacterial medicines give one reason
3. Right to limitations to be kept in mind while treating an infectious disease
4. What are the practises to prevent airborne microbes
5. State the major practise one should adopt in order to reduce vector borne microbes
6. Name one severe infectious disease that represents the failure of the immune system
7. What is the basic principle of immunocyte immunity immunisation
8. Give me two different differences between immunisation and vaccination
9. Hepatitis A vaccine was given to a child of eight years. Will it be helpful? Give reason.

CHAPTER – 3
Atoms and Molecules
Laws of Chemical Combination
Limitation of “Law of definite proportion”

This law does not hold good when the compound is obtained by using different
isotopes of the combining elements.
John Daltons Atomic Theory
The main postulates of Deltans Dalton's atomic Theory
• Every matter is made up of very small particles called the atoms.
• Atoms are indivisible particles which can neither be created nor be destroyed
in a chemical reaction.
• Atoms of a given element are identical in mass as well as in chemical
properties.
• Atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties .
• Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds
• The relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.
Using his theory, Dalton rationalized the various laws of chemical combination
which were in existence at that time. However, he assumed that the simplest
compound of two elements must be binary.
Exercise 1
1. If 100 g of calcium carbonate on heating produces 44 g of carbon dioxide how
much quicklime will be formed which law is followed for solving this
problem? [Ans=56g, Law of conservation of mass]
2. Which law states that in a chemical compound element always combine in a
fixed proportion?

3. 20 g silver nitrate solution is added to 20 gramme of sodium chlorid solution
what change in mass do you expect after the reaction and why?
4. In a given sample of ammonia 9 gramme hydrogen and 42 g nitrogen are
present in another sample 5 gramme hydrogen is present along with nitrogen
calculate the amount of nitrogen in the second sample. [Ans=23.33g]
5. Why definition of atom given by Dalton is no longer valid?
3. Atoms, Molecules, Ions & Chemical Formula
Atom
An atom is the smallest particle of an element which can take part in a chemical
reaction. It may or may not exist freely.
↓
Each atom of an element shows all the properties of the element.
Molecule
The smallest particle of matter (element or compound) which can exist in a free
state.
↓
The properties of a substance are the properties of its molecules.
• MOLECULES OF ELEMENT: The molecules of an element are constituted by
the same type of atoms. [Homoatomic molecule]
• MOLECULES OF COMPOUND: Atoms of different elements join together in
definite proportions to form molecules of compounds. (Hetero atomic
molecules). [Heteroatomic molecule]
• ATOMICITY: The number of atoms contained in a molecule of a substance
(element or compound) is called its atomic
Element Formula Atomicity
Ozone O3 3
Phosphorus P4 4
Sulphur S8 8
Oxygen O2 2
• Based upon atomicity molecules can be classified as follows.
• Monoatomic molecules: Noble gases helium, neon and argon exist as He
Ne and Ar respectively.
Diatomic molecules:
H2,O2,N2,Cl2,CO,HCl.
Triatomic molecules:
O3,CO2,NO2

SYMBOLS
• The abbreviation used to represent an element is generally the first letter in
capital of the English name of element.
Oxygen → O Nitrogen → N
• When the names of two or more elements begin with the same initial letter,
the initial letter followed by the letter appearing later in the name is used to
symbolize the element
Barium → Ba Bismuth → Bi
Symbols of some elements are derived from their Latin names
ELEMENT LATIN NAME SYMBOL
Sodium Natrium Na
Copper Cuprum Cu
Potassium Kalium K
Iron Ferrum Fe
Mercury Hydragyrum Hg
Tungsten Wolfram W
Exercise 2
1. Why is it necessary to use symbol for the elements next line
2. What is wrong in the following symbols give the correct symbol in each case
1) Sodium (So)
2) Hydrogen (Hg)
3) Copper (Co)
4) Sulphur (s)
5) Calcium (CA)
3. Name any two elements who symbols do not start with the same letter as that of the name of
the element
4. Why the symbols of few elements like sodium do not start with the initial letter of the name
5. What is the difference between 2CL and Cl2? Which one of these two forms exists in nature?
also give the atomic mass of this element.
Polyatomic Ion: A group of atoms carrying a charge is as polyatomic ion.

E.g.
NH4+−Ammonium ion:CO32-−Carbonate ion
Valency: The number of electrons which an atom can lose, gain or share to form a
bond.
OR

It is the combining capacity of an atom of the element.
• Chemical Formula: A chemical formula is a short method of representing
chemical elements and compounds.
Writing a Chemical Formula -CRISS-CROSS rule
RULE: All subscripts must be reduced to lowest term (except for molecule)
Exercise 3
1. How an ion is different from an atom? How cation is different from an
anion?
2. Predict the total number of atoms in each case
a) Calcium phosphate
b) hydrogen sulphide
c) magnesium bromide
d) sodium oxide
e) aluminium hydroxide
3. Give symbol a valency of the following ions hydroxide iron carbonate iron
4. What is the role of valency in the combination of atoms?

5. An element X forms type compound what is the formula of its phosphate
and chloride?
6. Right the formula of the following compounds
1)Magnesium sulphate
2)sodium bromide
3)calcium chloride
4)potassium nitrate
5)sodium phosphate
Mole Concept
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary
entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
The Avogadro constant is named after the early nineteenth century Italian
scientist Amedeo Avogadro.
GRAM MOLECULAR MASS

Gram molecular mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a molecular
substance.
Ex: The molecular mass of
N2 is 28, so the gram molecular mass of N2 is 28 g.
ATOMIC MASS UNIT
An atomic mass unit or amu is one twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of
carbon-12. It is a unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular
masses.
Also Known As: Unified Atomic Mass Unit (u).
MOLECULAR MASS: A number equal to the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms
in a molecule. The molecular mass gives the mass of a molecule relative to that of
the 12 C atom, which is taken to have a mass of 12.
Examples: The molecular mass of C2H6 is approximately 30 or [(2 × 12) + (6 × 1)] .
Therefore, the molecule is about 2.5 times as heavy as the 12C atom or about the
same mass as the NO atom with a molecular mass of 30 or (14 +16).

Formula unit mass
It is the sum of atomic masses of all atoms present in a formula unit of a
compound. Formula unit mass is calculated in the same manner as we calculate the
molecular mass.
Molar Mass & Avogadro Constant


Exercise 4:
1. How formula unit mass is different from molecule are mass?
2. Which one is larger quantity molar mass or molecular mass? Explain.
3. Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds
i) MgO ii) Na2CO3 iii) Ca(OH)2 iv) Al2(SO4)3
4. Predict the mass possessed by a certain number of oxygen atoms which is equal to the number
of molecules present in one gramme of hydrogen gas? [8g]
5. Calculate the number of sodium ions that are present in 212 g of sodium carbonate. [2.4 x
10^24]


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CHAPTER – 10

Universal law of gravitation:

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Mass and Weight:

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Why objects float or sink when placed on the surface of water?

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

General ways of preventing infectious disease

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Limitation of “Law of definite proportion”

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Polyatomic Ion: A group of atoms carrying a charge is as polyatomic ion.

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

GRAM MOLECULAR MASS

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

Gandhi Knowledge Academy, Sector-11, Rohini Mob:9891566028

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