Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report

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Date: Wednesday, November 17, 2021

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CLAMSHELLS Concrete and its precursor, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is the most
used building material in the construction industry. Clamshell concrete has properties
such as density, water absorption, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength. In
this experiment, they have concluded that seashell concrete with 6% of clamshell ash as
replacement of OPC is known as the optimum replacement percentage.

(Ong, B.P., et. al., 2019) Snail and clamshells are waste materials from Snail and Clam
after removing the edible part. They are often dumped as waste to the environment and
cause environmental pollution. Snail shell, Clamshell, and Snail/Clamshell mixtures
became a partial substitute for cement in this work because of their pozzolan nature.

The results revealed that the Snail-Clam mix mortar mold had higher comprehensive
strength than the snail or clamshell molds at partial replacements by weight. (Ketebu, O.,
et. al., 2017) Marine shell debris has grown in popularity as recycled material for a wide
range of construction projects. When processed into shell ash cement, it may be usable
in concrete projects in place of or in combination with Portland cement. Binag, N.

(2017) observed there is a need for frequent quality monitoring of the products. Other
local government units and their constituents, or communities with an abundant supply
of shells, should establish a collection of shell wastes that can be negotiated with the
cement industry.

They should develop their local production of shell wastes whose ash can be blended
with cement for consumption or start-up business. (Binag, N., 2017) When the shells of
aquatic animals (oyster, mussel, and mollusk) undergo pulverization, they can be a
partial substitute for Portland cement. Pulverized shells can also be usable in masonry
cement mortar due to their similar physical, chemical, and mechanical properties,
particularly their workability, specific gravity, and compressive strength.

For recommendations, the cement industry and local government entities with a surplus
of shells establish innovative recycling processes through laws. (Binag, N., 2016)
MASONRY CEMENT MORTARS & MORTAR ADDITIVES An article was published by
Deboucha, W., et. al. (2021), on the tensile & bonding properties of a novel
mortar-based composite made up of mineral additives, mixed cement mortar, and a
stainless-steel grid with three mineral additives (silica fume, fly ash, and blast furnace
slag). The produced mortar has mechanical properties comparable to standard mortars
without additions.

They have found that for mortar formulations containing mineral additives such as fly
ash or blast furnaces slag, adequate adherence between constituents was obtained.
(Deboucha, W., et. al., 2021) In the experiment conducted by Hamdy, G., et. al. (2019),
they employed lime, silica fume (SF), and polypropylene fibers (PPF) as an addition to
mortar mix and constructed ten samples to study their impact on the mechanical
qualities of brickwork subjected to severe environmental conditions.

The bond strength for mortar with polypropylene fibers (PPF) additions was substantially
greater after six months for all percentages compared to the bond strength after 28
days, demonstrating superior long-term bond strength by employing PPF as an additive.
They concluded that for all the experimented mortar types, the brick-mortar tensile
bond strength after six months was 2–4 times higher than the values after 28 days
depending on mortar composition and exposure conditions, demonstrating the
development of bond with age. (Hamdy, G., et. al.,

2019) RELATED STUDIES CLAMSHELLS Seashells have a strong potential for use as a
partial cement substitute and filler in concrete. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in them
is more than 90% and is like that found in the limestone dust used in Portland cement
production. Seashell ash could be produced as a cement-like material where the particle
size will be the same or finer than cement.

It could also reduce environmental impact by using different types of a seashell to

eliminate environmental waste. (Mohammad, W.A.S.B.W., et. al., 2017) The experimental
study of Tayeh, B., et. al. (2019) introducing seashell ash lowered the early compressive
strength of concrete. The compressive strength rose with age due to calcium oxide
hydration, but it remained lower than in control samples, particularly at high
percentages of replacement.
They determined that concrete containing seashell ash had acceptable strengths for a
variety of structural and plastering purposes. Furthermore, employing shells in concrete
benefits waste reduction and environmental sustainability. (Tayeh, B., et. al.,2019)
MASONRY CEMENT MORTARS & MORTAR ADDITIVES The experimental study of Gupta,
S., et. al.

(2018) used biochar as an additive in cement mortar as it is considered an efficient

method of carbon dioxide sequestration. Their research sought to improve the
mechanical strength and decrease the permeability of cement mortar. The application of
saturate biochar causes carbonation, which impacts the development of porosity and
mortar strength. (Gupta, S., et. al.,

2018) Calcium-rich additions can be employed; however, further research is required to

establish the ideal quantity. In the future, the use of nanoparticles will broaden the
range of geopolymer materials used in general buildings. Mineral admixtures can be
used in combinations as hybrid admixtures to improve the characteristics of geopolymer
paste, mortar, and concrete.

The research was particularly concerned with the influence of mineral admixtures on the
characteristics of fly ash-based geopolymer mortar and concrete. (Jindal, B., 2019) In
construction, mortars are building materials that fill the spaces between the blocks of a
structure; these materials typically comprise fine aggregates, a binder, and water. Wood
ash was used as a partial substitute for lime and experimented with by Arcenal, K., et. al.

(2019) to eliminate waste in the environment and help become a more practical building
material. The addition of wood ash significantly altered the air content, beginning and
final setting times, 7- and 28-day compressive strengths of the mixed mortars,
according to the study. (Arcenal, K., et. al.,2019)

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