Project Report

COURSE TITLE: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (CLE2020)

PROJECT TITLE: USE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN COLLECTION

OF WASTE

“The recklessness of the previous and current generations by gobbling up gleaming ideas
of blatant consumerism and thoughtless usage will lead to the extinction of the human
race.”

Efforts by:

18BCL0167 - SHUBHAM AGRAWAL

18BCL0050 - UTKARSH JAISWAL
18BCL0008 - R.RANJITH
18BCL0176 - K REVANTH KUMAR
18BCL0061 - ADITYA BAHADUR PAL
18BCL0133 - ABHISHEK MISHRA
18BCL0128 - MIRAN ALTAMASH

In Guidance of:

Prof. Bhaskar Das

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 CERTIFICATE-

This is to certify that the project report entitled “USE OF NEW

TECHNOLOGIES IN COLLECTION OF WASTE” submitted by
18BCL0167 - SHUBHAM AGRAWAL
18BCL0050 - UTKARSH JAISWAL
18BCL0008 - R.RANJITH
18BCL0176 - K REVANTH KUMAR
18BCL0061 - ADITYA BAHADUR PAL
18BCL0133 - ABHISHEK MISHRA
18BCL0128 - MIRAN ALTAMASH

to Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, in partial

fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering is a record of bona
fide work carried out by them under my guidance. The project
fulfils the requirements as per the regulations of this Institute
and in my opinion meets the necessary standards for
submission. The contents of this report have not been
submitted and will not be submitted either in part or in full, for
the award of any other degree or diploma and the same is
certified.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT-

We find immense pleasure in expressing our profound gratitude

and thanks to our guide Prof. BHASKAR DAS for his invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement and keen interest in the
progress and completion of this work. He has always been most
willing to spend his valuable time for discussion. The discussions
were always enjoyable as well as his comments have been
extremely valuable. We learned a lot from the discussion. He has
associated with us as a friend, philosopher and advisor. We
would like to thank our HODs and Dean for providing all the
infrastructure facilities to carry out our project successfully.

18BCL0167 - SHUBHAM AGRAWAL

18BCL0050 - UTKARSH JAISWAL
18BCL0008 - R.RANJITH
18BCL0176 - K REVANTH KUMAR
18BCL0061 - ADITYA BAHADUR PAL
18BCL0133 - ABHISHEK MISHRA
18BCL0128 - MIRAN ALTAMASH

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

TOPICS PAGE NUMBER

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 5

CONVENTIONAL METHODS 6

NEW METHODS 8

TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN WASTE 10

COLLECTION WAYS
GROUNDBREAKING WASTE 12
MANAGEMENT
LITERATURE REVIEWS 15

SMART COLLECTION SYSTEMS 25

BUSINESS MODEL 26

STARTUP COST 27

PRODUCT AND SERVICE 28

FINANCIAL SUMMARY 30

MARKET ANALYSIS 33

SWOT ANALYSIS 35

SALES FORCAST 36

LOCATION AND FACILITIES 37

FINANCIAL PLAN 39

ENTRY AND EXIT STRATERGY 41

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AIM AND OBJECTIVES
• The main objective is to analyse the new technologies available for
waste collection through which we can provide an efficient solution to
the problem of waste accumulation and use of those technologies in
the world now.
• Comparing the conventional methods with new innovative
technologies.

• The project is aimed to generate alerts and assist the waste dumping
authorities for regular and proper waste collection from garbage bins
through our proposed technological product.

• Doing literature reviews of different research papers available

• Our aim is also to create a new start up business by providing a

unique and smart garbage collection system. Our objective is to
utilise this unique garbage collection mechanism for creating a
service- based business.

CONVENTIONAL METHODS
1. Landfill-A landfill is a carefully designed structure built into or on
top of the ground, in which trash is separated from the area around
it.

2. Incinerator-An incinerator is a furnace for burning waste. Many

paper and pulp mills incorporate them into their pollution mitigation
systems. Incineration involves the high-efficiency combustion of
certain solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes.

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 Fig. Landfill Fig. Incinerator

3. composting-Composting is a natural biological process, carried out

under controlled aerobic conditions (requires oxygen). In this process,
various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, break down organic
matter into simpler substances.

4. Pyrolysis- Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials at

elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. It involves a change of
chemical composition and is irreversible.

Fig. Composting Fig. Pyrolysis

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THE NEED FOR INNOVATE MANAGEMENT

• Rapid development and industrialization

• Increase in population

• Increase in waste generation

• Many landfill sites reaching capacity

• New types of waste such as e-waste or WEEE becoming new threats

• dumped by developed nations in developing nations; violation of

human rights

• Price of land significantly increase

• Increase in pollution due to harmful emissions and contaminated and

littered water bodies

NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

1. LANDFILL BIOREACTOR- Controlled land filling' process

a) controlled additions of liquid and

leachate recirculation

b) accelerates the decomposition process

of waste

c) enhances the growth of the microbes

responsible for waste decomposition

d) covered with plastic membrane to

prevent escape of land fill gas

e) Reliable energy generation

f) reduced pollution threat; reduction of greenhouse gas emissions

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2. MICROWAVE PLASMA GASIFICATION-

a) organic and other waste heated by microwaves- heavily ionises;

forms plasma cloud

b) organic substances are combusted and transformed into a syngas;

gas

c) provides enough energy to power microwaves

d) metals, glass and minerals not gasifiable; melted into an inert slag
residue

e) recyclable by-product; building material; very light; modulable

f) 60% more efficient; can produce diesel from waste; produce 70%
diesel as a by-product

3. PLASTIC DEGRADING BACTERIA-

• Strains of bacteria capable of breaking down plastics into

biodegradable polymers

• Isolated from soil samples collected from recycling plants

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 • Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) synthesized by bacteria in high
carbon sources or nutrients e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur,
oxygen

Application of GIS in Solid Waste Management- GIS

 Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to input, store, retrieve,

manipulate, analyze and output geographically referenced data.
 In order to support decision making for planning
and management of land use, natural resources, environment,
transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative records.

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4 WAYS TECHNOLOGY IS INNOVATING WASTE
MANAGEMENT

No matter what industry you’re in, new technology is eventually going to

come along and change the way business is done. That’s why all of us here
at Lakeshore Recycling Systems pay attention to the latest advances and
newest tech industry. These efforts help us deliver the best possible
services to our customers here in the Chicagoland area. Let’s take a closer
look at some of the ways that technology is innovating in the waste
management sector.
TURNING WASTE INTO ENERGY

One of the biggest innovations coming to the waste management industry is the
ability to turn waste into actual power. Instead of sitting in a landfill, certain
types of waste can simply be converted into energy. New machinery known as
“digesters” can take the waste and the biogas it produces and turn it into energy
that can be used on site. This kind of technology can be used on a variety of
waste, including food, animal waste, agricultural leftovers, and more.

Thermal conversion is another new technology that can be used to convert waste
into specialty products. This process takes some cues from natural geothermal
processes that use heat and pressure to turn useless materials into useful
products. It could be used to turn waste into chemicals, fertilizes, oils, and other
things that could give your waste another life.

Some landfill gas can even be converted into energy. This kind of gas would
normally be released or flared, but now it can be turned into energy with the aid
of some new technology. Bioreactors, microturbine technology, and even fuel
cells can now be used to do something useful with waste. (Note: Lakeshore
Recycling Systems does not own landfills)

NEW WAYS TO RECYCLE PRECIOUS METALS

So many products and industries require the use of precious metals. Because
these minerals are so useful, they can be rather expensive. These materials,

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which include platinum, palladium, and iridium, can be used as catalysts in a
wide variety of industries, including the automotive and chemical sectors.

New methodologies like plasma arc recycling can help our society meet rising
demands for these materials. This tech can recover a vast majority of the
platinum metal found in a vehicle or other object by using a super-hot plasma
torch. Instead of mining for new ore, we can just reuse these materials and give
them a second life.

ADVANCES IN ROUTE EFFICIENCY

While it’s not as cool as creating energy from waste or using plasma lasers, some
technology has helped waste removal companies, like ours, optimize routes and
improve efficiency. Advanced software has made it easier to plan out routes that
can efficiently guide waste collecting trucks. This not only makes it easier to
collect the waste and recycling materials that need to be collected. It also makes
collection more fuel-efficient and reduces energy usage.
NEW COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY

New sensors can let waste management companies know that bins are full and
need to be serviced. New types of screening technology can sort through
recyclables quickly and efficiently, which takes the work out of the hands of
consumers and encourage higher recycling rates. At Lakeshore Recycling
Systems, we’ll keep incorporating the latest technology into our waste disposal
and recycling efforts to make sure that we’re delivering the best services to our
customers and doing our part to preserve the environment.

Here are six of the most groundbreaking waste management

technologies

1. Monitor Waste With OnePlus Systems

The OnePlus Metro from OnePlus Systems is an ultrasonic trash can sensor
that lets you know how full your waste container is at all times. And the
Wasteforce Platform allows you to easily monitor the capacity of your
container from anywhere, providing detailed analytics to help your
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business or organization track your waste. Having complete visibility of
your container can help to reduce the costs that come with overfilling a
dumpster. This data can also help reduce fuel emissions by optimizing
trash pickup schedules.

2. Streamline Trash Pickups With Ecube Labs

Operating all over the world, including North and South America, Europe
and the Middle East, Ecube Labs is an innovative company providing eco-
friendly waste technology for various sectors. Their solar-powered trash
compactor – CleanCUBE – can hold up to eight times more garbage
compared to non-compacting bins, reducing collection frequency up to 80
percent. Their ultrasonic fill-level sensor – CleanFLEX – helps waste
management companies increase collection efficiency by up to 50 percent.

Other smart waste technologies from Ecube Labs include an integrated

fleet management tracker and CleanCityNetworks, a cloud platform that
combines waste container monitoring, route optimization, data analytics
and fill-level forecasting.

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3. Track Your Trash With Compology

Based in San Francisco, CA, Compology provides image-based trash can

sensors that automatically monitor fullness and contents. On top of that,
the device features GPS tracking to help optimize driver routes and fuel
efficiency along with tilt monitoring, which records when a container gets
picked up and put down.

This smart waste technology system allows roll-off haulers to manage

container inventory, build better routes and even accept orders through
automated text messages. And for front-load haulers, the software
automatically determines which containers need service each day, then
schedules routes and evenly distributes jobs to drivers.

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4. Recycle Electronics at ecoATM Gazelle Kiosks

With over 2,800 kiosks in malls, large retailers and grocery stores across
the U.S., ecoATM offers instant payment for old electronic devices. This
smart waste collection system is a convenient option for managing e-waste,
helping divert more than 14 million smartphones and tablets from landfills.
Simply bring your old devices to the kiosk nearest you and your device will
be properly recycled or refurbished for resale.

Consumers looking to trade in devices can receive a quote based on the

condition and type of gadget. And if you’re looking to purchase, Gazelle’s
online marketplace offers great deals on gently used electronics.

5. Trash Smarter With EvoEco

Next on the list of fancy garbage cans is the EvoBin from EvoEco. This
smart waste bin tells you which items should be composted, trashed or
recycled at your organization. As objects are tossed into the bin, a scale
system detects the change in weight and triggers a customizable message
that slides, scrolls or pops onto the screen. The content can be modified to
show items that are typically tossed at your specific venue. This smart
waste system offers a dynamic, educational experience designed to reward
users for responsible waste disposal.

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6. Let Your Trash Sort Itself With Bin-E

Bin-E is a smart waste container that automatically recognizes, sorts and

compresses waste using a camera, sensors and artificial intelligence. Once
the device identifies the material, shape and color of the waste, it is
distributed into the appropriate bin within the container – plastics, paper
or glass. After that, the waste is compressed so the total volume can be up
to five times less. Once full, this self-sorting waste bin automatically notifies
your trash collection company. This allows for collection routes to be
optimized for improved fuel efficiency.

Not only does Bin-E solve the problem of improper waste sorting, but it
also tracks and sends data about the collected waste to an integrated cloud.
Your business can then use this information to identify consumer
consumption patterns and determine more eco-friendly product options.

LITERATURE REVIEW
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1. IOT Based Smart Garbage alert system using Wireless sensor
network for Environmental hygiene :Aug 2019,V.Malini,
M.Hemalatha
This paper deals with the use of smart technologies in SWM . In a
Fast-growing world, garbage management is one of the biggest
problem. In India to dispose the scrap materials there are many
methodologies are available for handling the process and managing
it. Still the major issue found was the waste in the street bins were
spillover and uncollected at right time. The proposed solution focus
on the method to monitor the street bins and send a message to the
respective authorities automatically. Monitoring the Street bins can
be possible by using level sensors and temperature sensor. WSN
(Wireless Sensor Network) technology is used to read these sensors
and send a message to respective authorities to take an action. While
drizzling the level sensor will sense the rain and close the garbage
bin automatically.

2. A GIS based model for the optimisation of municipal solid waste

collection: the case study of Nikea, Athens, Greece
In this study a methodology for the optimization of the waste
collection and transport system, based on GIS, was developed. A
model in ArcGIS Network Analyst was developed in order to improve
the efficiency of WC&T via the reallocation of waste collection bins
and the optimization of vehicle routing in terms of distance and time
travelled. Two scenarios were compared with the current empirical
collection scheme: S1-collection vehicle routing optimisation, and S2-
reallocation of bins and routing optimisation. Results demonstrate
that both scenarios provided savings compared to the current
situation in terms of collection time (3.0% and 17.0% for S1 and S2
respectively) and travel distance (5.5% and 12.5% for S1 and S2
respectively). Time and distance reduction relate to similar CO2
emissions and fuel consumption savings. These figures indicate that
GIS based models can offer significant improvements to the WC&T
system and, consequently, to its financial and environmental costs.

3. Application of GIS in Solid Waste Management for Coimbatore City

Oct 2013:B.Shoba , Dr.K.Rasappan

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 GIS has proved to be a boon to such planners by visualizing the real
solid waste situations and facilitating route analysis through
mapping. The present study focuses mapping the waste generation of
Coimbatore urban area and on suggesting convenient and
administratively transparent solutions to the waste disposal
problem. Coimbatore urban is located in the extreme west of Tamil
Nadu. Solid waste generation data and population data were
collected from each ward and linked to the Coimbatore urban map
through GIS. Analysis through maps was performed to identify the
areas with increased solid waste generation on comparison with the
local population.
Methodology:-
1. Data Entry
2. Mapping Technique
3. Thematic Mapping

4. Improved route planning and scheduling of waste collection and

transport Teemu Nuortioa,*, Jari Kyto¨jokib , Harri Niskaa , Olli
Bra¨ysyb
The collection of waste is a highly visible and important municipal
service that involves large expenditures. Waste collection problems
are, however, one of the most difficult operational problems to solve.
This paper describes the optimization of vehicle routes and schedules
for collecting municipal solid waste in Eastern Finland. The solutions
are generated by a recently developed guided variable neighborhood
thresholding metaheuristic that is adapted to solve real-life waste
collection problems. Several implementation approaches to speed up
the method and cut down the memory usage are discussed.

5. IoT based Waste Collection System using Infrared Sensors

Abhimanyu Singh , Pankhuri Aggarwal , Rahul Arora
The collection of waste is a highly visible and important municipal
service that involves large expenditures. Waste collection problems
are, however, one of the most difficult operational problems to solve.
This paper describes the optimization of vehicle routes and schedules
for collecting municipal solid waste in Eastern Finland. The solutions

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 are generated by a recently developed guided variable neighborhood
thresholding metaheuristic that is adapted to solve real-life waste
collection problems. Several implementation approaches to speed up
the method and cut down the memory usage are discussed.

6. Smart solid waste management in capital city Amaravathi,G. Kalyan

Chakravarthi, D. Satish Chandra, SS. Asadi

Expanded epidemic outbreaks and spreading of infections due to

inappropriate waste administration in urban areas which are having a
drastic and exponential population growth. In current circumstances,
the Garbage Collecting Vehicle (GCV) amasses the waste few times in a
week. In this way, the issue is over streaming of wastage on the streets.
Thus, to beat this restriction, in the present thesis a different scheme on
smart waste management using Radio-Frequency identification
devices(RFID),Machine to machine(M2M), pneumatic system, Internet
of things(IOT), plasma technology are explained in detail and the best
method of treating solid waste using smart solid waste management
techniques is suggested basing upon the Summary of the data collected
from Tullur, Rayapudi, Velagapudi, Nelapadu villages respectively,
Where one of these new systems is implemented. After gathering the
questionnaire, which is prepared basing upon the Quantitative survey,
the results were analyzed using mathematical methods and confirm the
advanced techniques in SWM Is better than traditional or conventional
methods.

7. Waste Management in Green and Smart Cities: A Case Study of

Russia:Zhanna Mingaleva , Natalia Vukovic , Irina Volkova and
Tatiana Salimova
This article aims to investigate the role of waste management in the
development of modern green and smart cities and to determine the
existence of several key points in programs transforming cities into
green cities with smart technologies. The relevance of the research is
determined by the need to develop a theoretical and methodological
basis for the green and smart city concepts. The research process
involved the following methods: Scientific analysis, comparison, and
synthesis. The research results of the case study of Russia determined

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 that for urban territories with great distance between urban districts,
waste sorting stations should be located as parts of so-called waste
recycling complexes at intermunicipal landfills. This will allow a more
fully implementation of the concept of recycling economy not only in
Russian cities, but also in other cities with sparse populations across the
world. Further, the authors conclude that the effectiveness of green
technologies in modern cities, especially in waste management, depends
on the level of participation of citizens. People are active participants in
the life processes of cities and have a direct impact on the urban
environment. Consequently, the introduction of green technologies can
only be achieved in harmony with the well-established behavioral
attitudes of city residents together with the implementation of green
and smart urban technologies.

8. An Automated Waste Control Management System (AWCMS) by

Using Arduino:Agha Muhammad Furqan Durrani, Ateeq Ur Rehman,
Arslan Farooq, Jehangir Arshad Meo and Muhammad Tariq Sadiq
An Automated Waste Control Management System (AWCMS) has been
designed which includes an electronic waste detection device and a
central control unit. An infrared sensor for sensing waste levels, GPS for
location identification, Arduino Board having a microcontroller and GSM
Module for sending the message containing the information regarding
waste bin being is full or empty. The central control unit comprises of a
receiving device which receives a message from the waste detection
device via a GSM Module and sends it to the computer software via a
USB cable using Arduino Board’s microcontroller. The software has a
proficiently designed GUI which enables the user to perform and
monitor all the required actions for waste monitoring and detection in
the waste bins placed in an area or a city. All the information like
latitude, longitude, the status being full or empty etc. are displayed in
the GUI of the software in the event of a waste-bin getting full and then
being emptied by municipal waste trucks or field workers. Therefore, all
the components in this overall system work in an intelligent manner to
make automated waste management possible so that the waste is
collected and disposed to the dumping sites only when it is necessary at
a proper time. This work mainly focuses on timely and automatic waste
collection and transportation mechanism.

9. Clean technology from waste management :IONEL IOANA

Waste is representing an important environmental pollution source, not
only for the soil and ground water, but also for the air. Deposit in open

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 land fields is not allowed according European standards and the EU
countries have met national regulations to close the exiting non-
ecological deposits and turn them into ecological ones. Also the general
management for the waste is to be accordingly re-evaluated and shaped
in a novel. Waste is representing also an energy source that should be
not wasted. The waste (mainly municipal waste) must be properly
reused as it represents material and energy content. Combustion,
fermentation and recycling are possible solution for turning the waste
management into a business, also reducing simultaneously the
environmental damages raised by the enormous waste quantities,
nowadays. The presentation will focus on clean combustion and co-
combustion of waste, and on technologies to turn the energy content of
the waste into other cleaner energy sources. One will raise attention
also about the barriers – technical and mental – to apply correct waste
management, as well to the consequences of not given a correct input to
this matter from the society and policy makers. Examples from the
author’s experience and literature will elucidate the conclusions.

10. SMART GARBAGE COLLECTING BIN FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE:

Arunkumar.G, Bhanu Priya.G, Prof.R.Santhosh Kumar
The most serious environmental concerns at present have been solid
waste management which contributes to disturbing the balance of
the environment and that has adverse effects on the health of the
society. Detection, monitoring and management of urban wastes are
one of the primary problems of the present era. The traditional way
of manually monitoring the wastes in waste bins is a complex,
cumbersome process and utilizes more human effort, time and cost
which is not compatible with the present day technologies in any
way. This paper proposes an advanced method in which waste
management is automated. Global System for Mobile Communication
(GSM) and ARM (Acorn RISC Machine) 7 controller is the latest
trends and is one of the best combination to be used in the project. To
give a brief description of the project, the sensors are placed in the
common garbage bins placed at the public places. When the garbage
reaches the level of the sensor, then that indication will be given to
ARM 7 Controller. The controller will give indication to the driver of
garbage collection truck as to which garbage bin is completely filled
and needs urgent attention. ARM 7 will give indication by sending
SMS using GSM technology. The proposed system would be able to
automate the solid waste monitoring process and management of the
overall collection process. In addition, we also performed microbial
analysis from the municipal solid waste. Leaving municipal solid

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 waste for more than 3 days up to 7 days caused microbial increase
from 109 colony forming units (CFU) to 1014 CFU per gram of
municipal solid waste. This means pathogens in the environment are
increasing in number which will bring various diseases to the
humans and animals around. Therefore to lead a sanitary lifestyle
disposing the waste materials in an efficient and pathogenic free
method is a must. Therefore, the current finding shows that the
waste needs to be monitored in an efficient way using modern
controllers and needs to be disposed on time which will bring a green
and friendly environment.

11. The Use of Modern Technology in Smart Waste Management and

Recycling: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Waste management is one of the primary problem that the world faces
irrespective of the case of developed or developing country. The key issue
in the waste management is that the garbage bin at public places gets
overflowed well in advance before the commencement of the next cleaning
process. It in turn leads to various hazards such as bad odor and ugliness to
that place which may be the root cause for spread of various diseases. The
increase in population, has led to tremendous degradation in the state of
affairs of hygiene with respect to waste management system. The spillover
of waste in civic areas generates the polluted condition in the neighboring
areas. For eliminating or mitigating the garbage's and maintains the
cleanness, it requires smartness based waste management system. The
need of proper waste management does not end with just collection and
proper dispose of garbage. It continues to the level of landfills and the
amount that we can possibly recycle. Recycling is estimated to be highly
useful given that our dependency on raw products reduces, besides the
reduction of waste and subsequent landfills. Once the recycling is done to
sort metals, plastics, and glass articles, the use of biodegradable waste can
be extended beyond fertilizers and manure. The metals can be reused and
the plastics can be diverted from the landfills, which otherwise leads to
choking of the earth. The glass materials can be broken and melted back to
form new articles after deep cleaning. This chapter aims to understand the
use of machine learning and artificial intelligence in the most potential
areas and the ultimate need to completely replace the human interaction.

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12. Smart Solid Waste Monitoring and Collection System( Shilan
Abdullah Hassan, Noor Ghazi M. Jameel)

Nowadays due to the industrial revolution and technology development,

consumption patterns of the people all over the globe have changed. This
lead to huge quantities of different types of solid waste are producing every
day, which creates an alarming problem of their disposal. Therefore, an
effective way is required for solid waste collection and utilization rather
than concentrating on disposal alone. In this paper, a smart solid waste
monitoring and collection system is designed and developed. The system
consists of smart containers or smart bins, each bin or container installed
with Arduino Uno, ultrasonic sensor and Radio Frequency (RF) transmitter
on the top of the container. When the container is full of waste, it sends
signal to the control center which will have the level of waste in the
containers and through GSM/GPRS , a message (SMS) will send to the
mobile phone of the truck driver of which waste bin is full and need to be
empty.

13. SMART GARBAGE COLLECTION SYSTEM IN RESIDENTIAL AREA

Gaikwad Prajakta , Jadhav Kalyani2, Machale Snehal

As the name suggests we are developing an Automatic garbage collection

and information gathering system which is based on Image processing as
well as on GSM module. The main concept is that a Camera will be placed at
every garbage collection point along with load cell sensor at bottom of the
garbage can. The camera will take continuous snapshots of the garbage can.
A threshold level is set which compares the output of camera and load
sensor .The comparison is done with help of microcontroller. After
analysing the image we get an idea about level of garbage in the can and
from the load cell sensor we get to know weight of garbage. Accordingly
information is processed that is controller checks if the threshold level is
exceeded or not. The controller sends a message with the help of GSM
module to Garbage collection local central office to notify that garbage can
is exceeded its capacity and disposal of waste is required. Accordingly the
authority sends the garbage can collecting vehicle to collect the garbage,
which is done with the help of robot mechanism.

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14. Implementation of spatial smart waste management system in
Malaysia

One of the challenges to innovate and create an IoT-enabled solution is in

monitoring and management of the environment. Waste collection utilizing
the Internet of Things (IoT) with the technology of smart wireless sensors
will able to gather fill-level data from waste containers hence providing a
waste monitoring solution that brings up savings in waste collection costs.
One of the challenges to the local authority is how to monitor the works of
contractor effective and efficiently in waste management. This paper will
propose to the local authority the implementation of smart waste
management in Malaysia to improve the city management and to provide
better services to the public towards smart city applications.

15. Solid Waste Collection as a Service using IoT-Solution for Smart

Cities

There has been tremendous increase in solid waste generation in last few
years. Solid waste management is a key and challenging issue of
environment in the whole world. Hence, there is a need to develop an
efficient system which can eliminate this problem or at least reduce it to
the minimum level. In today's era, every government across the globe is
planning to build smart cities or try to transform existing cities into smart
cities. Collection of solid waste is a crucial point for environment and its
impact on society should be considered seriously in smart cities
infrastructure. Internet of Things (IoT) technologies can efficiently handle
such services in smart cities. In this paper, we are proposing an IoT based
solid waste management system which enables garbage bin monitoring,
dynamic scheduling and routing of garbage collector trucks in a smart city.
In the proposed system, garbage bins equipped with low cost embedded
device are located at various places in entire city. Real time status of
garbage level along with garbage bin location is sent to cloud. We have
designed a cloud based system for organizing solid waste management
process and mobile application for waste collection drivers and Municipal
Corporation to monitor and control solid waste collection as a service.
Mobile application facilitates the waste collection drivers to go to the
garbage bins using dynamic and shortest route.

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16. Household Waste Management System Using IoT and Machine
Learning

IOT and machine learning based household waste management system for
Green smart society are aimed to make management of waste from the
every apartment of the society more efficient using the most upcoming
technology IOT. This paper discusses the collection and decomposition of
waste in the smart way so that benefit from the waste is maximized and the
actual waste is minimized efficiently. This paper focus on the segregation of
the waste at two levels: the first level of segregation is on the individual
house of the society and the second level of segregation is at the society.
Author, discuss the recycling of the biodegradable waste for making
compost. The machine learning technique such as KNN is used to generate
an alert message for various combinations of three sensor values like level
of bio and non biodegradable waste,concentration of poisonous gas. The
overall impact of this research is in the upliftment of the green technologies
by reducing pollutants, conserving, resourcing and reusing the energy
through the use of technology

Therefore, from these literature reviews and analysing the information

from them we conclude that there are several technologies out there that
are new, innovative and can be implemented for the collection of wastes,
also we observe that all these new technologies revolves around two main
systems that are-GIS AND IOT. These two things have become really
common and efficient that help us to track, locate and manage the waste
more properly and reducing man efforts.

TYPES OF SMART COLLECTION SYSTEMS

IOT BASED COLLECTION SYSTEM

• The technology can be simply explained as a connection between
humans computers-things. All the equipment’s we use in our day to
day life can be controlled and monitored using the IOT.
• Sensors are deployed everywhere and these sensors convert raw
physical data into digital signals and transmits them to its control
centre.

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 • Smart collection bin works in the similar manner with the
combination of sensors namely weight sensor and ir sensor that
indicates its weight and different levels respectively. The IR sensors
will show us the various levels of garbage in the dustbins and also the
weight sensor gets activated to send its output ahead when its
threshold level is crossed.
• These details are further given of the microcontroller (ARM
LPC2148) and the controller gives the details to the transmitter
module (wi-fi module). At the receiver section a mobile handset is
needed to be connected to the wi-fi router so the details of the
garbage bin is displayed onto the HTML page in web browser of our
mobile handset.
Circuit:

GIS BASED SMART COLLECTION SYSTEM

• A GIS optimal routing model is proposed to determine the minimum
cost/distance efficient collection paths for transporting the solid
wastes to the landfill. The model uses information on population
density, waste generation capacity, road network and the types of
road, storage bins and collection vehicles, etc
• GIS software is used with the planned infrastructure to find the
shortest or minimum impedance path through a network. The speed
of the vehicle is taken as the arc impedance and no turn impedance is
being used.

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 • Bi-sorter or tri-sorter chute systems effectively manage the garbage
disposal requirements of condo buildings and their residents. Older
condo buildings without a bi-sorter or tri-sorter can also retrofit
their garbage chute system.
• A bi-sorter or tri-sorter chute system provides condo residents with
the convenience of trash disposal, recycling of wastes and organics
disposal using a single chute on their floor. This eliminates the
burden of carrying materials to a recycling depot located somewhere
in or outside the building.
• Bi-sorter or tri sorter chute systems require that residents continue
to separate their garbage before discarding it. Proper identification of
items before disposal in the chute is an essential aspect of condo
building waste management. When condo owners do their part, it
saves money and for the environment and helps the city to reach
waste diversion targets.

We are also proposing a business model for waste management with

taking GIS and IOT as the main components of the model-

MISSION AND VISION AND GOALS:

There are certain basic needs for every consumer irrespective of his/her
nationality and lifestyle. We specifically wanted to focus on those needs as it would
provide large amount of consumers to our product or service In India, waste
management is a major issue.
Every year, the World Health Organization releases its list of the world’s most
polluted cities and this year, nearly all of them are in India. Among the top 12
polluted cities in the world, 10 are in India.
These are the facts that drew our attention towards this problem.These are the
facts that drew our attention towards this problem.
Our mission is to make India clean again by efficient management of waste with
the use of technology. We tried to find out the existing waste management
solutions currently being implemented, but we found that manual waste collection
without any technological aid is the only way of garbage collection in our country.
Therefore, we decided to take inefficient garbage collection and urgent need for
cleanliness as our opportunity to build a product and service to address this issue.
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KEYS TO SUCCESS
 We have designed our product such that it will satisfy the
current immediate needs of the customer with ease and
efficiency. It will make the waste management process much
easier.
 Our products our built with materials having excellent quality
which makes them durable. Each and every product goes
through a testing and development process which makes the
chance for error minimal.
 We have assigned well educated people to handle our finances
with perfection. Money is an important part of any business and
hence we have taken extensive care to see that there is no fishy
business as far as our finances are concerned.
 We have laid out our marketing strategies keeping in mind the
complications and
ideologies of our customers. This will help us to gain more and
more customers and hence our company will grow.

1.4 START-UP COSTS

The initial expenditure includes the cost of commodities and the
raw materials used by the company for the product development.
The raw materials can either be purchased from outside or
manufactured in the house. The estimated hardware device
component cost is Rs. 2,510.

Considering the set – up costs required for assembly machinery,

hardware tools, infrastructural needs, device hardware
component cost, we have estimated our intial expenditure to be
around Rs. 4,70,000 per month.

The running cost basically includes the labour cost and

the salary of all the employees of the organisation. We have
come up with the salary analysis for the different employee posts
for a month assuming a total production of 150 models per

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month. According to our evaluation, the total salary cost sums up
to Rs. 10,00,000 per month.

Maintenance Expenses includes all the costs for the maintaining all
the products and keep them in a proper working mode for 24x7
hours. This process may include time to time servicing of the all
the products as well as the software and keep them up to date. It
may also include the dummies and the extra products for the
emergency. We have estimated our maintenance cost to be
around Rs. 400,000 per month.

Therefore, the total start- up cost rounds up to around Rs.

18,70,000

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

The name of our company is “Garb-Tech” and we have designed a
„Smart Garbage Collection System‟ which has the ability to alert
the dumping trucks about the over flooding garbage bins. We
have created a technologically sound garbage collection system
by utilising technological concepts involving networking and IoT
(Internet of Things) and aim to use this proposed technological
product for creating a service-providing business. Our proposed
product addresses the problem of waste management especially
in countries like India where a lot of waste is generated daily. Our
project is proposed to provide an efficient way of avoiding over
flooding of garbage bins.

Apart from the product, our proposed business also provides

waste collection service which will enable us to operate as an
independent waste management company. The provision of
service would include garbage collection service, garbage
dumping service and product maintenance service. Our services
are also expected to generate revenue for the business by selling
collected garbage to recycling plants.

STRATEGY

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 The strategy we will be following is plain and simple. Initially we
will carry out Just-In- Time production process. Just in Time
(JIT), as the name suggests, is a management philosophy that calls
for the production of what the customer wants, when they want
it, in the quantities requested, where they want it, without it
being delayed in inventory.

Since at first we‟ll be just starting out our business, we‟ll take this
approach so since it is cost effective and we can deliver and
produce only the amount which has been ordered. This will
reduce the amount of production and side by side, the wastage
generated and also will prevent the buying of excessive cargo and
raw materials.
Once our business takes off and the local municipalities approve
of it, we can go for mass production.
As we have discussed earlier, once we are set, we will be targeting
the government. Hence it is comparatively much less risky and
efficient as well to go for mass production since the orders will
not be small after the government gives us the contract.

FINANCIALS
According to our predictive analysis, our business is expected to
maintain a profitable position over the next two years. Through
break – even analysis, we have estimated that our company is

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expected to start generate profit after the sale of around 1500
units.
Considering the high requirement of garbage bins by government,
we are expected to sell 1500 units within two months after which
our business is expected to generate profit.

About the company

The Company GARBTECH shall be a product oriented start up that
aims to create a smart waste management system through which
we can provide an efficient solution to the problem of waste
accumulation and over flooding of garbage bins. The project is
aimed to generate alerts and assist the waste dumping authorities
for regular and proper waste collection from garbage bins
through our proposed technological product with the target
locations being urban areas with dense population as well as
rural areas with high population.

Competitors
Our biggest competitor will be the government or some private
agencies who collect waste and lead to their disposal. There is a
company called Bigbelly which does similar kind of work which
we do but their dustbin is too costly which is not feasible to be
installed in India.

Business type
We have proposed a product based business idea with the
functionality of providing services to the garbage collection
authorities. Our Proposed business is unique as there is no
available product implementation as well as any service oriented
to it, so in an environment free of any competition, we can
undergo product development and further use the product to
create a garbage collection service as a business.

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Operating plan
Operating planning plays a vital role in determining the profits of
a company. We propose a systematic and regular control over the
production and supply of our product by implementing various
techniques.

Supply chain
We plan to employ rag pickers to collect the disposed plastics
from various parts of the city as we utilise it for recycling
followed by remoulding into a garbage can. Also the various
electronic components will be imported from a specialised
vendor on a contract basis.

Quality control
We will employ an on board inspector who will ensure the
quality of the workflow and the final assembly of the product. We
also plan to implement a system to receive regular updates from
the clients on the feedback of our product.

Production process
The operation and production in our plant is determined by the
demand from the market. Our assembly unit will function as and
when we receive a contract from a private or a government client.

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Equipment

Inventory
The quantity of all the materials we use will be kept track of in a
manual process of logging it after each product is made or moved
from the plant. Our inventory items include: Garbage Detection
Device, Garbage Bins and Garbage Collection Trucks.
Expansion

Our expansion policy also includes opening up several

distribution channels for selling the product. E-commerce
websites and door – to – door sales are our next targeted product
distribution channels for the expansion of product into every
nook and corner. However, we will also take care of intra-channel
and inter-channel conflicts in our distribution system.
New product scope
Garbage segregation mechanism can be built in the dustbin itself
in which with the help of image processing the waste can be
automatically segregated into biodegradable and non-
biodegradable.

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New service scope
In future we can take care of the disposal part of the waste
management as well, like we can tend the tender of the waste
disposal and recycling.

MARKET ANALYSIS SUMMARY

The number of garbage bins installed is increasing as per the
“Swacchta Abhiyaan” policy. Garbage bins are already installed in
major cities like Mumbai and New Delhi. The parks and other
public places often have private or public dustbins.

Our potential market is all those areas where the garbage bins are
installed or yet to be installed. Thus, our market is quite large and
every person who uses garbage bin is our potential customer. In
the current state of our nation, the people living in urban areas
have more usage of garbage bins than people living in rural areas
but due to nationwide “Swacch Bharata Abhiyaan”, the number of
users of garbage bins is expected to increase in the coming years.

We estimate that about 60% of our total units would be

purchased by households and 40% by the private colony owners,
NGOs, local businesses and government for installation in public
places. This observation of the market by us would decide the
marketing as well as the pricing strategy for our product and
services.

MARKET SEGMENTATION
We have focussed on identifying market segments for our product by the
application of Demographic Segmentation and Geographic Segmentation.
As per the above description, the main market
segments are:- (I) Households (Individuals).
(II) Private Colonies and local businesses.
(III) Government bodies and organisations.

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Area of Analysis: Mahmoorgang, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Idea for the Project :

TARGET MARKET SEGMENT STRATEGY

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 Our business will primarily focus on the major market segments
that are identified above. We have focussed on Geographic and
Demographic segmentation strategy of our market to extract the
best suitable market segments for our product and services.

The prime market segment for our product comprises of

individuals or households where our device could be installed in
the garage bins. Therefore, the demand for our product is directly
proportional to the number of individuals in an area. Thus, highly
populated cities like Kanpur, Kolkata, etc. are our targeted
markets.

Government is our second most promising market segment.

Based on the recent policies of government regarding installation
of garbage bins on roadside, we estimate that at each five
hundred meters interval, a dustbin needs to be deployed for less
travelled roads and at each two hundred meters interval, a
dustbin needs to be deployed for highly travelled and busy roads.
Based on the number of less travelled and busy roads, the
government becomes our second largest market segment.

TARGET MARKET SHARE: Due to the absence of any sort of

competition, we expected 100% market share for our product in
the identified market segments given absolute acceptance level of
public. But we also consider the areas, where we are expected to
provide services to some market segments only. In such case, our
market share would be decreased due to competition by
traditional garbage collection system. In this case, we estimate to
capture around 50% of the market share in those segments due
to uniqueness of our product.

STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY

SWOT ANALYSIS

It is one of the most famous tools for strategic planning. This tool
identifies the

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“STRENGTH”, “WEAKNESS”, “OPPORTUNITY” and “THREATS” of
the business in

current scenario. Based on the SWOT analysis on our business, we

have identified strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats for
our business.

STRENGTHS
 The main strength in our business is that our proposed product
is unique in its application.
 Existence of a large market for our product is another major
strength of our product. Our potential markets are households
and government which are surely available in our country.
 Absence of any significant competitors serves as strength to our
product. The only competitor is the existent non – technical
garbage collection system which is expected to be weak due to
lack of proper administration and technology utilisation.

WEAKNESSES
The only observed weakness of our business is that there is no
traditional buyer for our product as the product is first in its
category (technology based garbage collection). The potential
buyers of our product are individuals and government which
are needed to be made aware of the technical advantage of this
product.

OPPORTUNITIES
 Our business has several opportunities to become an early
bloomer in the market. The most certain opportunity is to grasp
government‟s attention regarding the product‟s ability to avoid
land pollution. Being the first to present this idea would help us
to become a trusted partner of the government.
 The second opportunity is to gain financial aid through
subsidised loans and taxes from the government by illustrating
the environmental advantages of our product.

SALES STRATEGY
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Many kinds of strategies can be followed to attract customers but
the secret always lies in finding the correct strategy.We will adopt
the following methods for marketing our product so that our zeal
reaches to the correct person and he correct organisation.Some of
our methods will be as follows:

1. Blog - We will have a blog about our product and service so that
we gain a lot of popularity among the people as nowadays people
read blogs a lot and their thinking get based on it .
2. SEO-There‟s no use in having a blog with lots of interesting
content for our audience if our posts are not accessed. This is
why we need to apply SEO (Search Engine Optimization)
techniques in our posts, so that your page appears in the top
places of search engines such as Google.
3. Email-Marketing-Creating a newsletter, for example, and send
important information via email to people who leave their email
addresses on your page. Also send rich materials, such as more
elaborate e-books.This is a way of maintaining communication
with the potential customers via email and also to keep them
engaged with your brand.
4. Video-channel-Having a video channel in youtube or similar
kind of websites will help us gain popularity among the masses
and once our videos get starting shared on social networks we
will definitely reach the government officials with our full proof
plan.
5. Events-We will conduct events in and around the country
demonstrating our product to common people so that before the
launch itself everyone is very much familiar about the product .
We will actually create a craze about our product among the
masses.
6. Partnerships and Promotions-We will try partnering with big
industrialists so that they promote our product and will actively
participate in their social campaigns related to environmental
issues.

LOCATION AND FACILITIES

As our product is a smart garbage bin which is placed in public
places, our target locations are public places with dense
population like parks, malls, theatres, etc.
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 • Therefore, our target location can be urban areas with dense
population as well as rural areas with high population.
• For product manufacture perspective, the outer areas of the
city are most favourable for setting product manufacturing
plant. Our raw materials are technological hardware
components which can be easily imported to the industry.
Location for the factory should be near the outskirts with a low
population where the noise, waste generated will affect as few
people as possible.

FINANCIAL PLAN:

BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS

Break- even analysis is an effective evaluation technique for new

product.Through this analysis, we calculate the number of
products to be sold to break even, i.e, reach no profit – no loss
state.
To identify the break –even point, we need to know our total
incurred cost and total revenue generated in a fixed amount of
time.
Let n=number of products sold.
TOTAL COST =FIXED COST + (VARIABLE COST)*n
Where,
FIXED COST= Rs. 56,40,000 ( estimated as initial expenditure
above)
VARIABLE COST – This is the money spent in activitives which occur
without any prior planning and add to the product value. In our product,
the product replacement, product repair costs and frequent garbage
collection can be considered as variable cost. We have estimated

38
 our variable cost to be Rs. 200 per product. This estimation has
been done considering the fuel requirements and money required
for repairs.
REVENUE= SELLING PRICE*n
Proposed Selling Price = Rs. 3900
At break – even point TOTAL COST = REVENUE
So, n = FIXED COST/(SELLING PRICE –
VARIABLE COST) n = 5640000/(3900-
200) n = 1500
Therefore, through break even analysis, we have estimated that
around 1500 units of our product are needed to cover up the
initial investment on product manufacture.
After 1500th unit, our business is expected to generate
estimated profit of Rs. 1,390 per item installation. This is the
main result that has been extracted by implementing break even
analysis on out product.

PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS

We expect to be profitable in the first year of operations, with

profits increasing over the next four years, as we establish and
increase our customer base.
The following charts show the projected profit and loss for five
years.

PROFIT MONTHLY

39
PROFIT YEARLY

GROSS MARGIN MONTHLY

GROSS MARGIN YEARLY

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LONG – TERM PLAN
We plan on starting our business from community level and start
expanding to local municipalities. Also, private institutions and
firms can be our customers. After successfully establishing our
market here, we then expand it to other states and depending on
our net profits, we may consider importing our technology to
other countries as well in the next 10 years.

IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS:

RISKS
Every business has some kind of risk involved while
implementing in the real market. Here are the possible risks we
could encounter during our operations.
1) Strategic risk: Possibility of duplication; whenever a new
product emerges there is always a risk for copying the
product thereby destabilising our business.
2) Financial risk: non-payment by a customer or increased
interest charges on a business loan that we have previously
acquired.
3) Operational risk: There is a risk of theft of components and
electronics in our product as it is accessible by everyone and
is open in the public.

41
 4) Commercial risks: We might have a risk of not receiving
investments from big wig companies and our contract being
cancelled by the government due to some change in their
financial policy or the emergence of a new government.

ENTRY STRATEGY
Our main targeted customer is the government itself. The
government faces innumerable problems while collecting the
garbage off the streets. Despite significant development in social,
economic and environmental areas, solid waste management
systems in India have remained relatively unchanged. With the
help of our idea, the government will be able to collect garbage
and trash efficiently as well as effectively. There will be less
pollution created and the streets will be cleaner too.
Other potential clients can include large multinational
companies having their own independent garbage disposal
systems and universities (like VIT and IITs). However we will
need to start from a smaller scale, i.e. the local municipalities
and other such community Caretaking authorities.
There are many production processes available for us to chose
from namely mass production, batch production, etc. We will be
using two types of production for our model.
Initially we will carry out Just-In-Time production process. Just
in Time (JIT), as the name suggests, is a management philosophy
that calls for the production of what the customer wants, when
they want it, in the quantities requested, where they want it,
without it being delayed in inventory.

EXIT STRATEGY
A business exit strategy is an entrepreneur's strategic plan to sell
his or her ownership in a company to investors or another
company. An exit strategy gives a business owner a way to reduce
or liquidate his stake in a business and, if the business is
successful, make a substantial profit. If the business is not
successful, an exit strategy (or "exit plan") enables the
entrepreneur to limit losses.

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