DC DC Converter

Chapter 1
DC-DC Converters
Buck Converter
2102-446/ 2019 DC-DC Converter / Buck Converter 1

Introduction
• Power electronics is concerned with the processing of electrical

power using electronic devices.
• The key element is switching converter.

Converter Efficiency
• High efficiency is essential in any

power processing application.
Pout
 = The key element is switching
Pin converter.
• The power loss is converted into
1  heat which must be removed
Ploss = Pin − Pout = Pout  − 1
  from the converter…. this leads
to a large and expensive cooling
system.
Efficiency
• Increasing the efficiency is the
key to obtaining higher output
powers.
• If converter can processes a
large amount of power with
very high efficiency, very little
power is lost, the converter
elements can be packaged
with high density, leading to a
converter of small size and
weight, and of low
temperature rise.

Converter Efficiency
• How can we build a circuit that changes the voltage with high
efficiency ?

Efficiency

Efficiency with Switched-Mode
Semiconductor Devices

Low-pass filter
- Power dissipated by
the switched-mode
semiconductor device
is ideally zero.
- Capacitors and
magnetic devices do
not consume power.
- To the extent that the

switch, inductor and
capacitor elements are
ideal, the efficiency of
this dc-dc converter
can approach 100%

Low-pass filter
- Power dissipated by
the switched-mode
semiconductor device
is ideally zero.
- Capacitors and
magnetic devices do
not consume power.
- To the extent that the

switch, inductor and
capacitor elements are
ideal, the efficiency of
this dc-dc converter
can approach 100%

Buck Converter: Steady-State Converter Analysis
• fs is the switching frequency,

generally lies in the range of 1
kHz to 1 MHz.
• Ts (=1/fs) is the switching

period.
• D is the fraction of time that

the switch spends in position
1 (0 <= D <= 1). D’ = 1-D

Buck Converter : Steady-State Converter Analysis
• The filter is designed to pass

the dc component of vs(t), but
to reject the components of
vs(t) at the switching
frequency.
• The output voltage v(t) is then

essentially equal to the dc
component of vs(t)
• D is the fraction of time that

the switch spends in position
1 (0 <= D <= 1). D’ = 1-D

Small-Ripple Approximation and
Inductor Volt-Sec Balance

Small-Ripple Approximation
• In reality, the low-pass filter is not

perfect to pass dc component
and completely remove the
component at the switching
frequency.
v ( t ) = V + v ripple ( t )
• So the low-pass filter must allow
at least some small amount of The output voltage ripple should be small
the high-frequency components. in well-designed converter. It can be
approximated that the ripple voltage is
• v ripple arising from the incomplete much smaller than the dc component…
attenuation of the switching
components by the low-pass v ripple V
filter.
v (t )  V

Steady-State Inductor Voltage & Current Waveforms
v L = V g − v (t )
The switch is in position 1
d i L (t )
v L (t ) = L
vL  Vg −V dt
d i L (t ) v L (t ) Vg −V
= =
dt L L
The switch is in position 2
v L ( t ) = −v ( t )
v L ( t )  −V
d i L (t ) V
=−
dt L
Steady-State Inductor Voltage & Current Waveforms
• The peak inductor current is

equal to the dc component I
plus the peak-to-average
ripple  i L .
• This peak current flows

through not only the
inductor, but also through
the semiconductor devices
that comprise the switch.
Ripple
current • Knowledge of the peak
current is necessary when
specifying the ratings of
The inductor current begins
these devices.
at some initial value

Inductor Current Ripple & Inductor at Steady State
• Typical values of ripple current lie in the range of

10% to 20% of the full-load value of the dc
component I.
• By design the inductor current ripple is also usually

small compared to the dc component I. The small
ripple approximation i L ( t )  I is usually justified
for the inductor current.

Inductor Current Ripple & Inductor when First Turned On
• Suppose iL(0) =0 and v(0) =0 and input voltage is then applied.

• During the first subinterval (0 - DTs):
switch in position 1 => inductor current will increase with a slope of Vg/L
switch in position 2 => inductor-current slop is 0.
• There is a net increase in inductor current over the first switching period,
because iL(Ts) > iL(0).
• Since the inductor current flows to the output, the output capacitor will charge
slightly, and v will increase slightly.
Inductor Current Ripple & Inductor when First Turned On
• The process repeats during the second and succeeding switching periods, with
the inductor current increasing during each subinterval 1 and decreasing during
each subinterval 2.
• As the output capacitor continues to charge and v increase :
– the slope during subinterval 1 decrease (Vg-v)/L.
– While the slope during subinterval 2 becomes more negative –v/L.
• Eventually, the increase in inductor current during subinterval 1 is equal to the
decrease in inductor current during subinterval 2.

Inductor Volt-Second Balance in Steady State
• At steady state => There is no net change in inductor current over a complete
switching period. The converter waveforms are periodic : iL(nTs) = iL((n+1)Ts).
• In equilibrium, the net change in inductor current over one switching period be
zero leads us to a way to find steady-state conditions in any switching converter
: the principle of inductor volt-second balance.
di L ( t ) In steady state, the initial and final

v L (t ) = L values of the inductor current are
dt equal, hence i L (Ts ) − i L ( 0 ) = 0
Integration over one complete switching period, 0 to Ts :
Therefore, in steady state, the integral of the
1 Ts
i L (T s ) − i L ( 0 ) =  v L ( t ) dt applied inductor voltage must be zero:
L 0
1 Ts
Net change in Integral of the
0 =  v L ( t ) dt
L 0
inductor current applied inductor
over one switching voltage over the Has the unit of volt-
period interval second or flux linkage

Inductor Volt-Second Balance in Steady State
1
v L ( t ) dt = v L
Ts
0 =
Ts 0
Average value or
DC component
• This equation states that, in steady state, the
(
v L ( t ) dt = V g − V ) ( DT ) + ( −V ) ( DT )
Ts
 = 0 s s
applied inductor voltage must have zero dc
component (called Volt-Sec Balance) !!
The average value is therefore….
 • What happens if a dc voltage is applied to
vL =
Ts
(
= D V g − V + D  ( −V )) inductor ????
D + D = 1 …
• This result coincides with the previous result. So the principle
Since v g = 0 and of inductor volt-second balance allow us to derive an
expression for the dc component of the converter output
( )
voltage.
0 = DV g − D + D  V = DV g − V
• An advance of this approach is its generality – it can be
applied to any converter. One simply sketches the applied
inductor voltage waveform and equates the average value to
V = DV g zero. This method is an analyzing tool for power electronics,
and can be used to solve more complicated converters.

Capacitor Amp-Second Balance in Steady State
• Similar arguments can be applied to capacitors…
dv C ( t )
iC (t ) = C
dt
Integration over one complete switching period, 0 to Ts :
1
v C (T s ) − v C ( 0 ) = i C ( t ) dt
Ts
C 0
• In steady state, the net change over one switching period of the capacitor
voltage must be zero… There is no net change in capacitor change in stead state
1
i C ( t ) dt = i C
Ts
0 = 
Average value or
DC component
Ts 0
• What happens if a dc current is applied to capacitor ????

Estimating the Output Voltage Ripple in Converters
• For buck converter only component of output capacitor current is that arising from the
inductor current ripple. cannot
• Hence, inductor current ripple be neglected when calculating the output capacitor
voltage ripple…
• The capacitor voltage ripple can then be related to the total charge contained in the
positive portion of the ic(t) waveform.
• Consider the buck converter, the

inductor current waveform iL(t)
contains a dc component I and
linear ripple of peak magnitude iL.
• DC component I must flow entirely
through the load resistance R
• In a well-designed converter; capacitance C is (why?), while the ac switching ripple
chosen large enough that its impedance at divides between the load resistance
switching frequency is much smaller than the load R and the filter capacitor C.
impedance R. Hence nearly all of the inductor
current ripple flows through the capacitor.

• The capacitor current ic(t) is positive,

charge is deposited on the capacitor
plates and the voltage vc(t) increase.
Therefore, between the two zero-
crossings of the capacitor current
waveform, the capacitor voltage
changes between its minimum and
maximum extrema.
• This change in capacitor voltage can be

related to the total charge q contained
in the positive portion of the capacitor
current waveform. By the capacitor
• The capacitor current waveform ic(t) is relation Q=CV,
then equal to the inductor current
waveform with the dc component q = C ( 2v )
removed. The current ripple is linear,
with peak value iL.

• The charge q is the integral of the

current waveform between its zero
crossings, the integral can be expressed
as the area of the shaded triangle…
1 T
q = i L s
2 2
i LT s
v =
8C
• The capacitor current waveform ic(t) is

then equal to the inductor current • This expression can be used to select a
waveform with the dc component value for the capacitance C such that a
removed. The current ripple is linear, given voltage ripple v is obtained.
with peak value iL.

Switch Realization

Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) Switch
• Semiconductor power devices behave as single-pole

single-throw (SPST) switches. The converter
schematic containing SPST switches is more realistic.
• Be careful !!! The realization of a Single-Pole-

Double-Throw (SPDT) switch using two SPST
switches is not exactly equivalent…
• It is possible for both SPST switches to be
simultaneously in the on state or in the off
state, leading to behavior not predicted by the
circuit with SPDT switch.
• It is possible for the switch state to depend on
the applied voltage and current waveforms ….
for example discontinuous mode.

A Single-Quadrant Switch
• An ideal switch can be realized using
semiconductor devices depends on
1) the polarity of the voltage that the
devices must block in the off state, and
2) on the polarity of the current that the
devices must conduct in the on state.
behave as single-throw (SPST) switches.
For example, switch A must block positive

voltage Vg when in the off state, and must
conduct positive current iL when in the on
state….
the current and blocking voltage lie in a
single quadrant of the plane.
What kinds of semiconductor devices fit in

with this operation ?

Diode: Single-Quadrant Switch
Real-World Diode
• Diode is a passive switch, which does not

contain a control terminal, and the state
of switch is determined by the waveform
i(t) and v(t) applied to terminals 0 and 1.
• Diode is “off” (i=0) when v < 0

• Diode is “on” (v=0) when i > 0
it can block negative voltage but not positive

voltage.
Ideal Diode

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) and Insulated Gate Bipolar
Transistor (IGBT) : Single-Quadrant Switches
Real-World BJT Real-World IGBT

BJT & IGBT: Ideal Single-Quadrant Switches
• BJT and IGBT are active switches.

• The conducting state of an active
switch is determined by the signal
applied to the control terminal C. The
state does not directly depend on the Ideal BJT / IGBT
waveforms v(t) and i(t) applied to
terminal 0 and 1.
• When the control terminal causes the transistor to be in the off state, i=0 and the device
is capable of blocking positive voltage: v >= 0.
• When the control terminal causes the transistor to be in the on state, v  0 and the
device is capable of conducting positive current: i>=0.
• The reverse-conducting and reverse-blocking characteristics of the BJT and IGBT are poor
and nonexistent, and have no application in the power converter area.

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor:
Two-Quadrant Switch
Real-World MOSFET Ideal MOSFET
• MOSFET has similar characteristics to

that of BJT and IGBT, except that it is able
to conduct current in the reverse
direction.
• MOSFET is normally operated with i >=0 ,
in the same manner as the BJT and IGBT.
So an active SPST switch can be realized
using a BJT, IGBT or MOSFET.

Switches Realization for Buck Converter

• When the controller turns the transistor on…

– the diode becomes reverse-biased since vB = - Vg. It is required that Vg
be positive; otherwise, the diode will be forward-biased.
– The transistor conducts current iL. This current should also be positive, so
that the transistor conducts in the forward direction.

• When the controller turns the transistor off…

– The diode must turn on so that the inductor current can continue to flow.
Turning the transistor off causing the induction current iL(t) to decrease.
Since vL = L diL/dt, the inductor voltage becomes sufficiently negative to
forward-bias the diode, and the diode turns on.
– Diodes that operate in this manner are sometimes called freewheeling
diodes.
– It is recalled that iL be positive; otherwise, the diode cannot be forward-
biased since iB = iL. The transistor blocks voltage Vg; this voltage should be
positive to avoid operating the transistor in the reverse blocking mode.

Current-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches
• The switch elements conduct currents of both polarity, but block only positive
voltages.
• A Current-Bidirectional two-quadrant SPST switch of this type can be realized
using a transistor and diode, connected in an antiparallel manner.

MOSFET: Current-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches
• MOSFET is also a two-quadrant switch, practical power MOSFETS inherently

contain a built-in diode, often called the body diode.
• The switching speed of the body diode is much slower than that of the MOSFET, if
this body diode is allowed to conduct, then high peak currents can occur during
the diode turn-off transition. Most MOSFETs are not rated to handle these
currents, and device failure can occur.
• To avoid this situation, external series and antiparallel diodes can be added.

Example of Converter with
Current-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches
Bidirectional Power Flow (Charge/Discharge)
DC DC
• This converter interfaces a battery to the main DC power supply. Both the dc bus vbus
and the battery voltage vbat are always positive. The semiconductor switch elements
block positive voltage vbus.
– When the battery is being charged, iL is positive, and Q1 and D2
alternately conduct.
– When the battery is being discharge, iL is negative, and Q2 and D1
alternately conduct.
• Although, this is a DC-DC converter, it requires two-quadrant switches because the
power can flow in either direction.

Voltage-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches
• The switch block both positive
and negative voltages, but
conduct only positive current,
an SPST switch can be
constructed using a series-
connected transistor and
diode.
– When it is intend that the
switch be in the off state, the
controller turns the transistor
off.
– The diode then blocks
negative voltage, and the
transistor blocks positive
voltage. The series connection
can block negative voltages up
to the diode voltage rating,
and positive voltages up to
the transistor voltage rating.

Four-Quadrant Switches
• More general type of switch is the four quadrant
switch, capable of conducting currents of either
polarity and blocking voltages of either polarity.
• There are several ways of construction:
(a) antiparallel connection of two voltage-
bidirectional two-quadrant switches.
(b) two current-bidirectional two-quadrant
switches connected in back-to-back fashion.
(c) using only one transistor but additional diodes.

Example of Converter with Four-Quadrant Switches
Bidirectional Power Flow (Charge/Discharge)

AC AC

Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Origin of Discontinuous Conduction Mode
and Mode Boundary
• The inductor current waveform
contains a dc component I, plus
switching ripple of peak amplitude
diL.
– During the second subinterval, the
diode current is identical to the
inductor current.
– The minimum diode current during
the second subinterval is equal to
(I-diL); since the diode is a single-
quadrant switch, operation in the
continuous mode requires that this
current remain positive.
i L =
( Vg −V ) DT s =
V g DD T s
2L 2L
– Ripple magnitude depends on the
applied voltage, on the inductance
L, and on the DTs, but does not
depends on the load resistance R.

Origin of Discontinuous Conduction Mode
and Mode Boundary
• If we continue to increase R,
eventually the point is reached
where I = diL.
• It can be seen that the
inductor current iL(t) and the
diode current id(t) are both
zero at the end of the
switching period.
• What happens if we continue
to increase the load resistance
R?

Buck Converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode
• The diode current cannot be
Discontinuous negative; therefore, the diode must
Conduction become reverse-biased before the
Mode end of the switching period. There
are now three subintervals during
each switching period Ts.
• At the end of the second subinterval
the diode current reaches zero, and
for the remainder of the switching
period neither the transistor nor the
diode conduct. The converter
operates in the discontinuous
conduction mode.
• The condition for operation in the
continuous and discontinuous
conduction modes are:
I  i L for CCM
I  i L for DCM

Discontinuous
Conduction Mode
• According to the principle of inductor volt-second balance, the dc component of this

waveform must be zero. Since the waveform is rectangular, its dc component (or average
value) is
( )
v L ( t ) = D1 V g − V + D 2 ( −V ) + D 3 ( 0 ) = 0
• The output voltage yields

D1
V = Vg
D1 + D 2
-D1 is the control input of converter, and can be considered know. But the subinterval 2 duty
cycle D2 is unknown, and hence another equation is needed to eliminate D2 and solve for
the output voltage V.
• The drawback of
discontinuous mode:
– It causes the output voltage
to increase.
– The output is dependent on
Load R.

Boost Converter
2102-446/ 2019 DC-DC Converter / Boost Converter 47

Circuit Manipulation
From Buck Converter...
V 2 = DV1
By interchanging the power source and load,
the above equation must still hold; by solving
for the load voltage V1, we obtain…
1
V1 = V2
D
So the load voltage V1 is greater than the
source voltage V2. It is a boost converter.

Switch Realization
• Since power flows in the opposite
direction, the standard buck converter
unidirectional switch realization cannot be
used for boost converter.
- By following the principle of switch
realization, the switch can be realized by
connecting a transistor between the
inductor and ground, and a diode from the
inductor to the load.
- In consequence, the transistor duty cycle D
becomes the fraction of time which the
SPDT switch spends in position 2, rather
than in position 1.
- So we should interchange D with its
compliment D’ and the conversion ratio of
boost converter is
1
V1 = V2
D
Steady-State Analysis

Steady-State Analysis with Linear Ripple Approximation
Q1 : on, (switch is in position 1) Q1 : off, (switch is in position 2)
vL = Vg vL = Vg − v
v v
iC = − iC = iL −
R R
Use of the linear ripple approximation, v V Use of the linear ripple approximation, v V ,
, leads to and i L  I , leads to
vL = Vg vL = Vg −V
V V
iC = − iC = I −
R R

Steady-State Analysis with Linear Ripple Approximation
Q1 : on, (switch is in position 1) Q1 : off, (switch is in position 2)
Use of the linear ripple approximation, v V Use of the linear ripple approximation, v V ,
, leads to and i L  I , leads to
vL = Vg vL = Vg −V
V V
iC = − iC = I −
R R

Steady-State Analysis with Volt-Sec Balance
Volt-Sec Balance…
M ( D) → 
• The output voltage increases as D increases, and

in the ideal case tends to infinity as D tends to 1.
• Maximum output voltage of a practical boost
converter is indeed limited !!

Steady-State Analysis with Amp-Sec Balance
• The inductor current DC component I becomes

large as D approaches 1.
• The inductor current is the input current, and it
is greater than the load current. Why ???
Amp-Sec Balance…
inductor current
DC component I →

Steady-State Analysis: Inductor Current Waveform
• Switch in position 1
This expression can be used to select

• Switch in position 2 the inductor value L such that a given
value of diL is obtained.

Steady-State Analysis: Capacitor Voltage Waveform
This expression can be used to select the

capacitor value C to obtain a given output
voltage ripple peak magnitude dv.

Steady-State Equivalent Circuit
Modeling, Losses and Efficiency

Steady-State Equivalent Circuit for DC-DC Converter
- The use of equivalent circuits is a physical and intuitive approach which

allows the well-known techniques of circuit analysis to be employed.
- Only the important DC components are modeled; the switching ripple is
ignored.
- The DC transformer is used to model the ideal functions performed by a
dc-dc converter.
- This simply model correctly represents the relationships between the dc
voltages and currents of the converter.
- The model can be refined by including losses, such as semiconductor
forward voltage drops and on-resistances, inductor core and copper
losses, etc.
- The resulting model can be directly solved to find the voltages, currents,
losses and efficiency in the actual nonideal converter.

Equivalent Circuit
(100 % Efficiency)
This relation is valid
only under equilibrium
(dc) conditions !!

Ideal DC Transformer
M(D) for buck converter ??

M(D) for boost converter ??

Use of DC Transformer Model
The rules for manipulating and simplifying circuits

containing transformers apply equally well to circuits
containing dc-dc converters. (transformation of dc
voltage and current levels)

Inclusion of Inductor Copper Loss
– The circuit with inclusion of inductor

copper loss can be analyzed in the same
manner as used for the ideal lossless
converter, using the principles of
inductor volt-sec balance, capacitor
amp-sec balance, and the small-ripple
approximation.
– Or the circuit analysis technique of dc

transformer model !!
– V/Vg contains two terms:

• The first term 1/D’ is the ideal
conversion ratio, with RL=0.
• The second term, describes the
effect of the inductor winding
resistance.

Output Voltage vs Duty Cycle: Boost Converter with
Inductor Copper Loss
– RL causes a major qualitative

change in the V/Vg curve.
– Rather than approaching infinity
at D=1, the curve tends to zero.
– What happens at D=1 (the
switch is always in position 1.)
???
– RL limits the maximum voltage
that the converter can produce.

Efficiency
– To obtain high efficiency, the inductor winding resistance RL should be much smaller that
D’2 R, the load resistance referred to the primary side of the ideal dc transformer.
– The efficiency is typically high at low duty cycles, but decreases rapidly to zero near D=1.

Buck-Boost Converter
2102-446/ 2020 DC-DC Converter / Buck-Boost Converter 65

Cascade Connection of Converters
• Converter can also be connected in cascade.

• Converter 1 has conversion ratio M1(D), V1 = M 1 ( D ) V g which is applied to thee
input of the second converter.
• Assume that the converter 2 is driven with the same duty D applied to converter 1. If
converter 2 has conversion ratio M2(D), V = M 2 ( D ) V1
• The conversion ration of the composite converter is the product of the individual
conversion ratios…
V
= M ( D) = M 1 ( D) M 2 ( D)
Vg

Cascade Connection of Buck Converter and Boost Converter
Noninverting buck-boost
V1 conversion ratio
• Buck converter has conversion ratio… = D
Vg
reduced increased
• Boost converter has conversion ratio… V =
1
V1 1− D
V D
• So the composite conversion ratio is =
Vg 1− D

Simplification of Cascaded Buck and Boost Converter
• Removal of capacitor C1 : inductors L1 and L2, along with capacitor C1, form a three-pole
low-pass filter. The conversion ratio does not depend on the number of poles present in the
low-pass filter, and so the same steady-state output voltage should be obtained when a
simpler low-pass filter is used. So capacitor C1 is removed.
• Combining of L1 and L2 : Inductor L1 and L2 are now in series, and can be combined into a
single inductor.

• The switches of the converter can also be
simplified, leading to a negative output
voltage.
• When the switches are in position 1, the
inductor is connected to the input source
Vg, and energy is transferred from the
source to the inductor.
• When the switches are in position 2, the
inductor is then connected to the load, and
energy is transferred from the inductor to
the load.

Noninverting
buck-boost
converter,
V>0
Inverting
buck-boost
converter,
V < 0.
• To obtain a negative output (V < 0), we can simply reverse the polarity of the inductor
during one of the subintervals (say, while the switches are in position 2)
V D
= −
• So the composite conversion ratio becomes … V g 1− D

Simplification of Inverting Buck-Boost Converter
with One SPDT
Inverting
buck-boost
converter,
V < 0.
Inverting
buck-boost
converter,
V < 0.
• Note that one side of the inductor is now always connected to ground, while the other
side is switched between the input source and the load.
• Hence only one SPDT switch is needed, and the converter circuit of Fig. 6.8 is obtained,
this circuit is recognized as the conventional buck-boost converter.

(Inverting) Buck-Boost Converter
V < 0.
• Buck-boost converter can be viewed as a cascade connection of buck and boost

converters
• Equivalent circuit model of the buck-boost converter contains a 1:D (buck) DC
transformer, followed by a D’:1 (boost) DC transformer.
• It inherits the pulsating input current of the buck converter, and the pulsating
output current of the boost converter.

Switches Realization for Buck-Boost Converter
V < 0.

Rotation of Three-Terminal Cell
Connections Converter
a-A b-B c-C Buck
a-C b-A c-B Boost
a-A b-C c-B Buck-Boost
• The buck, boost and buck-boost converters each contain an inductor that is
connected to a SPDT switch.
• The inductor-switch network can be viewed as a basic cell having of the three
terminals labeled a, b, and c.
• There are three distinct ways to connect this cell between the source and load.

List of DC-DC Converters

Transformer Isolation
• Large number of applications desire to incorporate a transformer into a switching

converter, to obtain dc isolation between the converter input and output.
• Transformer size and weight vary inversely with frequency, uses of 50 Hz or 60 Hz
make converter bulky,
• Incorporating the transformer into the converter which operates at switching
frequency of tens or hundreds of kilohertz, can significantly reduce the transformer
size and weight.
• When a large step-up or step-down conversion ratio
is required, the use of transformer can allow better
optimization.
• Multiple dc outputs can also be obtained in an
inexpensive manner, by adding multiple secondary
windings.

Flyback Converter
• The flyback converter is based on

the buck-boost converter.
• The magnetizing inductance LM
functions in the same manner as
inductor L of the original buck-
boost converter.
– When Q1 conducts, energy
from the dc source Vg is stored
in LM.
– When diode D1 conducts, this
store energy is transferred to
the load, with the inductor
voltage and current scaled
according to the 1:n turns
ratio.

DC DC Converter

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DC DC Converter

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Chapter 1

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• Power electronics is concerned with the processing of electrical

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• High efficiency is essential in any

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- To the extent that the

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- To the extent that the

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• fs is the switching frequency,

• Ts (=1/fs) is the switching

• D is the fraction of time that

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• The filter is designed to pass

• The output voltage v(t) is then

• D is the fraction of time that

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• In reality, the low-pass filter is not

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• The peak inductor current is

• This peak current flows

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• Typical values of ripple current lie in the range of

• By design the inductor current ripple is also usually

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• Suppose iL(0) =0 and v(0) =0 and input voltage is then applied.

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di L ( t ) In steady state, the initial and final

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• Similar arguments can be applied to capacitors…

• What happens if a dc current is applied to capacitor ????

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• Consider the buck converter, the

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• The capacitor current ic(t) is positive,

• This change in capacitor voltage can be

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• The charge q is the integral of the

• The capacitor current waveform ic(t) is

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• Semiconductor power devices behave as single-pole

• Be careful !!! The realization of a Single-Pole-

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For example, switch A must block positive

What kinds of semiconductor devices fit in

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• Diode is a passive switch, which does not

• Diode is “off” (i=0) when v < 0

it can block negative voltage but not positive

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• BJT and IGBT are active switches.

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• MOSFET has similar characteristics to

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