• Experiment design is an experiment in analyzing ideas to determine if they affect the outcome in

analysis. Experimenting has several usable ways: first determines the idea of experimenting, second
designates individuals or groups (collecting research objects), third determines whether or not the
object experiences the idea.

• When Do You Use an Experiment?

want to establish possible cause and effect between your independent and dependent variables. This
means that vou attempt to control all variables that influence the outcome except for the independent
variable. Then, wher the independent variable infhences the dependent variable, we can say the
independent variable 'caused" or probubly caused" the dependent variable. Because experiments are
controlled, they are the best of the quantitative designs to use to establish probable cause and effect.

• When Did Experiments Develop?

Experimental research began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with psychological experiments.
By 1903. Schuvler used experimental and control groups, and his use became so commonplace that he
felt no need to provide a rationale for them. Then in 1916. McCall advanced the idea of randomly
assigning individuals to groups (Campbell & Stanley. 1963). Authoring a major book in 1925, Hou to
Conduct an Eperimen, McCall firmly established the procedure of comparing groups. In addition, by
1936, Fisher's book Statistical Methods for Research Workers discussed statistical procedures useful in
cxperiments in psychology and agriculture. In this book. Pisher advanced the concept of randomly
assigning individuals to groups before starting an experiment. Other developments in statistical
procedures at this time (e.g. chi-square goodness of fit and critical values) and the testing of the
significance of differences (e.g. Fisher's 1935 The Design of Experiments) enhanced experimental
research in education. Between 1926 and 1963, five sets of textbooks on statistics had undergone
multiple editions (Huberty. 1993).

# Types Experimental Designs

• within group or individual groups

 -> within group Designs, a trial with limited number of participants and possible number of participants
in more than one group.

-> within individual Designs, which is an experiment the number of participants of one individual.

This type of design assumes several forms:

1. Time Series Experimental ( intercupted, equivalent)

Time Series Experimental Is a good experimental approach that a researcher can use to study one group
and can study in one period.

A time series design consists of studying one group, over time, with multiple pretest and posttest
measures o observations made by the researcher.these multiple measures are seen in two important
variations of this design.

a. the first is the interrupted time series design. This procedure consists of studying one group. obtaining
multiple pretest measures for a peniod of time.

b. administering an intervention (or interrupting the activities), and then measuring outcomes (or
posttests) several times. Data analysis in this example consists of examining difference scores between
the pretests and posttests or posttest-only scores and using the pretests as covariates.