NOTE-INSTRUCTION FOR CLASS -XII PHYSICS PRACTICAL.

1. Use physics practical file.

2. INSTRUCTION for practical 1 to 4. Write first 4 practical (1 to 4). Do not
write any values in observation table and do not draw the graph, the graph is
given for reference.
3. INSTRUCTION for practical 5 to 7. Copy the practical as given along with the
values and draw the graph.
Practical No.-1
Aim: To determine the focal length of a convex lens by using u, v method.
Apparatus: Optical bench, two needles, convex lens, needle holder, lens
holder and a metre scale.

Rough Focal Length: The rough focal length of the convex lens observed
as………
Formula Used:
𝑢𝑣
F= where u – is the distance between the object pin and lens.
𝑢+𝑣
v – is the distance between the image pin and lens.
Observation Table:
1 1 𝑢𝑣
S.No. u (in cm) v (in cm) (in cm) (in cm) F= (in cm)
𝑢 𝑣 𝑢+𝑣

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Average Focal Length:

𝐹 +𝐹 +𝐹 + 𝐹 +𝐹
F = 1 2 3 4 5 = ………..
5
Focal Length from the graphs
1 1
Graph between and
𝑢 𝑣
Result:
(a) Focal Length of the lens from the graph
(b) Focal Length of the lens from the experiment
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𝑢𝑣
NOTE- 1. If we using the formula F =
𝑢+𝑣
then u and v is taken as positive and the graph is plotted on the first quadrant.
 Practical No.-2
Aim: To determine the focal length of a convex lens by using the graph m
against v.
Apparatus: Optical bench, two needles, convex lens, needle holder, lens
holder and a metre scale.

Rough Focal Length: The rough focal length of the convex lens observed
as………
Formula Used:
𝑣
m= where u – is the distance between the object pin and lens.
𝑢
v – is the distance between the image pin and lens.

Observation Table:
𝑣
S.No. u(cm) v(cm) M= (no unit)
𝑢

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Draw the graph between m vs v

Intercept on x-axis shows the focal length of the lens.

Result:
Focal Length of the lens from the graph = …………
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Practical No.-3
Aim: Verify ohm ’s law for the given unknown resistance and plot a graph
between V versus I
Apparatus: Resistance wire; an ammeter; voltmeter; Rheostat; key; An
accumulator or dry cells or a battery and connecting copper wires.
Formula Used:
𝑉
V ∝ I or =R
𝐼

Observation Table:
Least count of ammeter = ………………… amp
Least count of voltmeter = ………………… volt
 𝑉
S.No. Ammeter reading Voltmeter reading =R
𝐼
(amp) (volts) (ohms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

𝑉
Mean ( ) = ………………ohms
𝐼
Graph between V Vs i

Value of resistance from graph

∆𝑉 ……..
Sloe of the graph = = = …… Ω
∆𝐼 ……….
Result: Resistance (from calculation)
Resistance (from graph)
𝑉
Since the value of is constant in each observation, and graph between V and
𝐼
I is a straight line, therefore Ohm’s Law is verified.
 Practical No.-4
Aim: To determine the unknown resistance by wheat-stone bridge method.
Apparatus: Resistance wire with meter scale; Resistance box, unknown
resistance, Galvanometer, jockey, connecting wire, battery, key.
𝑃 𝑅
Formula Used: 𝑄
=
𝑆
𝑄𝑋𝑅
⇒𝑆= 𝑃
∵ 𝑃 ∝ 𝑙 and 𝑄 ∝ 100 − 𝑙
(100−𝑙 ) 𝑅
∴ 𝑆=
𝑙

[ Circuit Diagram on left plane sheet]

Observation Table:
S.No. R (Ω) 𝑙 (cm) 100 − 𝑙 (cm) S(Ω) Mean of S (Ω)
1
2
3
4
5
Result: Resistance of the given wire = …………………(Ω)

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Practical No.-5
Aim: To determine the specific resistance/resistivity of the unknown
resistance.
Apparatus: Resistance wire; meter scale; screw gauge.
2
Formula Used: Specific resistance ρ = 𝜋 𝑟𝐿 𝑅
Observation Table:
a. value of R = 0.59 Ω (from experiment -4)
Note – use the value of R from previous experiment
b. Length of resistance wire (L) = 21 cm
c. Determining the area of cross of the specimen wire by screw gauge.
S.No. L.C. MSR CSR = Diameter Radius Area=𝜋𝑟 2
(cm) (cm) CSD X L.C. (cm) = MSR + (cm) (cm2)
CSR
(cm)
1 0.001 0.0 33 X 0.001=0.033 0.033 0.016 0.0008
2 0.001 0.0 32 X 0.001=0.032 0.032 0.016 0.0008
3 0.001 0.0 35 X 0.001=0.035 0.035 0.017 0.0009
Mean area = 0.00083 cm2 = 8.3 x 10-4 cm2
d. Determining the specific resistance of the wire.
S.No. R (Ω) L(cm) A(cm2) 𝜋 𝑟 2𝑅
ρ= (Ω − cm)
𝐿
-4
1 0.59 21 8.3 x 10 2.3 x 10-5
Result: Specific resistance of the given wire = 2.3 x 10-5 Ω − cm
 Practical No.-6
Aim: To determine the focal length of a convex lens by displacement
method.
Apparatus: Optical bench, two needles, convex lens, needle and a metre
scale.
Rough Focal Length: The rough focal length of the convex lens observed
as 16.0 cm

Formula Used:
𝐷2 −𝑑2
F= 4𝐷
Where, F – Focal length
D – distance between 2 pins
d - distance between 2 position of lens
Observation Table:
S.No. D (cm) 𝐷2 (cm2) d(cm) 𝑑 2 (cm2) 𝐷2 −𝑑2
F= (cm)
4𝐷
1 76.0 5776.0 30.3 918.09 16.0
2 80.0 6400.0 35.5 1260.25 16.1
3 84.0 7056.0 40.7 1656.49 16.1
4 88.0 7744.0 45.2 2043.04 16.2
5 92.0 8464.0 49.9 2490.01 16.2

Average Focal Length:

𝐹 +𝐹 +𝐹 + 𝐹 +𝐹
F = 1 2 3 4 5 = 16.1 cm
5
Result:
(a) Rough Focal Length of the lens from the graph 16.0 cm
(b) Focal Length of the lens from the experiment 16.1 cm
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Practical No.-7
This experiment determines the focal length of the given convex lens by no
parallax method.
You are provided with:
(i) A lens holder
(ii)A convex lens
(iii)Two optical pins
(iv)An optical bench.
Procedure: Mount the given convex lens (L) on the lens holder Adjust the
height of the object pin (O) and image pin (I) till their tips lie on the principal
axis of the lens.
Now, arrange the lens ‘L’ as shown in Fig.

Object pin (O) is at zero cm mark and the lens (L) is at 70 cm. mark so that the
object distance (OL) = u = 70cm. Look at the tip of the object pin through the
lens from a distance. You will see a diminished and inverted image (I') of the
object pin
Now, adjust the position of the image pin (I) till it coincides with I'. Thus, there
is no parallax between I’ and I. Ensure that tip to tip parallax is removed.
Note this position (I) of the image pin and determine the image distance v = LI,
correct up to one decimal place.
𝑢𝑣 𝑢+𝑣
Calculate q = and p = both up to one decimal place.
100 10
Now, repeat the experiment for five more values of u in the range 20 cm to 70
cm.
Each time, find v and calculate p and q.
Tabulate all six sets of values of u, v, p and q with their units given at the
column head.
Plot a graph of q vs p, taking q on Y-axis. Take origin at (0, 0).
Draw the line of best fit. Find its slope ‘m’ using:
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑞
m=
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝
and record its value correct up to three significant figures.
Find ‘f’ using f = 10 X m and record its value with proper unit, correct up to one
decimal place.
Observation:
S.No. U (in cm) V (in cm) p = 𝑢+𝑣 (in cm) q = 𝑢𝑣 (in cm2)
10 100
1 20.0 20.0 4.0 4.0
2 30.0 15.0 4.5 4.5
3 40.0 13.3 5.3 5.3
4 50.0 12.5 6.2 6.2
5 60.0 12.0 7.2 7.2
6 70.0 11.7 8.2 8.2
Graph:
Calculation: Slope of the line
∆𝑞 8 − 5 𝑐𝑚2
m= = = 1 𝑐𝑚
∆𝑝 8 − 5 𝑐𝑚

∴ Focal length of the lens f = 10 X m

= 10 X 1 = 10 cm.

Result: Focal length of the lens is 10 cm.