SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond The Equation

SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond The Equation
Gabrijel Grubac
“For if we do just what they did, we are
never to do better. If we do more than they
did, chances are, we will be better”
Curriculum
Presenter Topic Time

Gabrijel Grubac Intro 10 min
Mihail-Bogdan Dobrescu Reservoir Engineering 20 min
Sandra-Eliana Tudose Geology 20 min
Laura Blanka Szasz Drilling 20 min
Refreshments & Networking 20 min
Silviu Sibiu Completion 20 min
Laura Precupanu Stimulation 20 min
Bernd Kometer Artificial Lift 20 min
SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond the Equation 2

Industry Driving Factors – ask yourselves

Opportunity & Realities
I graduated … Ce se întâmplă acum?

Exposure is
Responsibility
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvuzuyEKLd8

…
Stick to what you love
Perseverance
From LinkedIN to resume to every company’s profile to
networking and business cards …
It is the attitude and hard work that define the path and not
just grades and recognitions…

7
SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond the Equation
Name Mihail
Dobrescu and Last name
Bogdan
Reservoir Engineering
Department Department
and Life motto
Introduction
What is reservoir engineering ?
The art of developing and producing oil and gas fields in such
a manner to obtain a high economic recovery.
In Reservoir Engineering, we consider underground

movement of “fluid” (liquid or gas). We want to predict how
and where fluid will flow based on the knowledge of properties
of reservoir and fluid.

Hydrocarbon in place estimation
Estimation of hydrocarbon initially in place (HCIIP) is a critical issue for both economic
and technological aspects of Petroleum Industry.
There is two main methods to estimate hydrocarbon initial in place (HCIIP)
Volumetric Method – for oil : IOIP=AhΦ(1-Swi) / Boi

for gas : OGIP = Ah Φ(1- Swi) / Bgi

Hydrocarbon in place estimation
Material Balance
Relationship between reservoir pore volume, reservoir pressure, and cumulative

production/injection
The reservoir is filled with fluid (oil, gas, water) at all times; therefore, as fluids are
produced:
The change in reservoir pore volume = the change in reservoir oil volume + the change in
reservoir free gas volume + the change in reservoir water volume.

Rock properties
• Porosity
• Permeability (k)
• Pore volume Compressibility (cf)
• Capillary Pressure
• Relative Permeability

Porosity
Porosity – void space as a fraction of the rock’s bulk

volume. Provides hydrocarbons storage capacity.
Primary porosity – present at time of deposition – uniform or predictable

Secondary porosity – due to alteration that occur after deposition – heterogeneous
Effective porosity Usually – Total Porosity

Permeability
Permeability is a measure of the ability of a rock

to allow fluid to flow through it.
Measured in units of darcy ~ 1x10-12m2
Methods of permeability measurement :

 Cores
 Well test

Fluid properties
Why are fluid properties important ?
 Needed to convert reservoir volumes derived from maps and petrophysical data to
hydrocarbons in place
 To understand well flow performance and surface processing requirements
Phase Diagram - Dry Gas Phase Diagram - Wet Gas Phase Diagram – Ret. Gas Cond.
Phase Diagram – Volatile Oil Phase Diagram – Black Oil

Daily work software for Reservoir Engineers
• PETREL and ECLIPSE by Schlumberger Company

Reservoir Engineering workflow

Where the data comes from
Geometry (reservoir extend, continuity, faults, etc.)

-Seismic;
-Geological and geophysical analysis; etc.
Rock properties (permeability, porosity, saturations, etc.)

-Petrophysics;
-Core analysis; etc.
Fluid properties (density (=mass), viscosity (=friction),

etc.)
-Laboratory analysis of fluid samples;
-Correlations; etc.

Different types of reservoir in Romania
• Oil reservoir – with or without aquifer

- with or without gas cap
• Gas reservoir - with or without condensate

Well testing – Reservoir Pressure
Well test analysis is the process of obtaining information about a reservoir by

analyzing a pressure transient response caused by a change in production rate.
The results of well test interpretation are used for decision making in
exploration as well as reservoir and production engineering.
Drawdown Test Build-up Test

Advantages
- Easy to hold constant rate of zero
- Can obtain average reservoir pressure value for
material balance
- Can minimize well bore storage with downhole
shut-in
Disadvantages
- deferred production, most demonstrate value of
data
- Analysis must account for effects of booth shut-in
and preceding on pressure response

Production Forecast
• Using DCA or using Simulator

Common types of oil and gas decline shapes (Arps Equation) :
 Exponential – straight line on a plot log(rate) versus time

 Hyperbolic – concave up curve on a plot of log(rate) versus time
 Harmonic – special form of hyperbolic decline where the decline exponent equal 1.0

Introduction
• Name: Mihail Bogdan Dobrescu

• Graduate : Oil and Gas University in 2011
• Experience : 3 years Jr. Reservoir Engineer;
• 2 years Reservoir Engineer at OMV
Gänserndorf ;
• 3 years Reservoir Engineer in
Reservoir study Department.

Thank You!
Mihail-Bogdan Dobrescu
Mihail_Bogdan.Dobrescu@petrom.com
Sandra Eliana Tudose
Reservoir Geologist - Production Geology Dept.

“Success is where preparation and opportunity meet”
Why Oil&Gas Industry?
• Great pay?
• Travel opportunities?
• Flexibility?
• Professional growth?

Summary
• What is Geology?
• Types of geosciences and their applicability
• How does geology apply in the O&G industry?
• Project management
• HC system components
• Petrel – the geologist’s crystal ball
• Usual workflow in building a geological model
• Why do we need geological models?
• Geology – an integrated discipline
• Why the Oil&Gas industry?

What is Geology?
The Science of the Earth, the Art of creating a visual representation of the Earth’s
history and it’s sub-surface, a Language used to provide answers for:
 What formations are undergrown and how they connect?

 What is the shape, continuity and extension of these formations?
 What are the properties of these rocks? How are they distributed?
 If/how much HC do they contain, how and whet it got there?
Exploration Development
“…after exploration has located an economically recoverable

“.search for rock formations associated with oil or field, and involves the construction of one or more wells
natural gas deposits, and involves geophysical from the beginning (called spudding) to either
prospecting and/or exploratory drilling.” abandonment if no hydrocarbons are found, or to well
(http://www.oilandgasbmps.org) completion if hydrocarbons are found in sufficient
quantities”

How does geology apply in the O&G industry?
• Identify hydrocarbon accumulations within rock pores/fractures;

• Estimate initial distribution, shape and size of the HC reservoirs (reservoir architecture;
• Explain where and why, within a basin, HC were generated;
• Determine reservoir rock properties;
• Analyze fluid contacts inside a reservoir;
• Elaborate 2D and 3D geological models;
• Identify new ways to re-develop existing fields or discover new ones (integrated work);

Project management
Project phases with essential subsurface activities by technical workflows for the
development planning and maturing : IDENTIFY, ASSESS and SELECT (early), DEFINE,
EXECUTE (mid), OPERATE (late)
OMV Reserves & Resources Matrix

HC system components
http://www.geologyin.com/2014/12/hydrocarbon-traps.html

HC system components – Example
Case study: Moesian Platform
 Description: petroleum province on the western margin of the Black Sea;
metamorphic basement + 4 major sedimentary cycles: Camb-Cb; P-T; J-K; N; 3
compartments;
 Tectonics: extensional tectonic regime; NW-SE crustal faults + W-E, NS and
NW-SE;
 Reservoir:
• Devonian: LST & Dolo.
• P-T: SST & Sand
• K: SST & sandy LST
• Sarm: SST
• Me&Dac&Po: SST & M
 Source rock: Carb. - black shale; Dev. - bituminous LST; J – bituminous shale &
marl; Sarm. - bituminous shale;
 Seal: pelitic and/or evaporate packages;
 Traps:
• Structural: faulted monoclines & anticlines;
• Stratigraphic: pinch-outs, sand lenses;
http://www.geologyin.com/2014
/12/hydrocarbon-traps.html

Petrel – the geologist’s crystal ball

Usual workflow in building a geological model
Courtesy of AbdulGhani Jaghman, OMV Petrom

Why do we need geological models?
• To make a realistic representation of the subsurface.
 Primary motives:
• 1. Volumetric estimates.
• 2. Reservoir simulation.
• 3. Well planning.
• 4. Field performance prediction, field development planning and individual well
• planning.
 Secondary motives:
• 1. Visualization.
• 2. Consistency of data.
• 3. Other uses - any modeling process which needs a reliable geological description.

Geology – an integrated discipline
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
EXPLORE APPRAISE DEVELOP PRODUCE ABANDON
G&G RE & PT DRILLING OPERATIONS ASSET

My career path
• 2011: dropped out of Law school

and passed admission at the Faculty
of Geology and Geophysics –
Bucharest;
• 2015: graduated/Geological
Engineer diploma;
• August 3rd, 2015: 1st day on the job;
• 2015-2017: “Sedimentary basins and
Mineral Resources Evaluation”
Masters’;
• Present day: Reservoir geologist in
the NFO/Special Projects team.
• In the future?....

Thank You!
Sandra Eliana Tudose

sandraeliana.tudose@petrom.com
Szasz Laura Blanka

Junior Drilling Engineer
OMV-Petrom
Name and Last name
“If opportunity doesn’t knock, build a door”
Agenda
 Introduction
 What is drilling?
 History
 Drilling
 Drilling Methods and Equipment
 Drill bits and Drilling Assembly
 Operations During Drilling Process
 Drilling Fluid and Hole Cleaning
 MWD/LWD tools
 Offshore Drilling
 Let me introduce myself

Romanian Petroleum History
 The oil and gas industry in Romania it was well

established by 1857, when Bucharest became the
first city in the world to be illuminated by kerosene
lamps.
 The Romanian oil and gas industry was

nationalized soon after the end of World War II,
peak production was reached in 1976, and it
continued to be managed under the communist
regime until 1989.
 3 oil world premieres in 1857:

 The first country in the world with a petroleum
production, officially registered in the
international statistics
 The world’s first refinery built by Mehedinteanu
brothers in Ploiesti
 Bucharest, the world’s first city public illuminated
with kerosene

Romanian Petroleum History
1861  1st well drilled with a rotary system rig at Mosoarele;
1904  The first School of Driller Foreman from Romania and from the world was
established in Campina
1926  1926 – 204 Astra Romana well, used the 1st BOP
1934  Chitorani well was drilled at 3382 m, 60 m less than world record at that moment
1935  Romania on 4th position in the world as production
1938  100 drilling rigs in operations

1940  Romania was the 2nd oil producer in Europe;
1976 - 1977  1976 – 1977 – The biggest oil production realized in Romania ( 15 mil t/year)

Drilling
 Drilling refers to the process of boring a hole

through soil and rock to access geologic
reservoirs that contain oil and gas.
 The drilling system that is used the most in the

petroleum industry, in fact the only one, is the
rotary drilling system with permanent
circulation.
 The drilling facilities can be used for drilling

wells anywhere in the onshore and offshore
areas ( depth from 100-150 m to 6000-7000 m)
 7000 Baicoi Well is the deepest well drilled

in Romania

Rotary Rig and its components

Well Control equipment: Blowout Preventer (BOP)
 Early wells had no means to control pressure. “Gushers” caused fatalities and released large amounts of oil
 In attempt to control the pressure and prevent blowouts, the first BOP was invented by Abercrombie and
Cameron in 1922
 Blowout preventers are critical to the safety of crew, rig and environment
and to the monitoring and maintenance of well integrity
 The primary functions of these systems are: to confine well fluids to the
wellbore, provide means to add fluid to the wellbore and allow controlled
volumes to be withdrawn from the wellbore
 BOP- it’s a device attached to

the casinghead that allows the
well to be sealed to confine the
well fluids in the wellbore
 The first response to detecting

a kick would be to isolate the
wellbore from the surface by
activating the BOP and closing
in the well, then a heavier kill
fluid will be circulated to
“Gushers” - uncontrolled release increase the hydrostatic
of oil and gas from a well while pressure.
drilling
Drilling Bits
 The first thing in any drilling assembly is the bit

 The cutting action of the various types must be the first consideration when selecting a bit. Each type of bit
"makes" hole in a different manner.
 The Roller Cone Bit crushes, gouges and  A PDC Bit (Polycrystalline Diamond
deforms the rock. Compact) removes formation from the rock
 The drilling efficiency is most effected by face by shearing the rock in a similar manner
WOB. to the way a machinist’s tool removes metal
 Roller Cone Bits have moving parts which from a part being turned in a lathe.
must function at the desired rotary speed.

Drilling String
 The Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) it is the lowest part of the drill string, extending from the bit to
the drill pipe, consisting of the bit, bit sub stabilizers, drill collars, heavy-weight drill pipe, jar and
accelerator and crossovers.
 The BHA design is based upon the requirements of having enough weight transfer to the bit
(WOB) to be able to drill and achieve a sufficient Rate of penetration (ROP) and provide the
driller directional control of the well.

Operations During the Drilling Process
Casing
 Once a section is drilled, casing is set inside the drilled well to protect and support the wellbore
 The walls of the well are reinforced with metallic jointed casings
 Casing is run from the rig floor, connected one joint at a time by casing elevators on the traveling block and
stabbed into the previous casing string that has been inserted into the well.
 At the very first casing, a

casing shoe or reamer
shoe is make up. The main
purpose of this shoe is to
guide the shoe along the
drilled profile, prevent
lateral forces on casing
bottom and smooth
landing.

Operations During the Drilling Process
Cementing
 The objective of cementing is to provide zonal isolation. Well cementing is the process of introducing cement
to the annular space between the well-bore and casing or to the annular space between two successive
casing strings.
 The principal functions of the cementing process are:
• To restrict fluid movement between the formations
• To bond and support the casing against the wellbore walls
• To offer the external protection against the aggressive action of the mineralized subsurface water.
CBL-Cement Bond Log
 Gives a continuous measurement of the amplitude

of sound pulses from a transmitter to receiver,
principle based on resonance
 This amplitude is maximum in unsupported pipe

and minimum in well-cemented casing
 The data is collected by the tool and recorded on a

log which is used as an indicator of zonal
isolation in the well (important in gas producing
wells)

Drilling Fluid
 In1845, a French engineer, Fauvelle, was the first to drill a well using the technique of water-flushed tools:
water was circulated in an effort to remove the drilled cuttings
 In 1889 the possible use of oil as a

drilling fluid was proposed, the
normal fluid being a MUD
composed of water and native clay
 Present-day drilling fluids are

sophisticated products with
complex rheological, filtration, and
chemical properties.
• Water based: the continuous phase and major component is water, the
other components being active solids, inert solids, and chemicals.
Drilling fluid can be
classified as belonging
to one of two broad • Oil based: the continuous phase is oil and it may contain water as the
groups: discontinuous phase in any proportion up to 50%. The solid phase is
essentially the same as that of the water-based drilling fluids, containing
weighting materials, drilled solids, and clays

Drilling Fluid
 During drilling the functions of drilling fluids are:

 Suspension and removal of cuttings from the hole to
the surface - hydrodynamic
 Maintenance of a stable wellbore and isolation of fluids
from the formation – hydrostatic
 Control of subsurface pressure
 Cooling and lubrication of the bit and drill string
 Buoyancy effect on drill string and casing
 Maximization of penetration rate
 Transmission of hydraulic power to bit and downhole
tools
 Control of drill string, casing, and drilling equipment
corrosion
Hydrostatic Pressure > Formation Pressure

Why is Hole Cleaning Important?
 No well can be successfully drilled unless the cuttings can be transferred out of the borehole.
 Drilling a well without moving the cuttings out efficiently is more of an action to ‘bury’ the drilling assembly,
rather than trying to drill a well.
 Annually, about 12 to 17% of the Non Productive Time (NPT) experienced by rigs is caused by hole cleaning
related problems.
 This translates to hundreds of millions of dollars that can be saved every year.
 Some of the most common drilling problems associated to poor hole cleaning are listed below:
• Stuck pipe
• Packing off
• Loss of circulation
• Low rate of penetration
• Increase in drilling torque, causing difficulties in orienting for directional drilling.
 In deviated wells cuttings and caving settle to the low side of

the hole and form layers called solids beds or cuttings beds.
The BHA becomes stuck in the solids bed.
OR
 Cuttings and caving slide down the annulus when the pumps
are turned off and pack-off the drill string.

MWD-LWD
 The most spectacular development in the drilling field is
given by the directional drilling.
 It was imposed for the production of the reservoirs
discovered in hostile geographical areas, as the northern
frozen part of the Alaska Peninsula
 Multilateral wells, common in regions where surface
infrastructure is restricted, feature as many as eight
wells sidetracked from a single mother wellbore.
MWD LWD
 Measurement While Drilling  Logging While Drilling
 Uses Mud Pulse Telemetry  It is generally an indirect
to transmit survey data measurement of geologic
during tool operation, the parameters: gamma ray,
mud pressure in the drill resistivity, density, sonic,
string is modulated to carry neutron porosity
information in real time in  Complete measurement
digital form results can be downloaded
 MWD refers to directional from LWD tools after they
drilling measurements, are pulled out of hole,
hole inclination (drift) and which is called "memory
hole direction (azimuth) data"

The final works of the drilling process
Before bringing the well in production, certain specific works are executed at the wellbore and
inside the well:
 the casing is fixed at the surface by a set of wedges and the annular space is sealed by
rubber rings and gaskets assembly.
 The flanges assembly that is fixed at a wellbore, including the one in which the tubing is
suspended, with all the associated accessories, represents the wellhead.
Wellhead and Christmas Tree for Gas Producer Well

Onshore-Offshore
After all, drilling on land is an undertaking on its

own. Mains issues in offshore:
 How do you drill in lightless ocean depths and
transport all that liquid, gas and solid
petroleum back to the surface?
 How do you keep from polluting the ocean?
 How do you do all of this, with tons of special
equipment, in the middle of rough seas?
 Petroleum companies have invested billions
into the development of offshore drilling,
construction of significant infrastructure, both
on land and at the sea, and in offshore oil
platforms
 There are five varieties of mobile drilling platforms:

 Jack-ups: the most common rigs, typically cost between $180 million and $190 million to build
 Drilling barge: Mostly used for shallow drilling in non-ocean waters
 Submersible rig: This platform combines some of the properties of drilling barges and jack-ups
 Semisubmersible rig: This platform is much like a submersible rig, except it's designed to work in
much deeper waters.
 Drill ships: This is essentially an oceangoing vessel with, you guessed it, a drilling platform in the
middle.

About me…
 Education Background:
 “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu – Mures; Intl. Rel. and European Studies,
 Universita’ degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy – Scolarship
 UPG Ploiesti – Oil and Gas Engineering
 Work life…
 OMV-Petrom in October 2017 as Junior Drilling Engineer. What that means:
 First of all getting familiar with the drilling rig, equipment, taking part at all the
drilling phases, rig audits, pre-spud meetings, visiting different BU…
 Working in Landmark Software (Open Wells)
 Being IGD student, having trainings in Vienna and Bucharest
 Nominated for the Best Performing Fresh Graduate title and with a presentation
about “My leading OMV foundation principle” won the 1st place.
"When you can’t change the direction of the wind, adjust your sails“
H.Jackson Brown Jr
About me…

Thank You!
Laura – Blanka Szasz

Junior Drilling Engineer
LauraBlanka.Szasz@petrom.com
Silviu-Dorian Sibiu
Completions Engineer
OMV-Petrom
Name and Last name
Agenda
What it’s Completion and what is the role of a

Completion Engineer?
Well barrier
Packers
Safety Valves
Case Study: First Multilateral Well

What is well completion?
“ Completions are the interface between the reservoir and surface production. The role of the
completion designer is to take a well that has been drilled and convert it into a safe and efficient
production or injection conduit.
Completion design is a mix of physics, chemistry, mathematics, engineering, geology, hydraulics,
material science and practical hands-on wellsite experience” - Jonathan Bellarby – Well Completion
Design

What is Completion Engineer’s role?
Completion Engineer it’s part, usually of a multi-disciplinary team and he needs to be the interface between
facility engineers and reservoir management. The completion engineer work will affect several departments
like facilities ( e.g. artificial lift power requirement); drilling ( e. g. hole and casing sizes).

Types of Completions
Wells can be either producers (oil, gas, water) or injectors (water, carbon dioxide, steam etc). Completion are
often divided into:
- Reservoir Completion, connection between reservoir and the well, with decisions
• Well trajectory
• Open hole vs Cased hole
• Sand Control requirements
• Stimulation
• Single or multiple zones to be produced

Types of Completions
- Upper Completion, connection between reservoir completion and surface facilities, with below decisions
that can influence
• Artificial lift type (gas lift, SRP, ESP)
• Tubing size
• Single or dual completion
• Tubing with or without isolation (packer, etc)

Well Barriers/Well Control through well’s life

Swiss Cheese effect & Well barriers
A small shift in one parameter or event is

sometimes all it takes to prevent an accident
• Ensuring the integrity of at least one barrier ensures that the ‘Swiss cheese’ holes do not
align, resulting in an occurrence of an unplanned event
• The concept of multiple barriers reduces the statistical probability that an unplanned
event will occur.

Packers – Purpose & Application

Packers – Purpose & Application
 Purpose  Applications
 Structural purpose  Protect casing from
(anchor the tubing pressure (well/
to casing). stimulation pressures)
 Sealing purpose and corrosive fluids.
(isolate annular to  Isolation of casing
tubing flow). leaks, squeezed
perforations, or multiple
producing intervals.
 Note:  Isolate gravel or sand.
 A packer without a  Some Artificial Lift
seal is an anchor: installations.
– Prevent tubing  In conjunction with
movement in some safety valves.
pumped wells.  To hold kill fluids or
– Transfer tubing treating fluids in casing
loads to casing. annulus.

Packers Types
 Ability to be removed
 Retrievable
 Permanent
 Permanent/
Retrievable
 Setting mechanism
 Wireline pyrotechnics
 Hydraulic pressure
 Mechanical:
– Tubing compression
– Tubing tension
– Tubing rotation

Permanent Packers
 Specific  Applications
 High differential pressure  Severe operating conditions
and temperature ratings. (>3000psi / 300OF).
 Large bores.  High stress.
 Tailpipe/ packer-tubing  Long life completions.
attachments.  WO expected to be above
 Could be retrieved from the packer (removal is
well by milling. costly).
 Where packer tailpipe can
 Setting Mechanism be used for plugging the
well and isolating foreign
 Wireline explosive fluids from the formation.
charge setting tool
 Where high rate wells
 Tubing tension expected (due to large
 Hydraulic pressure bores).
 Tubing rotation

Retrievable Packers
 Specific  Applications
 Could be installed and  Completions which have
retrieved on the relative short life span.
completion tubing.  WO requiring full bore
 Advantage of use in high access.
angle wells.  Multi zone completion for
 Disadvantage is lower zonal segregation.
differential pressures,  In relatively wild well
temperature ratings and conditions.
bore size than
permanent packers.
 Setting Mechanism  Notes

 Tubing tension  Could be accidentally unset
 Tubing compression due to pressure and stress.
 Hydraulic pressure  Sensitivity to well fluids as
they are more complex.
 Tubing rotation

Permanent-Retrievable Packers
 Specific
 Hybrid of the permanent style designed to be retrieved
without milling (straight pull); using a workstring.
 Similar performances as permanent packers; but
generally having smaller bores.

Packers – Setting mechanism
 Wireline pyrotechnics
 Mechanical  Hydraulic
 Tubing compression  Appling pressure
 Tubing tension  Seal expansion
 Tubing rotation

Packers – Selection Criteria
 Packer selection:  Well Classification:

 Type of packer  High corrosive wells
 Setting mechanism  Highly critical wells:
 Main packer – Deep depths (>4500m)
accessories – HPHT (>700bar / >130OC)
– Subsea well-head
– Gas injection (>3000psi)
 Critical Well
– Depths (3000-4500m)
– Temperature (100-130OC)
 Non-critical wells

SCSSSV – A Well Barrier Element (WBE)
 Subsurface safety valves are fail-safe valves that are designed to prevent an uncontrolled
release of hydrocarbons from the well if something catastrophic occurs at surface.
 TR-SCSSSV – are completion component

run with tubing.
They are design with different profiles (nipple

profile, exercise profile, lock-open profile).
 WR-SCSSSV – are completion component

run with slick-line. Can be used from the
beginning as part of completion schematic,
or later on being set in nipple profiles.

Examples of SCSSSV as part of the Well Barrier
Envelops on Romania offshore field
ESP – deep setting SCSSV Installed GL completion Natural flow well completion

Case Study: Offshore Romanian first multilateral well
Completion Design

Case study: Pictures from Well-site

Case study: Pictures from Well-site

Start building your career now !!
 Take extra-trainings outside university
 Learn how to present yourself and how to present

your work in general
 Learn a foreign language – at least
 When will be the case, choose the job that makes

you happy to go each day to work
 Don’t forget that Oil Industry it’s small, make

friends and keep connections active

Thank You!
Silviu-Dorian Sibiu
Completion Engineer
Silviu-Dorian.Sibiu@petrom.com
80
Laura Precupanu
Production Technology, Domestic Assets, OMV Petrom
Beyond the Equation

Formation Damage
Producing formation damage has been defined as the

impairment of the unseen by the inevitable, causing an
unknown reduction in the unquantifiable.

Concept of Skin Factor
• Skin factor denoted by the symbol s.

• Skin has no physical dimension.
Skin factor
Positive Formation damage identification &

investigation include:
0  types of damage
 location of damage
Negative  extent and screening of damage
 effect of damage on well production
or injection.
Removal of damage is one of the major goals of petroleum engineers

Choosing the Right Candidate
Damage severity, Sd
BEST
CANDIDATE
VERY HIGH
SKIN (>50) MUCH TO GAIN
HIGH SKIN GOOD CHANCES

WORST
(20-50) OF SUCCESS CANDIDATE
LOW SKIN LOW CHANCES
(5-15) OF SUCCESS
VERY LOW
SKIN (<5 ) MUCH TO LOSE
VERY LOW RISK LOW RISK HIGH RISK VERY HIGH RISK
Risk of failure
Chances of success
Stimulation Treatments
Acidizing
Solvent treatments
Matrix Stimulation Tensioactive treatments
Treatments Enzyme treatments

& others
Acid Frac
Hydraulic
Fracturing Propped Frac

Key Objectives of Well Acidizing
The key objectives of well acidizing are to:
Remove near wellbore formation damage and decrease skin factor
Restore damaged matrix permeability in near well-bore reservoir area
Improve matrix permeability in near well-bore reservoir area
Maximize well productivity
Remove deposits from well tubular/wellbore cleanout

Example of a Successful Matrix Stimulation Treatment
Fluid Chelating agent which combines the effectiveness of widely-used

acids with the ability to dissolve or prevent most types of problematic
scales.
AND
 Effectively improves the permeability of the formation

 Creates wormhole
 Causes no face dissolution
 Is compatible with clays
 Controls iron
 Prevents sludge formation
 Does not need many additives
 Environmental friendly

The Perfect Matrix Stimulation Solution
• HCl
• Surfactant
• Corrosion
inhibitor
• Intensifier
HCl • Iron control
agent
• Anti sludge
agent
Less
GLDA additives
No face Low Iron Cost

Stimulation dissolution corrosion control Effective
Reference: https://chelates.nouryon.com/products/stimwell/
SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond the Equation
Alternatives 89
Results
 Effective placement of acid in long perforated

Advantages
intervals/open hole
 Rapid production prior to any precipitation of

side products
 Easy clean-up because of 70% nitrogen included

in injected fluid
GLDA fluid combines all of carbonate acidizing technology without side effects

Fracturing Stimulation Technology
The principal reasons for fracturing a well:
Bypass near-wellbore damage (skin)
Extend a high conductivity flow path into the reservoir
Alter the fluid flow pattern in the reservoir
Increase the rate or productivity and/or to improve the ultimate

recovery
Aid in secondary recovery operations and to assist in the injection or

disposal of waste water

Why is Reservoir Contact Important?
Vertical well frac vs. horizontal well multiple stage fracturing
Maximize reservoir contact:

• Increased recoverable reserves
• Increased production
Source: National Energy Board, Canada

Horizontal Multi-frac Completion Solutions
Fracturing Hydraulic
Fracture
Process Modeling
KEY FRACTORS:
 Initiation point
 Fracture length
 Conductivity
 Height growth
containment

Fracture
Process Modeling
FRACPRO
GOHFER – Grid Oriented
Pseudo 3D model, in which
Hydraulic Fracture variations in reservoir stress,
Extension Replicator modulus, pressure and flow
Planar 3D fracture simulator. distribution are taken into
account.
STIMPLAN MFRAC-II
Pseudo 3D fracturing
3D hydraulic fracture
simulator, which uses a
simulator for fracture design
parametric representation of
and analysis.
the total fracture geometry.

Fracture
Design &
Pumping
Process Modeling Schedule
KEY FRACTORS:
 Water based
 On-the-fly mixing
 Fluid rheology
 Proppant transport
 Proppant flow back
control
 Fluid leak-off
 Material balance
 Frac fluids flow back

Fracture
Design &
Pumping
Fracturing
Logistics
Process Modeling Schedule

Background
Bachelor and Master in Chemical Engineering at

University Politehnica of Bucharest

Life in The Oil & Gas Business
10

Life in The Oil & Gas Business
Find your path, no matter what

technical background you have.
Just do your best…
Engagement is valued
by oil & gas industry professionals
And on top of everything…

Thank You!
Laura PRECUPANU
Sr. Stimulation Engineer
laura.precupanu@petrom.com
Ref: SLB
Bernd Kometer
Smart Field Technology
Purpose of artificial lift
• Add energy to the reservoir

• In the process, the pressure in the bottom of the well is reduced
(drawdown) and the reservoir fluid can flow to surface
• The design and analysis of any lifting system can be divided into two
components
1. Inflow performance relationship -> wells ability to produce fluids
2. Outflow performance relationship -> separators, flowline, restrictions, ALS
• Each technique is applicable for a range of conditions

– Fluid properties, borehole, surface facilities, automation, operating personnel,
economics

Reason & most common methods
Increase production!
• As compensation for declining reservoir pressure
• Offsetting the effect of increasing water(liquid) production in oil an gas wells
• To overcome high friction pressure associated with production of waxy crudes or
with high flow rates in restrictive production conduits
• To kickoff high gas-liquid ration wells that may die when shut-in
• To reduce the effect of flow line back pressure against which the well must
produce
Most common Lifting Methods

• Beam pumps
• Progressing cavity pumps
• Gas lift
• Electrical submersible pumps

Usage in the world
http://www.abnewswire.com/pressreleases/artificial-lift-systems-market-size-worth-3188-billion-by-2023-global-market-insights-inc_87827.html

Beam pumps
Advantages:
• High system efficiency
• Optimization controls available
• Economical to repair and service
• Positive displacement / strong drawdown
• Flexibility – Adjust production through
stroke length and speed
Limitations:
• Limited depth capability
• Temperature
• Low volumetric efficiencies in high gas
environments
• Potential for tubing and rod coupling wear
• Requires constant fluid level above pump
Ref: Bellarby

Progressing cavity pump
Advantages:
• Low capital cost
• Low surface profile for visual and height
sensitive areas
• High system efficiency
• Simple installation, quiet operation
• Pumps oils and waters with solids
• Lower power consumptions
Limitations:
• Potential for tubing and rod wear
• Most systems Limited to ability of rods to
handle loads – Volume decreases as depth
increases
• Environmental and aesthetic concerns
Ref: Bellarby

Gas lift
Advantages:
• High degree of flexibility and design rates
• Wireline retrievable
• Handles sandy conditions
• Surface wellhead equipment requires
minimal space
• Multi-well production from single
compressor
Limitations:
• Need high-pressure gas well
• Bottom-hole pressure
• High back-pressure
Ref: Bellarby

Electrical submersible pumps
Advantages:
• High volume and depth capability
• Low maintenance
• Minor surface equipment needs
• Good in deviated wells
• Use for well testing
Limitations:
• Available electrical power
• Limited adaptability to major changes in
reservoir
• Difficult to repair in the field
• Free gas and or abrasives
• Higher pulling costs
Ref: Bellarby

Which type? Artificial lift screening
Ref: WFT

Design
Type Lift Software
Beam Pumps Rodstar, Prosper, Excel
Progressing Cavity Pumps C-Fer, Prosper, Excel
Gas Lift Prosper, Excel
Electrical Submersible Vendor Software, Prosper,

Pumps Excel

RODSTAR (Theta)

DesignRite (Schlumberger)

Integrated Asset Model (PETEX)

Select
• Selection of Viable Forms of Lift

• Economical Model
– CAPEX
– OPEX
– LCC
• Which Equipment is Available
– Customer
– Supplier
• Experience in the field and with ALS
Summary
• Why we need AL
• What types are on the market
• Which is applicable for our case
• Which software is used
• How to select the fitting system

Bernd KOMETER
Education:
• Mining University of Leoben (MSc. in Petroleum Engineering)
Employment:
• 11/2018 – Today OMV Petrom SA
– Senior Digital Operations Engineer
• Well Automation
• Logic Platforms
• Automation of Workflows
• 2013 – 10/2018 OMV Austria E&P GmbH

– Production Technologist
• Artificial Lift and Gas Well Design
• Completion
• Acid Stimulation
• Gravel Packs
Other:
• Papers (SPE-190958-MS, SPE-186770-MS, SPE-181892-MS)
• Thesis Supervisor (ESP Sensor Data, Gas Well Deliquification)

Thank You!
Bernd KOMETER
Bernd.Kometer@petrom.com
References
– www.slb.com
– www.weatherford.com
– “Well Completion Design” Jonathan Bellarby
– www.gotheta.com
– www.pc-pump.com
– http://www.abnewswire.com/pressreleases/artificial-lift-systems-market-size-worth-3188-billion-by-2023-global-market-
insights-inc_87827.html
– https://goo.gl/images/8rpYso
– ‘Applied Reservoir Engineering’ - Petroskills
– Source: National Energy Board, Canada
– https://chelates.nouryon.com/products/stimwell/
– Oil and Gas Glossary
– 1997 Drillers Stuck Pipe Handbook
– WCS (Well Control School)
– API RP 53
– Drilling Operations Manual
– DD Training Manual
– http://www.ropepca.ro/en/articole/oil-and-gas-industry-in-romania/55/
– https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/offshore-drilling.htm
– Total Petroleum Systems of the Carpathian–Balkanian Basin Province of Romania and Bulgaria, Mark Pawlewicz
– Map of Romanian oil and gas fields, D. Paraschiv
– Upstream Process Map, OMV Internal Procedure for Hydrocarbon Development
– Geological Map of Romania, Brasov cross section
– www.teachstarter.com
– Well Completion-Design-Jonathan-Bellarby

SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond The Equation

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SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond The Equation

Presenter Topic Time

SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond the Equation 2

SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond the Equation 3

I graduated … Ce se întâmplă acum?

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What is reservoir engineering ?

In Reservoir Engineering, we consider underground

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Volumetric Method – for oil : IOIP=AhΦ(1-Swi) / Boi

SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond the Equation 10

Relationship between reservoir pore volume, reservoir pressure, and cumulative

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Porosity – void space as a fraction of the rock’s bulk

Primary porosity – present at time of deposition – uniform or predictable

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Permeability is a measure of the ability of a rock

Methods of permeability measurement :

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Phase Diagram – Volatile Oil Phase Diagram – Black Oil

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• PETREL and ECLIPSE by Schlumberger Company

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Geometry (reservoir extend, continuity, faults, etc.)

Rock properties (permeability, porosity, saturations, etc.)

Fluid properties (density (=mass), viscosity (=friction),

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• Oil reservoir – with or without aquifer

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Well test analysis is the process of obtaining information about a reservoir by

Drawdown Test Build-up Test

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• Using DCA or using Simulator

 Exponential – straight line on a plot log(rate) versus time

SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond the Equation 21

• Name: Mihail Bogdan Dobrescu

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SPE Romanian Section Young Professionals - Beyond The Equation

Sandra Eliana Tudose

Reservoir Geologist - Production Geology Dept.

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 What formations are undergrown and how they connect?

“…after exploration has located an economically recoverable

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• Identify hydrocarbon accumulations within rock pores/fractures;

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OMV Reserves & Resources Matrix

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Courtesy of AbdulGhani Jaghman, OMV Petrom

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• To make a realistic representation of the subsurface.

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EXPLORE APPRAISE DEVELOP PRODUCE ABANDON

G&G RE & PT DRILLING OPERATIONS ASSET