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Signal Energy and Power
Signal Energy and Power
Definition 1
The signal energy in the signal x(t ) is
∫ x(t )
2
E= dt . (12.1)
−∞
∫ x(t )
1 2
P = lim dt . (12.2)
T →∞ 2T
−T
If 0 < E < ∞ , then the signal x(t ) is called an energy signal. However, there are
signals where this condition is not satisfied. For such signals we consider the
power. If 0 < P < ∞ , then the signal is called a power signal. Note that the power
for an energy signal is zero (P = 0) and that the energy for a power signal is
infinite (E = ∞ ) . Some signals are neither energy nor power signals.
Let us consider a periodic signal x(t ) with period T0 . The signal energy in
one period is
259
T0
2
∫ x(t )
2
E1 = dt
T
− 0
2
T0
2
∫ x(t )
2
E n = nE1 = n dt .
T
− 0
2
T0
2
nE1 1
∫ x(t )
1 2
P = lim = E1 = dt . (12.3)
n → ∞ nT0 T0 T0 T
− 0
2
If the signal energy over one period is larger than zero but finite, then the total
energy is infinite and the signal power is finite. Therefore, the signal is a power
signal.
If the signal energy in one period is infinite, then both the power and the total
energy are infinite. Consequently, the signal is neither an energy signal nor a
power signal.
Consider a current signal i (t ) flowing through a transmission line represented
by resistance R. The energy loss in the line is
∞
ER = ∫ R(i(t )) dt = RE
2
i
−∞
T0
2
∫ R(i(t )) dt = RP
1
Pav =
2
i
T0 T
− 0
2
In the special case in which R = 1Ω the energy loss in the line is the same as
the signal energy in i (t ) and the power loss is the same as the power of the
periodic signal i (t ) .
Example 12.1
x(t ) = e −t u (t ) .
∞ ∞ ∞
∫ e u (t )
1 1
∫
−t 2 − 2t
E= dt = e dt = − e − 2t = .
−∞ 0
2 0
2
The signal x(t ) is an energy signal. Since E is finite the signal power P = 0 .
Example 12.2
x(t ) = Ae jω 0 t .
2π
Signal x(t ) is periodic with period T0 = ; hence, it cannot be an energy signal.
ω0
To compute the signal power we use (12.3)
T0 T0
2 2
1 1
∫ ∫ A dt = A
2
P= Ae jω 0 t dt = 2 2
.
T0 T
T0 T
− 0 − 0
2 2
∞ ∞ ∞
E= ∫ x (t ) dt =
2
∫ x (t ) x∗ (t ) dt = x (t )F
∫
-1
(X ∗
)
( − jω ) d t =
−∞ −∞ −∞
∞
⎛ 1 ∞
⎞ ∞
⎛ 1 −∞
⎞
= x (t )⎜
∫ ∫ X (− jω ) e dω dt = x (t )⎜ −
∗ jωt ⎟
∫ ∫ X ∗ ( jω ) e − jωt dω ⎟ dt =
⎜ 2π ⎟ ⎜ 2π ⎟
−∞ ⎝ −∞ ⎠ −∞ ⎝ ∞ ⎠
∞
⎛ 1 ∞
⎞
= x (t )⎜
∫ ∫ X ∗ ( j ω ) e − j ωt d ω ⎟ d t
⎜ 2π ⎟
−∞ ⎝ −∞ ⎠
∞
⎛∞ ⎞ ∞
X ∗ ( jω )⎜ x(t ) e − jωt dt ⎟ dω = ∫ X ( jω ) X ( jω ) dω =
1 1
∫ ∫
∗
E=
2π ⎜ ⎟ 2π
−∞ ⎝ −∞ ⎠ −∞
∞
∫ X ( jω )
1
dω .
2
=
2π −∞
∞ ∞
∫ x(t ) X ( jω ) dω
1
∫
2 2
dt = (12.4)
−∞
2π −∞
2π
frequencies. Therefore X ( jω ) is interpreted as an energy spectral density of
2
signal x(t ) .
Definition 2
The signal energy in the discrete-time signal x(n ) is
262
∑ x(n)
2
E= . (12.5)
n = −∞
⎛ 1 N
2⎞
P = lim ⎜⎜
N →∞ 2 N + 1 n = − N
⎝
∑
x (n ) ⎟⎟ .
⎠
(12.6)
A discrete-time energy signal is defined as one for which 0 < E < ∞ and a
discrete-time power signal is defined as one for which 0 < P < ∞ . It is possible
for a discrete-time signal to be neither an energy signal nor a power signal.
Example 12.3
Compute the signal energy and signal power for the discrete-time signal
n
⎛1⎞
x(n ) = ⎜ ⎟ u (n ) .
⎝4⎠
∞ ∞ n 2 ∞ n
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
∑ x(n) ∑ ∑
2
E= = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ .
n = −∞ n =0 ⎝4⎠ n = 0 ⎝ 16 ⎠
The expression on the right hand side is a geometric series; hence, we have
1 16
E= = .
1 15
1−
16
Example 12.4
Compute the signal power and signal energy for the discrete-time signal
x(n ) = e10 jn u (n ) .
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⎛ 1 N
2⎞ ⎛ 1 N
⎞ N +1 1
P = lim ⎜⎜
⎝
∑
N →∞ 2 N + 1 n = − N
x(n ) ⎟⎟ = lim ⎜⎜
⎠ N →∞ 2 N + 1 n = 0
⎝ ⎠
∑
1n2 ⎟⎟ = lim
N →∞ 2 N + 1
= .
2
Since 0 < P < ∞ , the signal x(n ) is a power signal and its energy is infinite.
( )
Let x(n ) be a discrete-time signal and X e jω its DTFT. Then, the equation
~
∫π X (e )
∞
∑ x(n ) =
1 ω j~ 2
~
dω
2
(12.7)
n = −∞ 2π −
holds.
Expression (12.7) is known as Parseval’s relation for a discrete-time signal. This
result is similar to (12.4) and can be derived in a similar manner. Parseval’s
relation states that the discrete-time signal energy can be determined either using
(12.5) or integrating
1
2π
( )~
X e jω over a full 2π interval. Similarly as in the