CHAPTER 6: THE PHYSICAL SELF ***Face is a three-dimensional reflection

(ancient Chinese practice of face reading)

 Physical changes that occur at the start
***Five element theory = water, wood, fire,
of the adolescence result largely from
earth and metal as archetypes of everything
the secretion of various hormones
(Feldman, 2010) B. Theory based on the prominence of
 Girls are more dissatisfied than boys body fluids (Hippocrates)
with their physical appearance and  Suggests that an excess or
their overall body image (Newman & deficiency in any of the four
Newman, 2009) bodily fluids
Physical Self  Sanguine type
- Red bile
 Refers to the body - Impulsive, cheerful,
 Physical extremities and internal organs happy, optimistic
work together  Melancholic type
 Body’s ability to perform its functions - Black bile
gradually changes through an - Depressed &
individual’s aging pessimistic
 Adolescence  Choleric type
- begins with the onset of - Yellow bile
puberty - Easily angry, jumpy,
- characterized by rapid physical temperamental
changes  Phlegmatic
 Life span - Excess phlegm
- Refers to the development - Sluggish, dull, slow
from conception to death C. Body-type theory (William Sheldon,
- Accdg. To Elizabeth B. Hurlock 1940)
(Stages in the Life Span):  Based on physical
1. Prenatal – fertilization to birth characteristics
2. Infancy – birth to 2weeks  Endomorphic type
3. Babyhood – 2weeks to 2years - Soft and plump
4. Early childhood – 2-6 years - Easy going and sociable
(formative years)  Mesomorphic type
5. Late childhood – 6-10 or 12 - Strong muscular body
years - Energetic, adventurous,
6. Puberty – 10 or 12-14 years assertive & courageous
7. Adolescence – 14-18  Ectomorphic type
8. Early adulthood – 18-40 - Tall and thin
9. Early adulthood – 40-60 - Restrained, quiet, introvert,
10. Early adulthood – 60 to death artistic
2 Factors affecting Physical growth and The Wisdom of Your Face (Jean Haner, 2008)
development
 Oval – hospitable and tactful
 Heredity – biological process (Nature)  Round – friendly, kindhearted, selfless
 Environment – factors an individual is  Square – witty, analytical, great leaders
exposed throughout life (Nurture)  Heart – patient and intuitive
Theories of Physical Self  Long – perfectionists, aggressive
 Triangle – creative, artistic, sensitive,
A. Theory of Physiognomy determined
 Person’s physical characteristics  Diamond – detail-oriented, control
could be related to a person’s
character or personality ***full & thick brows – confident, assertive,
goal-oriented

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***large/highly defined jaws – strong values,  Narrow hips
firm beliefs  Long black hair
 Renaissance period
***Accdg to Squier and Mew (1981)
 Full figure
 Long and angular shape – more  Round hips
responsive, assertive, genuine  Medieval age
 Short and square shape – more  In an African tribe
restrained, conforming and shrewd  Chubby
 Fat
Body Image
 Plump
 Refers to how individuals perceive,  Philippines
think and feel about their body and  Flat noses
physical appearance
Media’s view of beauty
 Can affect both physical and
psychological well-being  Changed over time w/ emphasis on
 Appearance: refers to everything about physical attractiveness
a person that others can observe  Clean, unblemished skin, thick skinny
 Through appearances, an individual is hair, well-proportioned body,
able to show others the kind of person symmetrical faces
he or she is (DeLamater & Myers,  Beauty indicates youth, health, good
2012) genes and fertility
 The age at which puberty begins has  Media standards of beauty are
implications for the way adolescents unrealistic
feel (Feldman, 2010)
 Self-esteem: which is the person’s
overall evaluation
 Ideal body types that results to body
dissatisfaction (Grabe, Ward & Hyde,
2008; Dunkley, Wertheim & Paxton,
2001)
 Bullying and peer pressure that results
to body dissatisfaction (Webb &
Zimmer-Gembeck, 2014)
 Girls who have higher dissatisfaction
tend to experience depression, low self-
esteem and eating disorder (Demello,
2014)
 Anorexia Nervosa: fear of gaining
weight (12-40) Examples of Cosmetic Surgery
 Bolimia Nervosa: person induces
purging  Breast enhancement
 Nose lift
The importance of beauty  Liposuction
 Beauty remains important to all  Botox
societies
Body Modification
 Biologically and/or culturally
programmed  May involve health risks
 Infections, allergies and other
Perception of Beauty in different cultures and
complications can result from the use
periods
of unclean and poor quality
 Egyptian art equipment
 Slim
 High waist

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  May lead to death from complications - Sperm production
of skin whitening treatments, diet pills - Appearance of the facial, pubic &
other body hair
- Deepening of the voice
- Adam’s apple
- Pimples
 Sexual arousal: the role of the senses
 Primary erogenous zones: areas of
the body that contain dense
concentrations of nerve endings
- Includes genitals, buttocks, anus,
perineum, breasts, inner thighs,
armpits, navel, neck, ear lobes,
mouth
and cosmetic surgery - Varies from one person to
another
 Secondary erogenous zones: areas of
The Sexual Self the body that have become erotically
sensitive through learning and
 Sex Characteristics
experience
 Secondary
- Virtually any other region of the
- Characteristics that developed
body—depends on personal
during the onset of puberty
erotic experiences
 Primary
 Phases of Sexual Response
- Physical characteristics present
 Excitement
at birth
- Stimulation causes male erection
- Characteristics that distinguish
and female lubrication
males from females
- Vasocongestion
- Develop as the embryo grows in
- Erection
the womb as a result of the
- Urethra diameter doubles
chromosomes contained within
- Nipple erection (not always)
the embryonic cells as well as
- Muscular tension
hormonal influences
- Heart rate and BP increase
 Primary Sex Characteristics
 Plateau
 Female
- Excitement intensifies – penis
- Vagina
increases in length, vagina swells
- Uterus
- Both males and females continue
- Ovaries
vasocongestion to max
 Male
- Heart rate (100-175), respiration
- Penis
rate & BP continues to increase
- Testes or testicles
- Copious perspiration
- Scrotum
- Increased myotonia
- Prostate glands
- No loss of erection
 Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Increase in testical size
 Female
- Grasping movements of hands
- Enlargement of the breast
 Orgasm
- Onset of menstruation
- 3-12 muscular contractions 4/5
- Widening of the hips
second apart for up to 60
- Enlargement of the buttocks
seconds
- Growth of the pubic hair
 Resolution
- Pimples
- Return to non-excited state
 Male
- Heart rate, BP and breathing
- Testicular growth
return to normal

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 - Males: refractory period
 Adolescence
 During this stage, dating and
courtship emerge and become
increasingly important
 These new patterns of relationships
may change as they mature, they
could form the foundations on which
intimacy during adulthood will be
established
 Attraction
 Physical attractiveness refers to the
degree to w/c a person’s physical
traits are regarded as aesthetically
pleasing or beautiful
 Romantic Love
 Includes a complex combination of
different emotions such as fear,
anger, sexual desire, joy and jealousy
 Has a strong components of sexual
attraction & infatuation and is often
experienced in the early stage of a
love relationship
 Robert Sternberg suggested 3
components of love:
- Intimacy: refers to the feelings of
closeness, connectedness &
bondedness
- Passion: refers to the drives that
lead to the romance, physical
attraction & sexual
consummation
- Commitment: refers to the
decision to love & commitment
to maintain that love
 Helen Fisher’s ingredient of romantic
love
- Lust: is driven by the desire for
sexual gratification
- Attraction: often associated with
sexual attraction
- Attachment: occurs when the
individuals desire to connect with
another person intimately. May
also be called affectionate or
compassionate love
 Sexual Orientation
 Refers to a person’s sexual identity
anchored on what gender they are
attracted to
 Nature vs Nurture
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 Heterosexual Orientation
- Sexually attracted to and
interested in people of the
opposite sex
 Homosexual orientation
- Sexually attracted to and
interested in people of their own
sex
 Bisexual
- Attracted to both females and
males
The Material Self
 The self is everything that an individual
considers to be his/her body and material
possessions but also his/her reputation
and beliefs (William James)
 Added that the self is composed of the
material self which is the manifestation of
one’s identity through his material
possessions
 Basic Components of the Material Self
 Body
 The clothes that people wear
 House, car, pets and other things that
he/she considers as his/her
possessions
 People (valuable individual
relationships) may be one’s
immediate and extended family
members as well as close friends with
whom one feels psychologically
connected
 The role of material possessions on the
sense of self and identity
 Material possessions are symbolic of
one’s social status
 Russel Belk (1988) suggested that
material possessions act as an
objective manifestation of the self
 Can contribute to a feeling of well-
being including a sense of personal
growth and purpose or meaning in life
 Defining the self by material possessions
can contribute to:
 Feelings of well-being
 Reflection of hard work and success
 Driving force to seek high level of
achievement to acquire more
possessions
 Judgement of people
 Acceptance of people
  Or the lack or loss of material
possessions may lead to mental
health disruption
 Materialism
 Is giving more importance to material
possessions than intangible values
 A materialistic person is one who is
excessively concerned with the
acquisition of material possessions
 Strong desire can lead to
psychological dysfunction or
impairment
 Compulsive Buying Disorder
 An obsession with shopping and
buying behaviors that can cause
adverse consequences (eg debts)
 Hoarding disorder
 Cognitive symptom related to
perceived need to save possessions
 Once you have them, you can’t give
them away
 Lack of possession of material things may
also lead to:
 Anxiety, insecurity, depression
 Do you ask yourself: “DO I REALLY
NEED THIS?”
 Developmental evidence on materialism
 Begins early in life
 Remains high throughout life
 Other factors: exposure to images in
television, magazines & internet
 Consumer Culture
 A social system in which consumption
is dominated by the consumption of
commercial products
 Central to the consumer culture is the
consumption of market-made
commodities & desire-inducing
marketing symbols
 Consumerism
 The consumption of material goods
and services in excess of one’s basic
needs
 Also influences the self
 State of wants and needs tends to be
endless and thus could cause negative
effects such as dissatisfaction,
unhappiness and depression
 A consumerist society is one in which
people spend a great deal of time,
money and energy to consume
commercial products
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The Digital Self
 The aspect of the self that is expressed or
shared with others through online
interactions on the internet, specifically in
social networking sites
 Self-presentation and impression
management
 The self is heavily influenced by
feedback from others (DeLamater &
Myers (2012)
 Interaction with significant others
may be very influential to how one
represents himself/herself in a virtual
space
 The views of others through online
interactions (social networking) are so
important that they become part of
the self
 Self-presentation
 Inherent in all situations
 Refers to an individual’s attempts
both conscious & unconscious, to
control how he/she projects
himself/herself in social interactions
 Use of methods to create a positive
impressions of the self
 Individuals should be very careful with
what they post or share on social
networking sites
 Expression of gender and Sexuality online
 The internet & social networking sites
provide channels for dissemination of
information, including info about
gender identity & sexuality
 Sexuality the quality or state of being
sexual
 Gender is the psychological
identification of a person as masculine
or feminine
 Anti-discrimination Act
 Aims to protect the rights & welfare
of LGBTQ+ people in the Philippines
 Recognizes the important role of
telecomunications and social media
 Importance of Digital Technology
 Technology is the application of
information in the design, production
and utilization of goods and services
 Technologies improved the common
areas of:
- People’s daily life
- Education
 - Health  To protect the people from invasion
- Production industries of privacy, RA 10173 known as the
 Digital Technology Data Privacy Act of 2012 was passed
 Includes all type of electronic in PH
equipment and application that use  It states that:
information in the form of numeric - It is the policy of the state to
codes protect the fundamental human
 Digital technology includes the use of right of privacy, of communication
devices that process & use digital while ensuring the free flow of
information information to promote
- Computers innovation & growth
- Mobile phones - The state recognizes the vital role
 Importance of Online interactions on the of information & communication
self technology in nation-building & its
 Filipino youth use technology mostly inherent obligation to ensure that
for: personal information in
- Communication information & communications
- Information system in the gov’t and private
- Entertainment sector are secured and protected.
 The value of mobile phones in the daily
lives
 Allow users to keep in touch
 Connect with people
 Be updated in activities &
whereabouts of others
 The limits of mobile phones in the daily
lives
 Face to face interaction with others
 Drawn people away from meaningful
& intimate communication with
families & friends
 Internet Outcomes
 Positive
- Can improve one’s relationships THE SPIRITUAL SELF
through easier ways of
communicating Learning
- Facilitates avenues for debates on  Is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and
current issues in the country attitudes through experience
- Avenue to express opinions,  Learning new knowledge & skills
needs & concerns of people everyday keeps the structures of the
 Negative
- False information, fake news
- Cyberbullying
- Gossip
- Stalking
 Privacy and confidentiality
 Should be a major concern especially
for adolescents who may not be
entirely aware of the consequences of
sharing private information online for
anyone to see
 Data Privacy Act

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 brain changing & increases its ability to
learn
 Constant process that can result from
direct and indirect experiences
What happens in the brain during learning?
towards the attainment of their
academic goals
How to develop metacognitive & SRL
behaviors

 Development and learning are powerful  Set your short-term & long-term
agents of change throughout one’s life academic goals in your studies
that induce the structural & functional  Make a self-help plan to achieve your
plasticity in the neural system of the academic goals
brain  Monitor your academic performance &
progress
Neuroplasticity
 Reflect on what you have learned &
 The ability of the brain to change accomplished
throughout one’s life. It involves the
addition of the new neurons, new
interconnections between neurons &
the reorganization of information
processing areas.
 The ability of the brain to change
happens two ways; it could be through
an increase in the number of synapse
between neurons or a change in the
function & structure of the neurons

Neurons

 Are the basic building blocks of the

nervous system that transmit impulses
or messages

Metacognition

 Is the awareness of one’s thinking & the

strategies one uses to learn
 Defined as cognition or thinking about
thinking

Metacognition knowledge

 Includes knowledge of one’s own

cognitive abilities, knowledge of
cognitive tasks & knowledge of
strategies to complete the cognitive
tasks

Metacognition regulation

 Refers to how an individual monitors &

controls his/her cognitive processes
 Self-Regulated Learning
 Process in which students
systematically direct their
thoughts, feelings & actions

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