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LEARNER’S MODULE IN FOUNDATION OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

MODULE IV

PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
PERSONALITY

What is personality? What traits make up personality? Why is personality important?

Definition of Personality

Every person has a personality different from every body else. What is personality? There are many definitions of
personality. According to Hilgard, "personality is the sum total of individual characteristics and ways of behaving which in their
organization or patterning des cribe an individual's unique adjustment to his environment." Ruch defines personality as a "particular
pattern or organization of traits both inner and outer ones." To Morgan, it is the "study of the individual as a whole and of the interplay
between him and other individuals in the normal course of living." Kagan and Havemann say that personality is the "total pattern of
characteristic ways of behaving and thinking that constitute the individual's unique and distinctive method of adjusting to his en
vironment." This definition involves traits characteristic and distinctive of the individual as well as traits that adjust him to the
environment. It is also the sum total of characteristics the individual possesses and displays.

Other definitions of personality are: (1) the sum total of all a person's traits or what he is; (2) the total impression an individual makes
upon people around him; (3) "the fundamental organization of the individual laid down by hered ity interacting with a complex and
social world."

Components of Personality

What traits make up personality? They are:

(1) Physical or biological traits such as appearance, height, weight, color of hair, eyes, etc.

(2) Mental or intellectual traits such as intelligence, special talents and abilities in music, art, etc.

(3) Social traits such as good manners, good mixer, loner, etc.

(4) Moral traits such as honesty, sincerity, punctuality, etc. Some of these traits are inherited; others acquired. Intel ligence and
special talents are inherited. Some abilities may be acquired, such as playing a musical instrument. The color of hair is inherited, but
this can now be dyed any color. The shape of one's nose is inherited, but plastic surgery can improve it.

Importance of Personality

Why is personality important?

A great deal of a person's success in his work, his home life, his relations with others, depends on his personality. Although many traits
of personality are inherited, many can be learned, developed, or acquired through training or other means. A person may not be born
beautiful, but one can improve one's appearance so that one can at least be attractive; or one can make up for lack of looks by
developing charming manners, the art of conversation or a special talent. To improve personality, however, it is necessary to:

(1) Determine what traits should be improved or acquired.

(2) Have the will power to change or improve.

(3) Practice the traits and strive to make no exception.

For instance, if one wants to improve one's figure and the means to do this is through exercise and diet, these should be followed
without exception. Exercise regularly and not only when one feels like it. Do not diet one day and skip it the next. You may give up
starchy foods, but eat ice cream and cake. This is why will power is necessary in improving personality.

Studies show that acceptance and promotion in a job depends a great deal on personality

Theories of Personality

In an attempt to find out why people are different, many different theories of personality have been advanced. They are the following:

 Hippocrates' Classification according to temperament depended on the body fluid that is predominant.

Temperament Type Major Characteristics Prominent body fluid

Sanguine Warm-hearted,quick pleasant,emotional Blood
excitement
Melancholic Easily Black bile
depressed,slow,deep,unpleasant,calm
emotion
Choleric Easily angered,quick,strong,unpleasant Yellow bile
 emotional excitement
Phlegmatic Apathetic;slow,weak,pleasant,calm Phlegm
emotion

 William Sheldon's physiological theory correlated body build with personality types.

1. Endomorph - well-developed visceral organs and tends to be round in body build, with weak muscles and bones.

2. Mesomorph- athletic type with strong bones and muscles.

3. Ectomorph – string bean type with long slender arms and legs and light muscles.

 Sheldon's temperament types were: vicero. tonic, somatotonic, and cerebrotonic. He combined the body build with
temperament and came up with the following:

Some Characteristics
Viscerotonic (Endomorph) Relaxed in posture and movement
Loves physical comfort
Slow reactions
Somatotonic (Mesomorph) Energetic
Needs and enjoys exercise
Competitive aggressiveness
Cerebrotonic (Ectomorph) Loves privacy
Mental overintensity
Secretiveness and emotional restraint

 Jung's psychological theory classified people as:

a. Introvert - prefers to be alone, shy, withdrawn.

b. Extrovert - prefers to be with people, sociable, good mixer, outgoing.

c. Ambivert-mixture- most people belong here.

 Kretschemer classified people as:

a. Esthenic (tall, thin) associated with schizophrenia.

b. Pyknic (short, fat) associated with manic depressive.

c. Average

d. Dysplastic - defective

 Freud's psychoanalytic theory had three components of personality which are:

a.The id - primitive inborn forces that seek gratification; swayed by two powerful drives libido (sexual in nature) and aggression

b. The ego - the real self which operates on the reality principles; mediates between the id and realities of the environment; does
logical thinking.

c. The super-ego- conscience, sense of right and wrong.

If the id predominated, the animal nature of man was more in evidence and he was ruled more by his primitive desires. If the super-
ego dominated, man acted on his finer tendencies and more on the higher level of rationality. Many scientists, discoverers, explorers,
acted on this level. The great majority, however, acted on the egoistic level or midway between the id and the super-ego.

ACTIVITY SHEET
 FOUNDATION OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
MODULE IV
NAME OF LEARNER:____________________________________________
YEAR AND COURSE:____________________________________________
Direction: Identify the following.

___________________1.The sense of right and wrong.

______________________2.It is a trait such as appearance, height, weight, color of hair, eyes, etc.

______________________3. People who are associated with schizophrenia.

______________________4. Prefers to be with people, sociable, good mixer, outgoing.

______________________5. Prefers to be alone, shy, withdrawn.

______________________6. Their prominent body fluid is blood.

______________________7.They have well-developed visceral organs and tends to be round in body build, with weak muscles and
bones.

______________________8.Traits such as intelligence, special talents and abilities in music, art, etc.

_____________________9. Personality concern with primitive inborn forces that seek gratification; swayed by two powerful drives
libido (sexual in nature) and aggression.

_____________________10. The real self which operates on the reality principles; mediates between the id and realities of the
environment; does logical thinking.

ESSAY: (5 POINTS EACH)

1.What personality we should prioritize? It is the id or superego?Why?

2. What do you thing is the benefit of having a good personality? Explain your answer.

Prepared by:LAARNI A.TOLETE,LPT

Instructor