Fundamental Concepts in Machine Elements

M A C H I N E
E L E M E N T S
ENGR. ANGELO A. ACENAS
Fundamental Concepts
in Machine Elements
Topic No. 1
Intended Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, the student should be able to :
• Differentiate the concepts of kinetics and kinematics as
well as the concepts of mechanism and machine.
• Relate the ‘Design Process’ to the solution of real-life,
unstructured engineering design problems.
• Initiate a design project showcasing the application of
kinematics and design process.
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http://www.designofmachinery.com/DOM/Design_Process.
▪ Kinetics: The study of forces on systems in motion.
▪ Kinematics: The study of motion without regard to forces.
The aim of kinematics is to get to a point where we can analyze
the position, velocity, and acceleration of systems and design
the system so we can analyze them.
▪ Design: The creation of something that didn’t exist before.

▪ Kinematic chain: An assembly of links and joints,
interconnected in a way to provide a controlled output motion
in response to a supplied input motion.
▪ Mechanism: A kinematic chain in which at least one link
has been “grounded” or attached to the frame of refence (which
itself may be in motion).
▪ Machine: A combination of resistant bodies arranged to
compel the mechanical forces of nature to do work
accompanied by determinate motions.
▪ Kinematic chain, mechanism and machine contains linkages
which consist of links and joints.
▪ A machine typically contains
mechanisms that are designed
to provide significant forces
and transmit significant power.
▪A mechanism is a device that

transforms motion to some
desirable pattern and typically
develops very low forces and
transmits little power.

Applications of Kinematics
▪ One of the first task in solving machine design problem
▪ Force and stress analyses can’t be done until kinematic
issues have been resolved.
▪ Any machine or device that moves contain one or more
kinematic elements such as links, cams, gears, belts and
chains such as:
• Bicycle – chain drive, linkages (braking)
• Automobile – linkages (steering system, wheel suspensions, pistons, windshield wipers),
cams (engine’s valves), gears (transmission)
• Tractors, cranes, backhoes, exercise equipment – linkages

A Design Process
1. Identify a need
2. Research the background
3. State the goal
4. Develop functional (task) specifications
5. Ideation and invention
6. Modeling Analysis
7. Selection of best solution
8. Detailed design
9. Prototype and test
10. Production
A Design Process
1. Identify a need
3. State the goal
8. Detailed design
10. Production
Identify a need
▪ “What the world needs is”:
✓ Non-fattening food
✓ An electric car with good range
✓ A better lawnmower

A Design Process
1. Identify a need
3. State the goal
8. Detailed design
10. Production
Background Research
▪ Don’t reinvent the wheel!
✓ Identify similar devices on market
✓ What are their problems?
✓ What technologies apply to problem?
▪ Some sources of Information
✓ World Wide Web
✓ Users (interviews – market surveys – focus
groups)
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✓ Patents database
✓ Experiments and measurements
✓ Trade shows and manufacturer’s literature
Background Research
▪ Does such a device exist already?
▪ Any patents?
▪ Experimentally determine the motions needed.
▪ Think of other resources!

A Design Process
1. Identify a need
3. State the goal
8. Detailed design
10. Production
Goal Statement
▪ Keep it short and to the point – one sentence only.
▪ Use “Functional Visualization”
•Define the function desires – without reference to any means to
that end.
- For example: Don’t say “Design a better lawnmower.” Rather say
“Design a means to shorten grass.”

A Design Process
1. Identify a need
3. State the goal
8. Detailed design
10. Production
Develop functional (task) specifications
▪ Are “Performance Specifications,” not “Design
Specifications.”
▪ Performance specs state WHAT is to be accomplished.
▪ Design specs state HOW it is to be done.
• Performance spec: “Must be corrosion resistance in a salt spray test per
ASTM 4023a.”
• Design spec: Must be made of stainless steel
▪ Must define the task in a way that:
▪ Can be accomplished
▪ Can be shown (proven) to have been accomplished
Develop functional (task) specifications
▪ Some specifications could be:
• A linkage solution with motor input is desired
• Full joints are preferred to half joints but may be used.

A Design Process
1. Identify a need
3. State the goal
8. Detailed design
10. Production
The Creative Process
▪ Concept Generation
▪ You want as many concepts as possible
- Defer judgment on their quality until later
▪ Techniques to aid in concept generation:
✓ Draw analogies with another physical context
✓ List synonyms for the verb in problem statement
✓ Use brainstorming

The Creative Process
▪ Idea Generation
▪ Frustration
▪ Incubation
▪ Eureka
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licensed under CC BY-NC

A Design Process
1. Identify a need
3. State the goal
8. Detailed design
10. Production
Modeling and analysis
▪ Develop models of promising concepts
• Graphical models (sketches, drawings)
• CAD solid models
• Mathematical models (simulations)
• Physical models (proof of principle)
▪ Analyze the models to determine feasibility
▪ Calculation
▪ Testing
▪ When they don’t work, iterate!

A Design Process
1. Identify a need
3. State the goal
8. Detailed design
10. Production
Decision Matrices

A Design Process
1. Identify a need
3. State the goal
8. Detailed design
10. Production
Detailed Design, Prototype and Test, Production
▪ Complete set of assembly and detail drawings or computer-aided
design (CAD) part files for each and every part used in the design.
• Each detail drawing must specify all the dimensions and the material
specifications necessary to make that part.
▪ From these drawings (or CAD files) a prototype test model (or
models) must be constructed for physical testing.
▪ Most likely the tests will discover more flaws, requiring further
iteration.
▪ Finally, with enough time, money, and perseverance, the design
will be ready for production.

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M A C H I N E

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

▪A mechanism is a device that

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

This Photo by Unknown Author is

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2018 Robert L. Norton: All Rights Reserved

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