XPLORE 10 Workbook – KEYS

0. Back to School
Vocabulary

1. Checking my English

1. d.

resort
beaches

Seaside

recreation
area post, store,
sand

Examples of possible associations:

Seawater, watersports, sailing, sandcastles, parasols, pebbles, rocks, coves, piers, relaxation, …
2.
countryside seaside sports
backpacking hiking shore fishing resorts snorkeling
rest park picnic tent rest sandcastle coast pier snorkeling baseball biking
camping canoeing parasol sunbathing

3. Yesterday I went hiking and had a picnic on the mountains.

The resort was awesome and the pier offered many recreational activities.
We built an impressive sandcastle before going snorkeling.
It was one of our best holidays: fishing, biking and playing baseball were some of the activities we enjoyed the
most.

Grammar

1. Pronouns and determiners

1.
Personal Pronouns Possessives
Subject Object Determiners Pronouns
I a. me my i. mine
b. you you j. your yours
he c. him k. his his
d. she her her l. hers
it e. it its m. its
f. we us n. our ours
you g. you your o. yours
h. they them p. their theirs

3. a. my; yours b. his; him; hers; c. that; d. theirs; them; e. those; f. these
4. a. who/that; b. which/that; c. who/that; d. that/which; e. which; f. that/which

2. Present Simple

1. 1. 'm/am; 2. 'm/am; 3. 'm not/am not; 4. 'm/am; 5. adore; 6. tell; 7. 'm/am; 8. don't agree; 9. dislike; 10. is; 11.
swim; 12. love; 13. is; 14. is; 15. enjoys; 16. loves; 17. likes; 18. doesn't like; 19. is; 20. studies; 21. include; 22.
wants; 23. is.

2. a. isn't he?; b. doesn't she?; c. does he?; d. don't they?; e. is she?; f. aren't they?; g. do they?; h. does she?

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3.
a. What is Zack interested in?
b. Where do they live?
c. Why does Zack want to be a crime investigator?
d. When does he go swimming?
e. Who wants to be an actress?
f. What/Which subject doesn't Bella like?
g. How are her school results? / How good are her school results?
h. What does Bella want to study?

4.
a. Zack always goes to school at eight o’clock.
b. Bella and Zack don't study at the same school.
c. Does Bella study a lot?
d. She likes writing short stories in her free time.
e. They aren't 11th year students.
f. Zack fancies becoming a crime investigator.
g. Do they live in Atlanta?
h. Do you like studying English?

Study skills

How to work with a dictionary

1.
a) b) c)
 duration  banana  sand
 excellence  bank  sandwich
 fashion  beautiful  schedule
 fashionable  beauty  scholar
 government  bee  school
 great  being  seminar
 hospital  bring  speak
 hospitality  bunker  spend

2. a. 9; b. 5; c. 12; d. 1; e. 7; f. 3; g. 13; h. 2; i. 6; j. 11; k. 4; l. 8; m. 10

3. a. 1. verb - it means divide into parts; 2. adjective - it means different;

b. 1. noun - it means now; 2. verb - it means to give information;
c. 1. noun - it means a set of pages fastened together in a cover for people to read; 2. verb - it means to arrange to
use something on a particular date in the future;
d. 1. verb - it means to look at something for a time; 2. noun - it means a type of small clock that you wear on your
wrist, or (in the past) carried in your pocket;
e. 1. adjective - it means stylish or fashionable; 2. verb - it means to become less hot.

4. a. people / Internet / information; b. usually / just / more / sometimes; c. extra / best; d. through / on; e. some /
their / the / my; f. people; g. do / go / find / be / get; h. how / I / that; i. but / and

5.
a. Those children are our neighbours.
b. The lives of students aren't easy nowadays.
c. We have pet mice and fish.
d. The keys must be under those leaves.
e. Firemen are often considered heroes.

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XPLORE 10 Workbook – KEYS

6.
T T
W O M A N F A M I L Y
O T
T S T S W E N
P H E N O M E N O N
E I O O
R C S E
S E Q S
O P C U R R I C U L U M
N S I O
T H I E F M
O
N O I T A M R O F N I

1. LANGUAGES

Vocabulary

1. 1. international; 2. Native speaker; 3. language; 4. encounters; 5. adapt; 6. topics; 7.fluency; 8. non-verbal; 9.

gestures; 10. eye-contact.  

Study skills

Reading strategies

TEXT 1
3. The Study China Programme:
Aims: a) learn Chinese; b) attend lectures on Chinese culture, society, history and economy; c) visit local businesses
Promoters: a) the Department for Business Innovation and Skills; b) the Scottish Government; d) the Department
for Employment and Learning in Northern Ireland

4. a.5; b.2; c.4; d.1; e.3

TEXT 2
B. 3. A news article that can be found on the Internet, in a digital newspaper.
4. a. It – English; b. its – Mandarin Chinese c. his – Nine-year-old Aw Yee Han; d. This – The fact that his passport
is around his neck; e. – passport; f. where – Singapore

5. This means that in order to become a world language and the language of the future, Mandarin Chinese should
start by attracting more interest in Asian countries instead of English.

TEXT 3
1.d; 2.a; 3.b; 4.f; 5.c; 6.e; 7.g

2.
a. This text is aimed at students interested in improving their English in the USA.
b. The text gives information and at the same time tries to persuade students to join the College.
c. It is an informative and also a persuasive text.

3.
a. … so that they can begin college-level courses in the fall semester.
b. Courses include English reading, writing, speaking, listening, and American culture.
c. The score on this exam also determines placement in English classes for the fall semester
d. Fridays are for scheduled field trips.

4.
a. Students are learning English so that they can communicate more successfully within an English-speaking
community.

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b. If you want to apply to the summer program you have to contact the International Student Advisor.
c. April 1st is the deadline to return completed applications and a $200 deposit.

Grammar

1. Linking words – connectors

1.
1. English has spread as a global language; however, it may decline eventually.
2. In South America many native languages have become extinct because Spanish and Portuguese were
greatly promoted as the lingua franca.

3. Some dying languages can now reach to wider audiences since new technology allows worldwide
communication.
4. China keeps on using the character-based system. So Chinese is very unlikely to become a true world
language like English.

5. There are just 7,000 languages spoken around the globe today, but the rate of language death is
accelerating.

2. a. consequently; b. because; c. although; d. On the other hand/however; e. despite

3. a. In spite of being created to bring about world peace, Esperanto did not achieve that purpose.
b. Technology helps bring ideas to the most remote parts of the world; however, it also gives endangered
languages a chance to fight off extinction.
c. Although most of our partner universities teach in English, a fairly good knowledge and competency in the
language of the foreign country is definitely useful.
d. Globalization is increasing; therefore, many languages in the world are slowly dying.

2. Comparatives and superlatives

1.
positive comparative superlative
happy happier than the happiest
fantastic more fantastic than the most fantastic
tall taller than the tallest
beautiful more beautiful than the most beautiful
smart smarter than the smartest
funny funnier than the funniest
irresistible more irresistible than the most irresistible
young younger than the youngest
wonderful more beautiful than the most beautiful
good better than the best

2. a. the largest; b. easier; c. more; d. the most diverse; e. wider; f. more useful; g. further; h. the best; i. the
hardest; j. spoken language is more important than.

3. Modal verbs

1.
a. 1,2,4
b. 3,5
c. 2,4

2.
a. I will learn German quite quickly.
b. Would you help me with my English?
c. There is someone at the door. It might be our Russian teacher.
d. You must know Spanish to get this job.
e. She should study harder to pass her French exam.

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f. He could speak Portuguese when he was younger.

g. I may pass the exam if I’m lucky.
h. If you don’t study, you can’t improve your language skills.
i. Subtitles might make you understand a film better.

4. Present Simple and Present Continuous

1.
1. f
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. e
6. c

2.
Present Simple Present Continuous
seldom, sometimes now, presently
always, frequently currently, at present
every day, rarely right now
often at the moment
usually for the time being

3.
a. are surfing
b. contain
c. are examining
d. participate

4.
a. provides
b. is talking
c. are trying ; isn’t
d. there are
e. grow up
f. watches; is watching
g. read; focus
h. carries, is doing

Study skills

Writing – organising a good paragraph

1.
a. It is about the problems she felt arriving in Spain.
b. My first thought when I arrived in Zaragoza was "What am I doing here?"
c. The topic development gives more information on how Kathryn felt and explains why she said it was probably a
bad idea coming to Zaragoza. It explains her reasons.

2.
a. arriving here in York I noticed that student life is very different from that in Berlin.
b. more individual reading and preparation
c. more social activities in and around the University.
d. lots of societies and clubs to integrate students

TEST YOURSELF!

B. 1.
a. … we are proud to offer language courses in over 25 languages, and in some 45 countries and 150 destinations,
worldwide.
b. we … have personally visited all the locations we send our clients - often taking the language courses ourselves!
This means that we are consistently able to offer you, our clients, the highest levels of customer service…

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c. …unlike our competitors, there are no hidden costs…

d. … our dedicated team of linguists and travellers are always at the end of the phone to help and advise.

B. 2.
a. The author compares languages to cacti because they are apparently difficulty but easy when you get to learn
them.
b. Because they believe it will be difficult to learn.
c. At shows, Cactus offers their audience a piece of edible cactus and at first people thinks it is going to taste
horribly, but then they find out it’s really good. This is just like learning a language.
d. First they go through some problems thinking they will never learn and then all of a sudden they realise they are
already speaking and communicating.

B. 3.
a. passionate
b. enjoyment
c. hidden
d. help

C.
1. the most personalised
2. the most suitable
3 the most efficient
4. more appealing

D.
1. You must be over 18 to go on one of Cactus’s courses.
2. Students may/can participate in a two-week course or cultural adventure.
3. All Cactus’s courses can provide real immersion in the culture and language you need.

2. Communication

Vocabulary

1. Newspapers, magazines, T.V., radio, Internet, social networks, iPods, computer, mobile phones, …
2.

3. 1.newspapers; 2.listen; 3.news; 4.magazine; 5.stories; 6.current; 7.play; 8.iPod; 9.online; 10.presentations;
11.addictive; 12. projects

4. a.4; b.2; c.5; d.3; e.6; f.1

5. a. privacy; b. freedom of expression; c. code of conduct; d. public interest

Study skills

Reading strategies

A.
3.
a. Aeesha, Juma, Zack
b. Alec
c. Zack

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d. Aeesha
e. Juma
f. Brian
g. Alec
h. Aeesha, Samantha

4.
Media and Society
Positive aspects Negative aspects
It promotes discrimination of young people by adults.
It can be a powerful tool. It encourages the obsession for the ‘perfect’ body.
It lets us learn about our country and the world. It is influenced by consumerism.
It gives us information. It is responsible for stereotyping people/cultures.
It focuses on the famous and sensationalism.

B.
1.
a. one in three
b. 35.9 million
c. the most popular
d. 290 million
e. 211 million
f. mobile web
g. 288 million

3.
a. 6; b. 4; c. 5; d. 1; e. 3; f. 2

4.
1. Teens get a lot of media content because they spend a great deal of time media-multitasking.
2. In spite of using mobile phones to talk, most of the time teens use their mobiles for other activities.
3. The time we spent watching regular live TV has been reduced but the total TV consumption has increased.
4. Most teens don’t update their Facebook page. However they are anxious to know if they’ve been liked or got a
new friend.
5. Teens listen to music or work on the computer while chatting online.

5.
a. time actually spent talking on mobile phones
b. percentage of kids with TV in their room
c. amount of time spent watching regularly scheduled TV
d. total TV consumption
e. amount of teens that use multiple media

6.
a. doing many things simultaneously using the media
b. the rise in media use is motivated
c. something is easy to obtain

Grammar

1. Relative pronouns

1. who – David Warwick; which – is novel; that – the man; that – the novel

2. c. WHO is used to refer to people. / refere-se a pessoas

WHICH is used to refer to things./ refere-se a coisas
THAT is used to refer to people and things / usado com pessoas e coisas

3.
a. De acordo com a primeira frase todos os 500 jornais foram destruídos. De acordo com a segunda dos 500 jornais
apenas foram destruídos os do armazém.
b. A vírgula.

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XPLORE 10 Workbook – KEYS

c. As vírgulas separam a frase, isolando a oração. Podemos retirar a oração relativa sem alterar o sentido.
d. When a relative clause determines the person/object it refers to, the clause is called a defining relative clause.
When a relative clause does not determine the person/object it refers to, the clause is called a non-defining relative
clause and it appears between commas.
4.
a. Newsweek, which is an English magazine, is very popular in Portugal. – non-defining
b. The man who’s reading Newsweek is my brother. - defining
c. Cable TV, which has had an increase in the number of viewers, doesn’t offer a wide variety of TV channels. – non-
defining
d. CNN, which is broadcasted by cable TV, is a highly regarded news channel. – non-defining
e. The journalist who worked for CNN has been arrested in Afghanistan. - defining
5.
a. The journalist of CNN, who was working on a story about Bin Laden, was shot yesterday.
b. The Portuguese are the Europeans who buy fewer newspapers than other Europeans.
c. Some TV shows that contain scenes of explicit violence should be banned.
d. Copyright laws, which should be reinforced, are being discussed in Parliament.
e. E-mails, which have made communication easier, are very unsafe.
f. The media, which should be less biased, are very powerful in today’s society.

2. Passive

A. 1.
a. Simple Present
1. The English Language is used to communicate by millions of people throughout the world.
2. Western online newspapers like the Times are read by the vast majority of Asians.
3. Most web communications are done in English.

b. Simple Past
1. In the past, letters were used by people to communicate with each other.
2. A web advertisement of Coca Cola was received by millions of people on their computer.
3. German was learnt by Mark a long time ago.

c. Present Continuous
1. Students’ new computers are being enjoyed by them.
2. Information is being accessed through multiple media.
3. Lessons are being improved by teachers.

d. Past Continuous
1. Research for kids’ media project was being done by them.
2. Different school online papers were being compared by them.
3. Blogs were being browsing to find information on the topic.

e. Present Perfect
1. Innovations such as phone apps have been accepted by traditional media.
2. New skills have been developed by teens because of media multitasking.
3. The online version of the school newspaper hasn’t been checked.

f. Past Perfect
1. That show had been recorded on a VCR when the team arrived.
2. Music had been listened to by teens on their Walkman instead of mobiles.
3. A new DVD player had been bought when Blu-ray appeared.

g. Future
1. New features will be added to their discussion forum.
2. Ebooks will be read instead of paperback in the near future.
3. An opportunity to participate in the news they read will be given to them by social media.

B.
a. The possibility of using different media in education has been discussed by experts.
b. Great relevance has been given to media multitasking by some experts.
c. Certain cultures were influenced by media evolution.
d. Free access to information is viewed as a great advantage.
e. Media multitasking is done every day by most people.

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f. The media is used by most students to search for information.

g. New technologies are being used to make lessons much more appealing for students.

3. Conditionals

1.; 2. ; 3.
If I read a lot of newspapers, // I will get better informed. – Present simple // Future
If a celebrity does something scandalous, // it shows up in the papers. – Present Simple // Present Simple
If I was a celebrity, // I would escape paparazzi all the time. – Past simple // Conditional

4.
Type 0
Conditional clause Main clause.
If a celebrity does something scandalous It shows up in the papers.
Present Simple Present Simple

Type 1
Conditional clause Main clause.
If I read a lot of newspapers I will get better informed.
Present Simple Future

Type 2
Conditional clause Main clause.
If I was a celebrity, I would escape paparazzi all the time
Past Simple Conditional

5. A vírgula apenas surge nas frases que começam com if e serve para marcar a separação entre oração
condicional e oração principal.

If I read a lot of newspapers, I will get better informed.

I will get better informed if I read a lot of newspapers.

If a celebrity does something scandalous, it shows up in the papers.

It shows up in the papers if a celebrity does something scandalous

If I was a celebrity, I would escape paparazzi all the time.

I would escape paparazzi all the time if I was a celebrity.

6.
Type 1 – Example A Type 2 – Example C Type 0 – Example B

7.
a. get
b. would benefit
c. wouldn’t be
d. wouldn’t put
e. wouldn’t have

8.
a. If teens were careful enough, they wouldn’t get exposed to dangerous situations through the media.
b. If she got a job offer, she would love to work on television as a reporter.
c. If teenage girls aren’t so self-conscious of their body, they won’t become obsessed with being thin and
beautiful.
d. If a story is shown on TV, it’s probably true.
e. If most parents knew what the kids are doing, they won’t worry about the time their kids spend online.

9.
a. If it is sunny tomorrow, I will go out for the day.
b. If you sit in the sun too long, you get sunburn.
c. If I were you, I would study the conditionals.

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XPLORE 10 Workbook – KEYS

d. If you mix water and electricity, you get an electric shock.

e. If she stayed at home, she wouldn’t see this amazing show.
f. If I go out tonight, I will have the time of my life.
g. If I were on holiday today, I would be in Hawaii.

Study tips

How to do a survey and a report

1. a. 3; b. 4; c. 1; d. 2

Role-play
Useful language
1.
a. Express your opinion
b. Strongly disagree
c. Express your opinion
d. Explain your point of view
e. Express your opinion
f. Agree with someone
g. Disagree with someone
h. Express an opposing point of view
i. Strongly disagree
j. Disagree with someone
k. Strongly disagree
l. Very strong disagreement

Punctuation

1.
Teenagers are bullied by text messages
More than half of all the teenagers questioned in a survey said they had been bullied and many contemplated
suicide to escape torment. Some young people questioned said they had become targets of abuse and
harassment via sick text messages sent to their mobile phones. More than one child in 10 had experienced severe
bullying, including physical violence, blackmail and racism, according to the study conducted by the charity Young
Voice, which questioned 4,344 teenagers aged 13 to 19.

How to write an opinion paper

Anyone can be involved in and with the media
Social media free information acess

Supporting ideas
Supporting ideas
Paragraph 3 - Main idea
Paragraph 2 - Main idea

citizen journalism
easy access to information

giving power to regular

multiple sources/points of access individuals
to information

active participation in
blog culture social issues

TEST YOURSELF

B.

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XPLORE 10 Workbook – KEYS

1. Suggested answers
a) “The idea behind citizen journalism is that people without professional journalism training can use the tools of
modern technology and the global distribution of the Internet to create, augment or fact-check media on their
own…” or “…the average citizen can now make news and distribute it globally…”
b) “There is some controversy over the term citizen journalism…”
c) “One of the main concepts behind citizen journalism is that mainstream media reporters and producers are not
the exclusive center of knowledge on a subject…”
d) One of the first efforts in citizen journalism was the OhMyNews site (…) The site is a hybrid of professionally
reported and citizen reported stories.”
e) “citizen journalists being paid small sums for the more popular work they do.”

2. a) They can use digital cameras, video cameras and video phones to photograph or record events as well as the
Internet to post and broadcast their news globally. 
b) It is considered controversial because professional journalists believe that the normal citizen may not understand
media ethics. 
c) Yes, there is. Professional journalists argue they are the only ones trained to report the news but, at the same
time, they practice citizen journalism when they write their own blogs.
d) They are doing so by having their readers post their comments online or by creating databases of contributors or
sources for stories. 

3. a. the reader; b. a digital photo of a newsworthy event; c. many trained journalists; d. Big Media networks’;
e.OhMyNews site.

4. a. mainstream; b. bias; c. newsworthy; d. dispersion; e. tiny; f. average

C. a. 3 – because; b. 5 – However; c. 2 – in order to; d. 1 – so that; e. 4 – but.

3. Teenagers

Vocabulary

2. Collocations

1. a. spoiled child; b. early teens; c. big decisions; d. absolute agony; e. family and friends; f. great emotional stress;
g. close relationships; h. serious dilemmas.
2. a. 2; b. 5; c. 6; e. 4; f. 3.
3. a. mid teens; b. family members; c. best friend; d. sad disappointment; e. common gossip; f. tricky situation

3. Numbers and numerical expressions

1. 2011 - two thousand and eleven 2,000 -two thousand

$1,007,290 - one million, seven thousand and two 50 - fifty
hundred and ninety dollars 102 - a / one hundred and two
550,363 - five hundred and fifty thousand, three 885,534 - eight hundred and eighty-five thousand, five
hundred and sixty-three hundred and thirty-four
3,502 - three thousand, five hundred and two
2. a. 3/4; b. 1.7 million; c. 1/2; d. 86%; e. 2/3; f. 91%; g. 16th; h. 4.9 billion; i. 350,212; j. 1999.

Study skills

Reading strategies

A.
2.
1. e. I never imagined I could be on the radio; 2. c. it was something I wanted to do, so I signed up; 3. f. one of the
challenges of volunteering; 4. a. it's also helping the community which is great; 5. d. I've learned new skills; 6. b.
Don't even think about it.
3. a. He is a young volunteer from Victoria, Australia and he is the producer and host of Hear & Now.
b. It is a radio programme that features music by young local bands as well as local news and bulletins.
c. He found an ad asking for a volunteer to work at the local radio station as presenter.
d. No, he didn't. It was for free.

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e. If you want to volunteer, you should just do it.

f. It can be heard on 94.5 FM or online at the radio website.

4.

new skills
He
developed...
contacts/relationships
with new people
Matthew's
volunteering
experience web skills

He contributed
social media savvy
with...

marketing skills

5. a. 4; b. 6; c. 1; d. 3; e. 2; f. 5.

B.
1. Does friendship have an expiry date?
4. a. 5; b. 3; c. 2; d. 1; e. 6; f. 4.
5. a. If you want your relationship to work, you should make an effort to keep it up.
b. Evangeline advises you not to gossip about your friends/ talk behind their backs.
c. If a friend has a problem, you should help him/ her. / should offer him/her some help.
6. a. things; b. Evangeline; c. the reader; d. the reader's friends; e. the reader's.
7. a. liars; b. terms; c. tightly; d. bond; e. supposed; f. work.

Grammar

1. Past Tenses

1.
Past Simple: listened; left; became; dropped out; followed
Past Continuous: were watching; were wearing
Past Perfect: had worked; hadn't been
2. a. Past Perfect; b. Past Simple; c. Past Continuous.
3. a. left / had already gone; b. were playing; c. became; d. were following / were copying; e. played; f. had
influenced.
4. 1. didn't have; 2. hadn't been; 3. did they communicate; 4. owned; 5. played; 6. bought; 7. had earned; 8. were
studying; 9. listened; 10. watched; 11. weren't.

2. Phrasal verbs

2. Possible answers: get = achieve, receive, reach, succeed in achieving; find = discover, perceive
3. a. Get up, in this sentence, it means to rise from bed after sleeping; b. Find out, in this sentence, it means to
discover a fact.
4. 1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c; 5. a; 6. c
5. 1. g; 2. f; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; h; 7. e; 8. d.
6. a. give up; b. take him up; c. went off; d. go through; e. made up; f. has taken after; g. have got over/got over; h.
look for.

3. Modal verbs

1. a. 4 and 6; b. 1 and 5; c. 1 and 4; d. 2, 3, 4 and 6.

2. 1. c; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b; 5. a; 6. c; 7. B.
3.

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b. You should discuss the matter with your parents immediately.

c. You could expect a change in Joe's behaviour. / Joe's behaviour could change.
d. A psychiatrist would probably be the best help you can find in order to overcome your fears.
e. I think I might become involved in the situation.

4. Future tenses: will & going to

1. a. are going to find; b. will do; c. will lend; d. am going to visit; e. will help; f. won't get; g. am going to attend; h.
isn't going to approve.
2. a. will take; b. 'm/am not going to take part; c. will show; d. 'm/am going to do; e. 're/are going to visit; f. will
want; g. won't present; h. 'll/will send; i. aren't going to give up.

5. Definite, indefinite and zero articles

2. a. a, Ø, Ø; b. the, Ø; c, Ø, the; d. an, a, Ø; e. the, Ø; f. a, an; g. an, the, Ø; h. a, Ø, the.

3. 1. Ø; 2. an; 3. Ø; 4. Ø; 5. a; 6. Ø; 7. Ø; 8. the; 9. Ø; 10. a; 11. the; 12. Ø; 13. the; 14. Ø; 15. a; 16. the; 17. Ø; 18. Ø;
19. Ø.

6. 's genitive / possessive case

2. a. Kelly's smartphone is in the bag.

b. Jason's parents are here.
c. Thomas's sunglasses are cool.
d. They sell ladies' clothes in that shop.
e. I love Grandma's chocolate cookies.
f. My neighbour's kids are very nice.
g. Don't go in the boys' locker room!
h. Give me the baby's teddy bear.
i. The children's mother was my teacher last year.
j. Adele's new CD will be launched in two week's time.

3. a. The students' notebooks are new.

b. The cover of the CD isn't appealing.
c. James's headphones are beautiful.
d. The babies' toys are funny.
e. The Smiths' house is across the street.
f. The keyboard of my laptop is broken.
g. Teenagers' lives are very complex.
h. The kids' iPods are brand new.
i. One Direction's latest single has just been released.
j. Tomorrow's leaders are today's teens.

7. Passive voice with modals

1.
Modal verb Active Passive
CAN Teens can define their own style. Teens' style can be defined by them.
COULD You could buy the latest iPod. The latest iPod could be bought by you.
You may show your personality through Your personality may be shown through your
MAY
your clothes. clothes.
MIGHT You might copy a star's style. A star's style might be copied by you.
MUST You must share your fashion know-how. Your fashion know-how must be shared.
WILL Teens will always follow new trends. New trends will always be followed by teens.
WOULD You would change your looks. Your looks would be changed.
SHOULD You shouldn't buy expensive clothes. Expensive clothes shouldn't be bought.

2. a. must be returned; b. shouldn't be banned; c. can be washed; d. might not be understood; e. may be made; f.
could be suspended.

3. a. Some health risks might be brought by piercings and tattoos.

b. What you wear should be chosen carefully.
c. Your fashion choices should be respected.

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d. Your personality can be expressed through your looks.

e. I might be sent the latest catalogue soon. / The latest catalogue might be sent to me soon.
f. The way you look wouldn't be changed too easily.
g. Your outfit may be spiced up with the right accessories.
h. The new dress code will be decided by the school board tomorrow.
i. Offensive T-shirts shouldn’t be worn by teens at school.
j. Your own style must be created.

Study tips

How to write informal letters

Dear Yuri,

Thanks for the postcard you sent me. I hope everything goes well with you and your family. I am
really sorry I didn’t write back earlier but I have only just got back from a study visit to Ireland. It was just
great!
Have you already made plans for the Summer? This year I am thinking of taking a temporary job in a
primary school in Honduras. People there speak mainly the English and the Spanish, which is good for me
in terms of communication. I do not want to go straight to college; I just want to learn about the world
before I settle down.
Do you still have contact with other people from near Cambridge? Last year, Zeina from
Lebanon spent a weekend at my home. It was nice to see her again.
Well, I must finish now. I’ll write again soon … I promise.

Varieties of English - British English vs. American English

2. a. recognize; b. program; c. flavor; d. airplane; e. behavior; f. marvelous; g. dialog; h. meter

3.
American English British English
faucet tap
truck lorry
sidewalk pavement
trash can dustbin
cookie biscuit
couch sofa
pants trousers
mall shopping centre
antenna aerial
line queue
movies cinema
closet cupboard
Fall Autumn
subway underground
gas petrol

TEST YOURSELF!
B. 1. a. 3; b. 4; c. 2; d. 5; e. 1

2. Suggested answers:
a. why does Sally strive / want to attend a highly selective university?
b. Who is exerting pressure on her?
c. What does she agree with?
d. Why do students inflate their success?

3. a. Attending a selective college means you can have a successful future.

b. My expectations / aims are above average.

4. a. Sally Webster; b. competitiveness; c. many students; d. the students building up their résumés

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C. 1. majority; 2. financial literacy; 3. 87% ; 4. pay bills; 5. manage; 6. 71% ; 7. freedom

D. 1. might; 2. should/could; 3. wouldn't be; 4. might change; 5. should be.

E. 1. Students' CVs might be inflated by them.

2. Sally's future will be affected by everything she does.
3. Teenagers are influenced by peer pressure in their choices.
4. The learning process should be promoted by schools as a top priority.
5. High school students shouldn't be given a big amount of homework.

4. Technology

Vocabulary

1.
1. f; 2. g; 3. e; 4. d; 5. a; 6. c; 7. b;
2. 1. c; 2. g; 3. e; 4. h; 5. d; 6. a; 7. f; 8. b;
Other possible combinations: provide / give information / a better service; respond to sounds / pictures/ orders

2.
1. a. inactive; b. irresponsible; c. disconnect; d. disadvantage; e. informal; f. disagree; g. impossible; h. unlikely;
i. unavailable; j. irrelevant; k. unskilled; l. unwilling

2. a. unwilling; b. impossible; c. disadvantages; d. unavoidable; e. unlikely

Study tips

Reading strategies

TEXT A
2.
Positive meaning Negative meaning Neutral
chatting strangers text messaging
followers creepy private
interact annoying
popular sarcasm
quick block people
easy

3.
a. who is responsible for the study on teens and technology?
b. How many teens preferred communicating via text messaging?
c. How old is Chris Doherty?
d. Where is Matt Calbo from?
e. What do teenagers use to talk to one another?

4. cell phones; text message; video chat; social networking; privacy issues

TEXT B
2.
 freedom  anxiety  stress
 boredom  confidence  relief
 frustration  loneliness  enthusiasm

3. Cell phone; photos, texting, Internet café, e-mail, movie, cell phone vibrations, check voice mail, gadgets,
unconnected

a. 1. a; 2. b; 3. b

Grammar

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1. If or unless?

1. a. If I’m caught playing computer games, my parents will punish me.

b. Unless you admit that technology is a negative influence on you, you won’t be able to function as an adult.
c. You’ll miss face-to-face communications if you spend too much time online.
d. I won’t be able to stop chatting too much online, unless you help me.
e. If you don’t overuse it, technology can be a good thing in your life.

2. a. You are not going to the Internet Café, unless you finish your work.
b. Unless you accepted her suggestions, she would never agree to that.
c. An expensive computer won’t be necessary, unless you're running a lot of programmes simultaneously.
d. You would be sick, unless you stopped working online until late at night.
e. I won't pay, unless you provide the CDs immediately.
f. You'll never understand English, unless you study this grammar carefully.

2. Purpose clauses

1. She is using Facebook to/ in order to/ so as to get in touch with current friends and especially current
activities / so that she can get in touch with current friends and especially current activities.
2. They are creating web sites to / in order to/ so as to learn invaluable IT skills and earn some money / so
that they can learn invaluable IT skills and earn some money.
3. Brian created the world's first free, world-class virtual school so that everyone could use it.
4. The school offers computer education to / in order to/ so as to make students skilled in information
technology.
5. Governments of every country are trying to make rules and laws regarding cyber access to / in order to/
so as to / so that they can increase cyber security.
6. Many parents try to keep the computer in the family room to / in order to/ so as to keep an eye on what
their kids are doing /so that they can keep an eye on what their kids are doing.
7. I periodically delete archived files from my hard drive to/ in order to/ so as to minimize security risks / so
that I can minimize....

3. Passive with indirect object

1.
a. I have been sent a virus infected mail and now my PC is all messed up.
b. A friend of mine had been threatened while she was in a chat room.
c. New teaching resources have been sent to him to make lessons more appealing for students.
d. Lucy was given the most sophisticated palmtop I’ve ever seen.
e. I was told me that scientists believe they’re about to develop Artificial Intelligence.

2.
a. You are allowed to e-mail your digital photos in by some photo shops.
b. Those skills are being taught to secondary school juniors by them.
Secondary school juniors are being taught those skills.
c. Students were discouraged from taking ICT up as a career.
d. We are given a chance to be discovered by technology.
A chance to be discovered is given to us by technology.

4. Linking words: addition, contrast, cause, time

1.
Adding Contrasting Time/sequence
although while
And even though when
furthermore despite then

2.
1) The robot has no practical application; however, it’s very popular among teens.
2) He works hard as a computer technician but he doesn’t earn much.
3) He couldn’t send the documents in spite of having a fax machine.
4) Teenagers are always connected with their friends even when they are at school.

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5) They text because it's a way to get a quicker answer.

3.
a. ALTHOUGH the robot has no practical application, it proved a huge hit with teens.
b. IN SPITE OF working hard as a computer technician, he doesn't earn much.
c. Art changes and evolves with technology BUT it will never disappear.
d. Everyone will be able to buy robots IF they become cheaper.
e. Why browse for CD’s at the store WHEN you can search for MP3’s online?
f. Companies are adjusting to the digital age BECAUSE they need to compete in the global marketplace.
g. The printing press will disappear SINCE newspapers and magazines are switching to digital paper.
h. Machines and computers are responsible for the dramatic changes at work. ON THE OTHER
HAND, they are also creating new jobs.
i. In the past people had careers that lasted a lifetime WHEREAS nowadays, technology is forcing them to change
jobs.
j. We discussed the effects of texting on teenagers’ attention span and social life. IN ADDITION we also spoke about
their writing ability.

5. Prepositions
1.
a. It is a device that three quarters of the world's inhabitants have access to.
b. In Japan your phone shouldn't be a nuisance to others.
c. This means generally keeping it on manner mode when out of the house.
d. Texting and mobile e-mail, are more popular than voice calls among the Japanese.
e. The Spanish, like the Italians, happily answer calls during concerts.
f. Discreetly texting or instant messaging under the table during meetings is also commonplace.
g. However, the Finns are the chattiest on their mobiles in Europe.
h. Austrians follow closely behind the Finns at 240 minutes of use.
i. In India it is common for people to take calls inside a movie theater.
j. In general, Indians chat for an average of 346 minutes a month, benefiting from extremely low rates.
k. Multiple sim ownership is common across Asia, Africa and Latin America.

2. The impact of technology on education is a classic example of the way our lives have changed by technology. Our
forefathers never got the opportunity to study in interactive classrooms with 3D images and projectors and they
never had an access to the ocean of knowledge, the Internet and various other technological facilities. Education
has become computer dominated in this era and it has gone beyond notebooks and blackboards. Computer
education has become an integral part of college education all across the globe, as it is the key to make the students
competent enough to meet the industry requirements. In the recent years, online education and distance learning
courses have changed the way of gaining knowledge. Now, it is not very important to be present in classrooms to
hear a lecture or understand some intricate concept. This doesn't mean that student - teacher interaction has been
replaced by technological developments instead, it means that audiences and students who're located in different
nations, can easily get access to any lecture being conducted in a country through video conferencing.

6. Direct speech and reported speech

1.
b. “I study very hard.” a. She said she studied very hard.
Ex: SIMPLE PRESENT Ex: SIMPLE PAST
c. «I am studying very hard.» b. She said she was studying very hard.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS
d. «I will study very hard.» c. She said she would study very hard.
FUTURE CONDITIONAL
e. «I studied very hard.» d. She said she had studied very hard
SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT

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f. «I have studied very hard.» e. She said she had studied very hard.
PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT
g. «I had studied very hard.» g. She said she had studied very hard.
PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT (NO CHANGE)

2.
here there
this that
these those
now then
today that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the next day/the day after
yesterday the day before/the previous day
ago before

3.
a. Dana Wright said kids didn’t communicate verbally anymore.
b. She said he/she/they hadn’t watched TV for ages.
c. They said they were going to the Internet Café that afternoon.
d. Peterson said that he had talked to people in the industry; they wanted more women working in IT.
e. Last year Brian remarked that there were some then but not many because they got snapped up very quickly.
f. He said he wouldn’t have enough time to finish the science project.
g. She said she thought she should have phoned her mother on that day.
h. She said she had finally given in and had done the unlimited texting because it was cheaper.

Reporting questions
a) THEY ASKED ME if I was going to the disco that weekend.
b) HE ASKED ME What time the party started.
c) SHE ASKED ME if I understood the rules of reported speech.
d) SARAH ASKED JOAN why she couldn’t come to her party.
e) LUCY ASKED them if John didn’t want to go to that new Chinese restaurant.
f) SHE ASKED ME if I had finished my term paper already.
g) SHE ASKED ME where I had bought that cool T-shirt.

Study tips

How to write an argumentative text

Example:
Look What Happened to English!

On top of the 370 million native speakers of English, another 1 billion people use it as a lingua
franca. If the global village is fast becoming a reality, it is thanks to English. Of course the economic power
of the USA has been the prime promoter of the language in recent times. But there is a linguistic reason
for the triumph of English. It is user-friendly and it has a simple grammar and a flexible syntax.
Besides, there is nothing quite like English for absorbing foreign languages, adapting them and
giving them a wider currency. It is by instinct a cosmopolitan creature: the most international of tongues,
and truly a world language.
If we are to move towards closer European integration, then surely we should have a Community
language for Community use. So if we Europeans wish to communicate more effectively not only with one
another but also with the rest of the planet, then we should embrace the one world language that is
within our cultural inheritance.
Meanwhile, those who love to tinker about with artificial tongues will press on with hopeless causes
such as Esperanto (it actually means “the hoping one”) which had a certain appeal back in 1887 but
whose intended role as world language is clearly redundant since this need is now fulfilled by English.
But all this comes with a health warming. It doesn’t mean that English speakers shouldn’t learn foreign
languages. Of course they should. People with only one mode of expression are bound to have a limited
understanding of the world. So let us aspire to be polyglots like that Great European (was it Charlemagne
himself?) who declared: “I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my
horse.” The point is that all languages are precious. But when it comes to organising ourselves efficiently

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as citizens of Europe, why can’t we all speak English? It would bring us together as never before.

Michael Jenner, Business Life, (adapted)

How to write a newspaper article

Example:
JULY 2-The wildfire was started during the night and was discovered by some youngsters. The group - all in their
mid-20s- traveled from … to the … area for a weekend “campout”.
The Fire which has burned nearly 1,000 acres of the forest including a gadget store is now fully contained.
It was about 3 a.m. when Mark noticed smoke in the brush just behind. He said the entire group “ran over to where
the smoke was and noticed fire, which they unsuccessfully attempted to stomp out.”
As the fire rapidly grew, the 23-year-old Shiflet called 911 and reported the blaze (and was instructed to leave the
area by a police officer).
Police officers are still investigating the causes of the fire.

TEST YOURSELF

B.
1. a. 4; b. 6; c. 1; d. 5; e. 3; f. 2

2. Suggested answers:
a. In today’s workplace multitasking skills can be an advantage.
b. It is extremely easy for students to find and manipulate information / to analyze visual data and images.
c. Many college professors are using multimedia resources to capture students’ attention.
d. Parents and educators should set the example and teach their children to slow down.

3. a. IMing; b. spread; c. era; d. conduct/monitor; e. at once; f. trend;

4. a. fast; b. last; c. better; d. positively

C. 1. at; 2. in; 3. on; 4.for; 5.on; 6.by ; 7.of; 8.in; 9.in; 10.with;

D.
1. The company manager stated Georgina had just completed her project on a new type of robotic arm and would
be presenting it at a science fair the following month.
2. The teacher complained that the twins also multitasked when hanging with friends but they weren’t allowed to
do it in class.
3. Richard’s secretary asked here Richard had been when his mobile phone had gone crazy because of the new app
he had installed.

E.
1. My homework can be done while listening to music.
2. An anthropologist leads the study of modern family life.
3. Digital technology was being used by the teenager to compose elaborate photo collages.

Teresa Pinto de Almeida, Paula M. Araújo, Telma Coelho de Sousa