Full TransTokyoBayHigyway PP

Geotechnical Engineering Aspects of
Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway Project
TATSUOKA F.
TATSUOKA, F
Tokyo University of Science
1
Geotechnical Engineering Aspects of Trans-
Tokyo Bay Highway Project
■ History and structure of Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway
■ Four difficult design factors
■ Significant design and construction issues

related to geotechnical engineering
- Cement-mixed soil
- Others
■ Concluding remarks
2
Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway
15.1 km-long
g toll highway
g y
3
Brief history
May 1971:
The technical investigation
started.
t t d
May 1983:
The Japanese Government
approved the construction.
October 1986:
The Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway
Corporation was established.
M 1989:
May 1989
The construction started.
December 1997:
The construction completed;
and the highway was opened to
public on 18th December.
4
Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway
5
Ukishima access
Kisarazu man-made island
Kawasaki man-made island
Bridge
6
Structure of TTB Highway
・Ukishima access; ・Two 9.5 km-long shield tunnels;
・Kawasaki
Kawasaki man-made
man made island; ・Kisarazu
Kisarazu man
man-made
made island;
・Bridge
PLAN
PROFILE
7
Ukishima access
The starting point

of the shield tunnels
tunnels,
towards the center of the Tokyo8 Bay
Steel caisson:
1) to start the shield tunnel construction;
2) the ventilation tower after competition.
Approach fill, retaining shield tunnels.
9
Ukishima access
10
・Kawasaki
Kawasaki man-made
Kisarazu man
man-made
made island;
・Bridge
PLAN
PROFILE
11
Cross-section
Artist’s view of the completed structure

12
A huge offshore diaphragm wall;
- 98 m in int. dia.;; & 119 m in height
g
13
An artist’s view from underground
A ring
i space ffor a diaphragm
di h wallll
190 m
14
Immediately after
Immediately before the ground excavation the end of ground excavation
15
Ground improvement
by sand compaction pile technology
16
Ground improvement by sand compaction pile technology
17
Construction of external and internal steel structures
after necessary ground improvement work
18
19
20
Filling up the ring space
with cement-mixed sand slurry
21
Construction of a diaphragm
wall in the cylindrical ring of
cement-mixed sand fill and
cement mixed in
cement-mixed in-situ
situ soft clay
22
Filled with mud slurry:
y
Why the vertical wall can
stand without support for a so
Excavation machine
large depth ?
23
24
Excavation of
the inside ground
25
Excavation of the inside ground
26
Construction of the internal structure inside the diaphragm wall
27
・Kawasaki
Kawasaki man-made
Kisarazu man
man-made
made island;
・Bridge
PLAN
PROFILE
28
Two 9.5 km-long shield tunnels
29
2 2 2 2
Two tubes; constructed

Th thi
The third
d one; iin th
the ffuture.
t
Eight shield tunnel machines worked simultaneously

t reduce
to d th
the total
t t l construction
t ti period.
i d
30
Blind type
using pressurized mud
slurry
The world
world’ss largest diameter
at the time of construction
14.14 m
31
32
Development of shield tunnel diameter
33
Blind type
using pressurized mud
slurry
The world
world’ss largest diameter
at the time of construction
Pressurized mud slurry

slurry.
Why ? 14.14 m
34
Shield tunnel machine
re-assembled to start
from Kawasaki m-m island
35
36
Secondaryy inner RC lining
g
(inside the RC segments)
RC segments
37
・Kawasaki
Kawasaki man-made
Kisarazu man
man-made
made island;
・Bridge
PLAN
PROFILE
38
Kisarazu man-made island
Shield
t
tunnels
l
39
・Kawasaki
Kawasaki man-made
Kisarazu man
man-made
made island;
・Bridge
PLAN
PROFILE
40

- Cement-mixed soil
- Others
41
One of the p
proposals
p that were not accepted
p
42
Four difficult design factors
that controlled the structural form
・A relatively deep sea;
・Heavy shipping routes;
43
44
・Heavy crossing shipping routes;
・Poor ground conditions; and
・A high seismic activity.
Late Holocene very soft clay
Early Holocene sand and clay
45
46
47
・Heavy crossing shipping routes;
・Poor ground conditions; and
・A high seismic activity.
Late Holocene very soft clay
Early Holocene sand and clay
48
Very high seismic activity
In Tok
Tokyoo Ba
Bay area
1923
The Great Kanto Earthquake
49

- Cement-mixed soil
- Others
50
Significant design and construction issues
related to geotechnical engineering - 1:
Large-scale
Large scale improvement of existing soft clay deposits
by cement mixing in place,
- controlling the strength of cement
cement-mixed
mixed soft clay; and
- in total 3.77 million m3.
51
Ground improvement techniques by cement-mixing
used in the TTB Highway project
Cement-treatment method Mixing proportion Construction site Volume; 1,000 m3

Ordinary DMM Cement: 140 kg/m3
W/C ratio: 100 % Ka asaki m-m
Kawasaki m m island 132
Low strength-type DMM Cement : 70 kg/m3 Ukishima Access 1,248

W/C ratio: 100 % Kisarazu m-m
m m isl.
isl 289
Kawasaki m-m isl. 168
Slurry type cement

cement-mixed 1 177 kg/m3
mixed Sand: 1,177 Ukishima Access 11,028
028
sand (*: 80 kg/m3 in the Cement: 100 kg/m3* Kisarazu m-m isl. 351
original design) Clay : 110 kg/m3 Kawasaki m-m isl. 118
Sea water: 505 kg/m3
Dry mixture type Sand: 1,330 kg/m3 Kisarazu m-m isl. 435
cement-mixed sand g 3
Cement: 100 kg/m
Anti-segregation
adhesive 110 g/m3 52
Ukishima access
Very soft clay improved

by in-situ cement-mixing,
achieving a controlled
strength; i.e.,
a) strong enough for
the stability of the
structure; and
b) weak enough for
53
smooth tunnelling.
54
Cement mixing in place
of soft clay deposits
55
Haneda airport
-restriction to the height
g of
the construction plants (50 m)
56
Conventional design for
cement-mixed soft clay:
Allowable stress method

ensuring
i ththe working
ki stress
t
evaluated by the elastic
theory be smaller than the
allowable stress, equal to
about 1/6 of unconfined
compressive strength
→ Unduly conservative
design
g for huge
g masses
q – ε1 relations from U & CU
TC tests on cement-mixed
clay (aw= 20 %) (Kobayashi
& Tatsuoka, 1982).
Significant effects of
drained condition and
confining pressure (when
drained)
→ The in-situ stress-strain

behaviour is largely
different from the
unconfined compression
test
→ Need for triaxial tests
q – ε1 relations from U & CU

TC tests on cement-mixed
clay (aw= 20 %) (Kobayashi
& Tatsuoka, 1982).
Following the principle
of effective stress, as
ordinary soils
Peak stress envelops from

U and CD & CU TC tests
on uncemented clay and
cement-mixed clay (aw=
8 %, 10 %, 14 % & 20 %)
(T t
(Tatsuoka
k & Kobayashi,
K b hi
1983).
confining pressure on
the drained peak
strength
→ Not used in the design

g
to take into account
effects of progressive
failure
Normalised drained peak

p
strength plotted against σc’
for cement-mixed clay
(Kobayashi & Tatsuoka,
1982).
the drained residual
strength
→ Used in the design

g as
the conservative strength
Normalised drained
residual strength plotted
against
i t σc’/q
’/ u for
f cement- t
mixed clay (aw= 8 %, 10 %,
14 % & 20 %) (Kobayashi
& Tatsuoka, 1982).
Nearly no effects of
the undrained peak
and residual strength
at low
a o co
consolidation
so da o
pressure
Normalised undrained
peak and residual
strengths plotted
against σc’/qu for
cement-mixed clay
(Kobayashi & Tatsuoka
Tatsuoka,
1982).
Large-scale yield stress, qy, divided by qu versus effective
confining pressure divided by qu from CD TC tests on
cement-mixed clay (Kobayashi & Tatsuoka,1982)
qr/qu or
qy/qu qr/q
/ u (drained)
(d i d) for
f
design under
Design strength in static condition
A
zone A was used in
the limit equilibrium
qr/qu (undrained)
stability analysis
for seismic
design
Normalised drained and qy/qu (Y1: drained)

undrained residual
strengths & drained yield
stress plotted against
σc’/q
’/ u (Tatsuoka
(T t k & 0 σc’/qu
Kobayashi, 1983)
Ukishima access
Very soft clay improved

by in-situ cement-mixing,
achieving a controlled
strength; i.e.,
a) strong enough for the
stability of the
structure; and
b) weak enough for
smooth tunnelling.65
Controlled shear strength of cement-mixed soft clay
wn (%) γt (gf/cm3) qmax (kgf/cm2) (t= 28 days)
Compressive strength after cement

mixing
: qu by unconfined compression tests
x : qmax by CU TC tests
Original ground:
qu (kg/cm2)= 0.044z – 0.88
((z= depth;
p z= 0 m at TP= 0.0).
)
(m)
66
Too large scatter in the unconfined compressive strength due to
effects of sample disturbance, not reliable:
Fi l decision
Final d i i b based d on th
the CU TC ttests.
t
wn (%) γt (gf/cm3) qmax (kgf/cm2) (t= 28 days)
Compressive strength after cement

mixing
: qu by unconfined compression tests
x : qmax by CU TC tests
Original ground:
qu (kg/cm2)= 0.044z – 0.88
((z= depth;
p z= 0 m at TP= 0.0).
)
(m)
Reliable data ? 67
Construction of large embankments by using

- cement-mixed sand slurry with a controlled strength
at the ramp sections.
sections
68


m m isl.
isl 289
Slurry type cement

028
Cement: 100 kg/m
Anti-segregation
Ukishima access
Embankment of
cement-mixed sand slurry
with:
ith
a) a controlled strength;
and
b) a controlled high density
to resist the buoyant
y
force of the tunnels.70
Underwater placement of
cement-mixed sand slurry
71
72
73
No previous construction experiences
→Placement test in a ship-building dock; and block-

sampling from the deposit to obtain specimens for
laboratory stress-strain tests to evaluate the strength
and stiffness
74
26 August 1988 ( several years before
75
the actual construction)
26 August 1988 ( several years before
76
the actual construction)
Reduction of the strength
by absorbing
abso b g water
ate
during under-water
placement
77
Reduction of the strength by absorbing water
during
du guunder-water
de ate p placement,
ace e t, not
ot due to losing
os g tthe
e ce
cement
e t co
conent
e t
78
Sampling of large samples
(30 cm in dia) to evaluate
possible large scale effects
by possibily siginificant in-
h
homogeneityi off the
h material i l
placed under water.
It was found after TC tests

on these large samples and
small samples that it was not
the case.
79
80
Triaxial testing system
p
for 30 cm-dia. specimens
at the University of Tokyo. 81
Triaxial testing system
for small specimens
at the University of Tokyo. 82
Use of LDT with small and large specimens
83
12 cm H x 5 cm D 60 cm H x 30 cm D
Membrane
Pseudo-hinge
Instrument
Phosphor bronze LDT Gage leadwire Terminal leadwire
strain-gaged strip Active e.r.s.g.
B'
No. 1
A
D' C
No. 2
Heart of LDT Teflon tube protection

PB strip
(includes electric resistance strain gages, Front face (tension side)
(Front)
terminals, wiring, sealant)
Scotch tape used to fix wire No. 3

A'
D
p
on the specimen surface No. 4
C' B
Back face (compression side)
Instrument Leadwire (Back)
Membrane Surface
LDT; Local deformation transducer (Goto et al

al., 1991)
1991).
84
Dr. Goto,S.; the inventor of
LDT (local deformation transducer)
Institute of
Industrial Science,
Universityy of Tokyo,
y ,
1986
85
Summary of results from CD TC tests on large core samples
of slurry type cement-mixed sand (Uchida et al., 1993)
- Significant effects of consolidation pressure
Summary of results from CU TC tests on large core samples
of slurry type cement-mixed sand (Uchida et al., 1993)
- Insignificant effects of consolidation pressure
Essentially no scale
effects on the peak
strength !
But large scale effects

on the stiffness → Why?
Comparison
C i off q-’externally
’ t ll
measured axial strains from
CU TC tests using small and
large core samples from the
same mass of slurryy typeyp
cement-sand constructed in
the full-scale field
underwater
d t placement
l t test
t t
(Tatsuoka et al., 1997).
Essentially no scale
effects on the peak
strength !
But large scale effects

on the stiffness → Why?
Comparison
C i off q-’externally
’ t ll
measured axial strains from
CD TC tests using small and
large core samples from the
same mass of slurryy typeyp
cement-sand constructed in
the full-scale field
underwater
d t placement
l t test
t t
(Tatsuoka et al., 1997).
A typical CU TC test on a large core sample of slurry
type cement-mixed
cement mixed sand (Tatsuoka & Shibuya
Shibuya, 1991)
1991).
A typical CU TC test on a small core sample of slurry
type cement-mixed
cement mixed sand (Tatsuoka & Shibuya
Shibuya, 1991)
1991).
Einitial: the value that had been reported by an geotechnical
consultant
→ by
b ttriaxial
i i l ttests
t ffollowing
ll i th the common practice
ti att th
thatt titime
→ a significant underestimate (about 1/10) of the true value of
small-strain stiffness to be used in deformation analysis of
the cement-mixed soil in the field
The first case where:
1. LDT was used for a practical

case; and
2 the
2. th elastic
l ti modulus
d l ffrom
triaxial tests exhibits nearly
the same value with that
from the field shear wave
velocity.
96
The Young’s modulus value
that had been obtained by
a geotechnical
t h i l consultant:
lt t
Einitial = 0.3 Gpa
(by conventional drained TC
tests)
This value
Thi l considerably
id bl
underestimates the true
elastic modulus:
E0= 3.0 GPa
and also the value at the
operating strain !
The engineers
Th i iin charge
h off
the TTB Highway project
could become confident with
the use of this material for 97
this project !
Shear modulus vs shear strain relations from monotonic
and cyclic loading triaxial tests on core samples (30 cm in
diameter) from test fills of slurry type cement-mixed sand
(Tatsuoka & Shibuya, 1991).
Strains in the cement-mixed fill lower than 0.05 % (estimated
by FEM earthquake response analysis) →
Nearly linear behaviour at small strains
Importance
p of elastic modulus &d its accurate measurements
99
Evaluation of the stress-strain properties of
cement-mixed soil filled in the field
to confirm whether fills of cement-mixed soil

as considered at the design stage were
actually constructed
100
Underwater placement work of slurry type cement-
mixed
i d sand d at Ukishima
Uki hi A
Access and
d Kisarazu
Ki man-
made island (Uchida et al., 1993).
Vessel conveying materials Vessel having Tremmie piles

Vessel having a mixing
(capacity: 1,000
1 000 – 2,000
2 000 m3) ((capacity:
p y 3,000
, ton))
plant
l t (production
( d ti capacity: it
450 m /hour)
3
TP 0.0 m
Lift ((m))
Vessell carry mud
V d slurry
l
(capacity: 2,000 m3)
Mound produced on
the sea bed
14 m
Rotary core tube sampling at

Original shore
th Ukishima
the Uki hi A
Access; protection works
a) to obtain undisturbed 5m
samples; and N1 N2
Trans Tokyo Bay

y
b) to measure shear wave Steel caisson
Highway
velocities.
H
S2
Shield
S1 tunnels*
(*) th
the ttop one in
i thi
this
figure has not been
constructed)
102
Comparison of elastic the Young’s moduli from triaxial
compression
p tests ((E0) and those from field shear wave velocities
(Ef) in the fill of cement-mixed sand (slurry type), Ukishima Access
E0 and Ef are similar !
103
Comparison of elastic the Young’s moduli from triaxial
compression
p tests ((E0) and those from field shear wave velocities
(Ef) in the fill of cement-mixed sand (slurry type), Ukishima Access
104
Completed Kawasaki man-made island
Filling of slurry type

Cement-mixed sand 193 m
189 m
35 m 2.8 m 2.8 m 98 m 2.8 m 2.8 m 35 m
4m 4m
Outer jacket Filling Outer jacket
TP – 6 m Upper RC slab
TP 5 m
TP 0 m TP 0m
Inner wall
46.7 m
TP – 28 m Steel pipe
74.2 m
Steel pipe
sheet pile sheet pile
Slab SCP
SCP DMM
DMM TP – 41.7 m
21.5 m
6m
TP – 73 m
Bottom RC slab
90 m Thickness= 2.8 m
Thickness= 2.8 m
4m 98 m 4m
Continuous diaphragm wall (L= 119 m)
TP - 114 m
Filling up the ring space
with cement-mixed sand slurry,
106
A typical test result on an undisturbed sample
of cement-mixed
cement mixed sand (slurry type)
3 200
LDT
MPa)
Pa)
Deviator stress, q (M
Deviator sttress, q (kP

1.5 100
External
CU TC (σc’= 127 kPa) CU TC (σc’= 127 kPa)

D
0 0
0 0.5 1.0 0 0.005 0.01
strain, ε1 (%)
Axial strain (LDT) ε1 (%)
Axial strain (LDT),
107
Initial Young’s modulus, E0, based on locally measured axial
strains vs initial Young’s modulus, Einitial, based on externally
measured d axial
i l strains
t i ffrom CU TC ttests t off specimens
i
prepared in the laboratory and core sample from Kawasaki
man-made island
island, slurry type cement-mixed sand (Tatsuoka et
al., 1997).
Confirmation that the

external axial strain
measurement in TC tests is
utterly
l unreliable
li bl to
accurately evaluate the
stiffness at small strains of
cement-mixed soil.
Comparison of elastic the
Young’s
g moduli from triaxial
compression tests (E0) and
those from field shear wave
velocities
l iti (Ef) in
i th
the fill off
cement-mixed sand (slurry
type) Kawasaki man-made
type),
island
109
Construction of large embankments by using

- cement-mixed sand slurry with a controlled strength
at the ramp sections; and
- dry cement-mixed sand at the flat place of
Kisarazu man-made
man made island.
island
110


m m isl.
isl 289
Slurry type cement

028
Cement: 100 kg/m
Anti-segregation
dry mixture of cement-mixed sand
(Ki
(Kisarazu man-maded iisland):
l d)
a lower cost and a low quality
112
Underwater placement of dry
mixture of cement-mixed sand
(Ki
(Kisarazu man-made l d) a new
d iisland):
method to minimize the segregation
of material during placing
Special double-chute
113
dry mixture of cement-mixed sand
(Ki
(Kisarazu man-maded iisland)
l d)
114
Comparison of elastic the Young’s
moduli from triaxial compression
p
tests (Eo) and those from field
shear wave velocities (Ef) at the
fill off cement-mixed
t i d
sand (dry type), Kisarazu
man-made island

115
Summary of elastic Young’s moduli
of the cement-treated soils in the TTB Project
Emax defined
d fi d ffor strains
t i lless
than 0.001 % from triaxial
compression tests using LDTs
on undisturbed samples (kgf/cm2)
Ef from field shear wave velocity Vs (kgf/cm2)

116
TS=fixed-piston thin-wall sampling Cement-treated soil
BS=block sampling Slurry Dry DMM
DC=direct coring RCT
RCT=rotary
RCT rotary coring BS+DC
Sedimentary soft rock
Kazusa Kobe Sagara Miura Tokoname Uraga-A Uraga-B
G0 values from
RCT
BS+DC
CU TC tests 5000
Local axial strain measurements
or softrockss)
versus 1000
G0=E0/{{2(1+ν)} (MPa)
Range for Soft rocks and
5 for clays and 0.42 fo

C
Cement-treated
t t t d soils
il
Gf from
(BS+DC) and clays
field shear wave

velocities 100
Pleistocene clay site
(ν=0.5
Tokyo Osaka OAP Suginami

bay bay
)
:1
(1
)
:2 TS
(1
BS
10
10 100 1000 5000
2 117
Gf=ρ(V )
s vh
(MPa)
Summary of E0 versus qpeak relations from triaxial tests,
TTB project (Tatsuoka et al., 1997).
The strength and deformation characteristics* of
cement-mixed soil could be made similar without
a large difficulty to those of natural sedimentary soft rock.
（* should be measured accurately)
10000
10,000
10,000
10000
1000
1,000 E0/qpeak= 1,000
E0/qpeak= 1,000
MPa)
MPa)
(M
EE0 (M
o
E /q = 100
E00/qpeakpeak= 100 1,000
1000
100
100
MPa)
E0 (MPa)
E0 (M
Sedimentary softrocks
Sedimentary soft rocks E0/qpeak
100
100 E /q
0 peak
10
10 = 1,000
0.1
0.1 1 1 10 10 100 100 = 1,000 EE00/q/qppeak= 100
qpeak (MPa) peak= 100
qpeak (MPa)
Cement-mixed soil
Cement-mixed soils
Cement-mixed soil having 10
10
0.1
0.1 1 1 qpeak (MPa)10
10 100 100
a controlled
t ll d strength;
t th made
d qpeak (MPa)
intentionally weak 119

Strength of cement-mixed soil: between soil and concrete
1,000
Artificially produced materials

Manus clay (TC; Jardine,
Jardine 1985)
London clay (TC; Jardine, 1985)
100 Sand (monotonic torsional shear, n= 0.5)
Sand (monotonic drained TC)
Gravel (monotonic drained TC)
S d silt
Sandy il (monotonic
( i drained
d i d TC)
10 Cement-mixed sand in TTB highway project

(core samples from full-scale tests)
Pa)
dry type
E0(GP
slurry type
1
E0/qpeak= 1,000
Steel (SS41)
Hard rock core
0.1 (ultrasonic for E0)
Concrete
Mudstone (Sagamihara)*
Mudstone (Sagara)*
0.01 E0/qpeak= 100 Sand/mudstone (Sagara)*
*:: Sedimentary soft rock
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 120

qpeak (MPa)

- Cement-mixed soil
- Others
121
Construction of shield tunnels;;

a) Consecutively in very stiff cement-mixed soil and very soft
clay at a very shallow depth
122
Ukishima access
Two tunnels
A sudden largeg changeg from Ukishima
in the cutting torque of
shield machine ((tonf-m))
123
Ring number (one ring= 1.5 m)
Ukishima access
Very soft clay

with a very thin
overlaying soft clay
A danger of floating up
of the tunnels by large buoyant
force acting
g to the tunnels,,
compared to a small surcharge;
prevented by placing weight
i the
in th ttunnels
l andd careful
f l
tunnelling work. 124
Construction of shield tunnels with the world’s largest

g diameter;;
a) successively in stiff cement-mixed soil and very soft clay at a
very shallow depth; and
b) underground connection of shield machines with the help of
ground freezing to shorten the drive of each tunnel.
Locations of tunnel connection
125
126
Underground connection of shield machines
with the help of ground freezing
Longitudinal section
Cutting
g face Cutting
g face
Second arrived First arrived
shield tunnel shield tunnel
Freezing pipe
Frozen zone
127
A huge offshore
diaphragm wall;
- 98 m in int.
int dia.;
dia ; &
- 119 m in height
for Kawasaki
man-made island.
An artist’s
artist s view
from the beneath 128
Construction of the internal structure inside the diaphragm wall
129
Construction of
the internal structure
130
Deep well system to avoid Observation
the ground failure by seepage Drainage
g wells wells
Diaphragm
wall
A-sandy
layer
Thin clay layer
B-sandy layer
Thick clay layer C-sandy

layer
131
Observation
Drainage
g wells wells
Diaphragm
wall
A-sandy
layer
Thin clay layer
A serious seepage B-sandy layer

accident;
C-sandy
Start of unusual g
ground layer Thick
c cclay
ay layer
aye
water spouting 132
14th Nov. 1993
Time histories of ground water spouting
and water depth inside the diaphragm wall
Depth of water
Amount of inside the
spouting ground water diaphragm wall
(m3 per day) (m)
First stage Second stage
Depth of
Increase in the
water in the
rate of ground
diaphragm
water spouting
wall
Amount of
spouting
ground water
Start of pouring
Start of unusual sea water into
spouting of the inside of the
ground water diaphragm wall
Date for a period from 14 November to 4th December 1993 133

Time histories of ground water spouting
and water depth inside the diaphragm wall
Depth of water
Amount of inside the
spouting ground water diaphragm wall
(m3 per day) (m)
First stage Second stage
Depth of
Increase in the
water in the
rate of ground
diaphragm
water spouting
wall
Amount of
spouting
ground water
Start of pouring
Start of unusual sea water into
spouting of the inside of the
ground water diaphragm wall
Date for a period from 14 November to 4th December 1993 134

Sea water poured to reduce the hydraulic gradient in the
ground inside and immediately below the the diaphragm wall
135
Restart of construction
after a delay of six months
136
137

- Cement-mixed soil
- Others
138
Brief history
May 1971 (25):
The technical investigation
started.
May 1983 (37):
The Japanese Government
approved the construction.
October 1986 (40):
The Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway
Corporation was established.
May 1989 (43):
The construction started.
December 1997 (51):
The construction completed;
and the highway was opened to
public on 18th December. 139
CONCLUDING REMARKS-1
The Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway was constructed;

a) in a relatively deep sea;
b) crossing heavy shipping routes;
c) under poor ground conditions; and
d) with a high seismic activity.
Several geotechnical engineering design and

construction problems had to be solved for the
success of the project.
140
The ground improvement by four types of

cement-mixing technologies solved a number of
potential technical problems;
1) in-situ cement mixing of very soft clay;

a) conventional type deep mixing method (DMM);
and
b) low strength-type DMM;
and
2) embankment using;
a) slurry type cement-mixed sand; and
b) dry mixture type cement-mixed sand.
sand
141
Successful construction of shield tunnels
with the world’s largest
g diameter,
overcoming several difficult technical problems,
including:g
a) successive tunnelling in very stiff cement-mixed
soil and veryy soft clay;
y
b) a very shallow depth in a very soft clay with
a danger
g of floatation of the tunnels; and
c) underground connection of shield machines with
the help of ground freezing to reduce the shield
tunnel drive.
142
The construction of an offshore diaphragm wall with an

int. dia. of 98 m and a height
g of 119 m was delayed
y
a half year by a serious seepage accident in the ground
inside the diaphragm
p g wall.
a)) The accident would have become a fatal one for the
success of the project if relevant measures were not
taken promptly.
y
b) The accident might have not taken place if the
hydraulic gradient in the ground inside and
immediately below the diaphragm wall had been
made substantially lower, for example, by making the
bottom of the diaphragm wall substantially deeper
143
than the actual one.
Thank you very much for your attentions !
144
Terima kasih atas perhatian anda !
Home page:
http://geotle.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index-j.html 145
REFERENCES
・Uchida
Uchida,K.,K Shioi,Y.,
Shioi Y Hirukawa,T.
Hirukawa T and Tatsuoka,F.
Tatsuoka F (1993),
(1993) “The
The
Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway Project - A huge project currently
p , Proc. of Transportation
under construction”,, Invited Paper, p
Facilities through Difficult Terrain, Balkema, pp.57-87.
・Tatsuoka,F., Uchida,K., Imai,K., Ouchi.T. and Kohata,Y. (1997),

“Properties
Properties of cement-treated soils in Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway
project”, Ground Improvement, Thomas Telford, Vol.1, No.1,
pp
pp.37-58.
・ Tatsuoka,
T t k F.F (2010):
(2010) “Cement-mixed
“C t i d soils
il iin T
Trans-Tokyo
T k Bay
B
Highway project”, Soils and Foundations, Vol.50, No. 6, pp.785-
804
146

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Geotechnical Engineering Aspects of

Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway Project

■ History and structure of Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway

■ Four difficult design factors

■ Significant design and construction issues

Kisarazu man-made island

Kawasaki man-made island

The starting point

Approach fill, retaining shield tunnels.

Artist’s view of the completed structure

Two tubes; constructed

Eight shield tunnel machines worked simultaneously

Pressurized mud slurry

■ History and structure of Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway

■ Four difficult design factors

■ Significant design and construction issues

Late Holocene very soft clay

Early Holocene sand and clay

Late Holocene very soft clay

Early Holocene sand and clay

■ History and structure of Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway

■ Four difficult design factors

■ Significant design and construction issues

Cement-treatment method Mixing proportion Construction site Volume; 1,000 m3

Low strength-type DMM Cement : 70 kg/m3 Ukishima Access 1,248

Slurry type cement

Very soft clay improved

Allowable stress method

→ The in-situ stress-strain

→ Need for triaxial tests

q – ε1 relations from U & CU

Peak stress envelops from

→ Not used in the design

Normalised drained peak

→ Used in the design

Normalised drained and qy/qu (Y1: drained)

Very soft clay improved

wn (%) γt (gf/cm3) qmax (kgf/cm2) (t= 28 days)

Compressive strength after cement

Compressive strength after cement

Construction of large embankments by using

Cement-treatment method Mixing proportion Construction site Volume; 1,000 m3

Low strength-type DMM Cement : 70 kg/m3 Ukishima Access 1,248

Slurry type cement

→Placement test in a ship-building dock; and block-

It was found after TC tests

Heart of LDT Teflon tube protection

Scotch tape used to fix wire No. 3

Back face (compression side)

Instrument Leadwire (Back)

LDT; Local deformation transducer (Goto et al

But large scale effects

But large scale effects

1. LDT was used for a practical

to confirm whether fills of cement-mixed soil

Vessel conveying materials Vessel having Tremmie piles

Rotary core tube sampling at

Trans Tokyo Bay

E0 and Ef are similar !

E0 and Ef are similar !

Filling of slurry type

Deviator sttress, q (kP

CU TC (σc’= 127 kPa) CU TC (σc’= 127 kPa)