LANGUAGE LOYALTY OF THE IBANAGS IN UNION KALINGA

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of

Languages and Literature Department

College of Arts and Sciences

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Echague, Isabela

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for

Research 1: Methodology

EISEN LLOYD A. RAMONES

June 2021
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Language can never be discounted in the beauty of culture. The devotion and

consistency of using the language drives in the act of nation building. Thus, language

loyalty is the nation’s soul.

In the Philippines, the Ibanag language is the lingua franca of Cagayan Valley. It

is widely spoken in the province of Isabela from Sta. Maria, Aurora, Cabagan, Tumauini,

Ilagan, Gamu and including Luna where it has only one barangay who uses Ibanag as

their indigenous language.

According to a local study, the language that used to be the dominant minority

language in the Cagayan Valley Region is now being threatened and is on its way to

extinction. The Living Tongues Institute estimates that between one-half to two-thirds of

the world’s languages are endangered which translates to the death of one language

every 14 days. Researchers earlier noted that Filipinos from the countryside appear to

abandon their indigenous languages as they assimilate both the dominant languages

and the culture they are exposed to.

Michael Tan, an anthropologist concluded that there might be a decreased

number of Ibanag speakers now, out of 500, 000 speakers of the language.

While English and Filipino were made the official media of communication in the

Philippine academic landscape, indigenous languages, especially those spoken by

fewer than one million speakers, are facing the threat of extinction or death. Some of
those indigenous languages are being slowly displaced by English and other dominant

Philippine languages like Filipino and Ilocano.

Loyalty to a language is the result of a desire to retain an identity that is

articulated through the use of that language, and to adhere to cultural practices

associated with that language. Language loyalty leads people to work toward

maintaining the language in question even under adverse conditions. Language loyalty

can be viewed from the perspective of both language stability and language shift.

Elsie Szecsy, a Research Professional in the School of Transborder Studies

once quoted, “To be loyal to one's language is generally evidenced by a desire to retain

an identity that is articulated through the use of that language, and to adhere to cultural

practices associated with that language. Language loyalty leads people to work toward

maintaining the language in question even under adverse conditions. Language

maintenance consists of strategies that groups use to keep the language to which they

are loyal alive; language persistence is the result.”

Communicative loyalty is associated with the communicative function of the

language and assumes the real presence of communicative skills of speakers, but it

manifests itself differently and depends on parameters of the communicative situation

such as age, social status, level of communicators’ education, but the type of

communicative situation is decisive, namely communication among "their own" or

among "others" (Moskvitcheva, 2019).

The Language Preferences is used to select a default language for the speaker.

Additionally, speaker can choose whether they are able to change the language in

which their portal is displayed. The approach can sometimes be different depending on
the situation that affects the language and way of the speaker to communicate. Factors

that trigger these sudden changes in communicative approach can be specified when

they are in a various social groups, location or even in common places like market ad

school.

In fact, ignoring of indigenous language is losing its identity and this is so not only

at the individual level, but also at the national level, because the deepest feeling of

identity is linked to the sharing of a common language.

In this context, the researchers would like to determine the language loyalty of

the Ibanags in Union Kalinga in order to preserve its indigenous culture.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study was conducted to determine the language loyalty of the

Ibanags in Union Kalinga. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the respondent’s profile in terms of age and sex?

2. What is the language preference of the Ibanags in Union Kalinga in the following

situations:

a. Talking to family;

b. Talking to people in school;

c. Talking to people in the neighborhood;

d. Talking to people in the workplace;

e. Talking to people in church;

f. Expressing themselves.

3. What is the attitude of the Ybanags towards the Ybanag language?

4. Is there a significant difference between the respondent’s profile and language

preference?

5. Is there is a significant difference between the respondent’s profile and their attitude

towards the Ybanag language?

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aimed to determine the language loyalty of the Ibanags in

Union Kalinga. Specifically, it aims to:

1. Determine the respondent’s profile in terms of age and sex.

2. Determine the language preference of the Ibanags in Union Kalinga when

communicating in the following situations:

a. Talking to family;

b. Talking to people in school;

c. Talking to people in the neighborhood;

d. Talking to people in the workplace;

e. Talking to people in church;

f. Expressing themselves.

3. Determine the attitudes of the Ybanags towards the Ybanag language.

4. Determine if there is a significant difference between the respondent’s

profile and language preference.

5. Determine if there is a significant difference between the respondent’s

profile and their attitude towards the Ybanag language.

Significance of the Study

This study is deemed important to the native speakers of Ibanag in maintaining

and promoting their indigenous language.

Likewise, the community of Union Kalinga will also be benefited in preserving its

culture and retain an identity that is articulated through the help of language loyalty of

the Ibanags.

This study will also be useful to the language teachers specifically serving as

bases for enriching their language instructional plan.

The linguists will be benefited in developing new ideas with the nature of

language and communication.  Also, in gaining more experience working with a group of

people with diverse language and academic backgrounds.

Finally, to the future researchers in providing other avenues for research

activities related to language loyalty.

Scope and Limitation

This study focused on how the Ybanags in Union Kalinga keep their indigenous

language which they are loyal alive. It also covered the cultural effects of using the

Ybanag language.

This study was conducted at Union Kalinga Luna, Isabela during the Academic

year 2021-2022.

Definition of Terms
Language Loyalty- refers to preference for a particular language; continued use of a

language because of this, especially within a culture where another language is

dominant.

Ybanag Language- refers to a prestigious Northern Cordielleran language that is

distinct in feature and spoken by 500, 000 speakers in Cagayan Province in Northeast

Luzon, Philippines.

Union Kalinga- It is a barangay in the municipality of Luna, in the province of Isabela.

Its population as determined by the 2015 Census was 463. This represented 2.40% of

the total population of Luna.

Ibanag- One of the oldest inhabitants of Cagayan Valley in northern Luzon, the Ibanag

can be found in the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya. The term

Ibanag originated from i (“people of”) and bannag (river), which pretty much describes

where they chose to settle.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Presented in chapter II is a synthesis of research that supports the language

loyalty of the Ibanags in Union Kalinga. This chapter presents a brief review of related

literature and studies on Ibanags, Ibanag Language, and Language Loyalty, both

foreign and local. These studies and text support strengthen the research paper.

Ibanags

The Ibanags are concentrated on the Provinces of Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya,

Isabela. They are the most assimilable and adaptable among groups of the Filipino

people. On Cagayan, Ibanags are more found in Tuguegarao, Abulug, Pamplona,

Camalaniugan, Lal-lo, Amulong, Iguig, Penablanca and Aparri towns. (C., 2012)

The Ibanags is one of the early inhabitants who lived in Cagayan river valley. To

support this statement, Adolf Bernhard Meyer in 1885 affirmed that Ibanag appear to

have it original home in the swampy zone of the lower Cagayan river valley. Populations

speaking Ibanagang calling themselves as such have also come to predominate from

the Tugegarao area southward to the Cagayan-Magat junction. At the time the

Spaniards came, the Ibanag were already cultivating wet rice crop. The Ibanags quickly

converted to Roman Catholic in the 16th and 17th century.

Rev. Marino D. Gatan stated that, “Ibanags are apparently not changing for the

better fast enough in s rapidly changing age”. He undertook an ethnographic study

which has led him to theological conclusions. He discovered that the Ibanag way of

being and living is the product of the Ibanag’s peculiar understanding of life.
 In Cagayan, they are engaged in agriculture, fishing and hunting as their main

subsistence. They fashioned agricultural implements out of wood and metal, and

constructed homes. They also cooked their food in earthen pots and vessels made of

clay (Suyu, 2015).

The study was supported by Mollinade Calejo this 2017, she claimed that in pre-

colonial times, the Ibanags hunted for food, as evidenced by the tools found in various

archaeological sites in Cagayan Valley. Today, farming continues to be their primary

source of income, although modernization has opened other options for them.

In reality, the Ibanags’ traditions and practices are still alive in these modern

days. This is evident in being agricultural people in their way of living.

Ibanag Language

The Ibanag language is distinct in that it features phonemes and double

consonants which are not present in many other languages in the country. It is believed

that the Ibanagic language has had to splitter into Itawes, Gaddang, Yogad, and Iraya

languages.

Dr. Carl Rubino in 2012 claimed that the Ibanag language became generally

spoken throughout the Cagayan Valley because of the Dominican and Agustinian

missionaries. He said that the language was potent instrument with which they

successfully Christianized the pagan natives through the long, almost 400 years of

Spanish colonial regime.

Since Ibanag is spoken in various areas of Northeastern Region of the

Philippines (namely within Isabela and Cagayan), there are also minor differences in the
way that it is spoken in these areas. Ibanag spoken in Tuguegarao is known to be the

Standard Dialect. And other native Ibanag speakers usually distinguish if the speaker is

from Tuguegarao City with the variation of their pronunciation and accent. Most who

have adapted the Ibanag dialect from the city have a more formal grammatical structure

tend to have a Hispanic accent.

In Tuguegarao City, before the Spaniards came, the language was Irraya (a

seemingly extinct Gaddang dialect). Spaniards introduced Ibanag to the city from Lal-lo

(formerly the city of Nueva Segovia) and made the language as the lingua franca of the

Northeastern Philippines. But with the introduction of Ilocano settlers, Ilocano has

become the new lingua franca since the late 20th Century.

Cauayan City speakers and Ilagan speakers in Isabela have a hard accent as

opposed to the Tuguegarao Ibanag that sounded Hispanic. But, native speakers of

Northern Cagayan have a harder accent.

An Australian Archeologist Peter Bellwood believed that the Ibanag is an

Austronesian language. Around 5000 years ago, people from Southern China started

migrating through Taiwan and then to the Philippines from the island of Batanes and to

the other islands. He derived this conclusion to the Latin word and greek word of

Austronesia meaning “sout wind” and “islands”.

“A database of languages throughout the world, there are 500,000 speakers of

Ibanag. It is not a small number although the figure dates back to 1990”.However, there

might be a decreased number of Ibanag speakers now. (Tan, 2012)

 In the Philippines, the former Vice President JejomarBinay recommended the

inclusion of Ibanag language in the Mother-Tongue-Based Multi-Lingual Education

(MTB-MLE) program. This language is currently used or will be used as a medium of

instruction from Kindergarten to Grade 3.

Certainly, it preserves the Ibanag language and culture by increasing the number

of native speakers. It also serves as a springboard of the government’s advocacy to

empower every Filipino youth with quality education, including those who belong to

indigenous groups.

Language Loyalty

Language loyalty is maintaining and consistently using his own language. To be

loyal to one's language is generally evidenced by a desire to retain an identity that is

articulated through the use of that language, and to adhere to cultural practices

associated with that language. (Szecsy, 2011)

In the study of Purita S. Licas in 2011, she noted the language that used to be

the dominant minority language in the Cagayan Valley Region is now being threatened

and is on its way to extinction. The Living Tongues Institute estimates that between one-

half to two-thirds of the world’s languages are endangered which translates to the death

of one language every 14 days.

Similarly, a foreign study of the case of Somali language was transcribed and

became the national language in 1972. But after the collapse of the Somali State, this

language is likely to die out. Others see that the Somali language is not stable, and they
ascribe this mainly to the Somali orthography system that they consider to be

incomplete. (Mansur, 2015)

In the United States, language conflict and language planning are not quite

credible to native speakers of English. As they see it, English developed to its present

unique position as a world language without the help of an Academy either to plan the

future or to congeal the past. The system of free enterprise in which words and

grammatical forms struggle for acceptance in the market place seems justified by

events. The drive of writers and speakers to be understood is the sufficient selective

mechanism among linguistic forms. (Werner, 2009)

On Fishman’s Domain of language use, he stated that the factors which influence

the concept of domain are topic, role relation, and locale. He also stated that topic can

be a regulator of language use in multilingual settings. An accurate example for this is

when someone changes his or her language to the interlocutor’s language when

discuss certain topics.

Equivalently, Marjohan A. (1988) says that role relation means that languages

you are using are determined by the interlocutors you speak with or where the

conversation takes place. Examples for this are when father speaks to mother, child

speaks to mother, and mother speaks to child.

The article of Catherine E. Snow and Kenji Hakuta was published in 1989 by the

bilingual research group: A society makes choices based on an implicit cost-benefit

analysis. The assumption behind any cost-benefit analysis is, of course, that choosing a

desirable course of action has consequences which are less desirable-often the need to

give up an alternative choice which has its own set of benefits. The United States is
currently grappling with decisions about language; members of groups like U.S. English

argue that the social costs of tolerating the use of languages other than English, in

terms of potential disruption and political factionalism, are unacceptable, Proponents of

bilingual education argue that the social costs of low achievement by a significant

minority of school children are too great. (Catherine E. Snow, 1992)

Indeed, language conflict creates communication gap across generations. The

Language loyalty changes.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Dependent
Variables Variable

Language loyalty of the

Respondent’s profile in terms
ibanags in Union Kalinga
of age and sex.

Hypotheses of the study

1. There is no significant difference in the language preference of the respondents when

grouped according to their demographic profile.

2. There is no significant difference in the attitudes of the respondents towards the

Ybanag language when grouped according to their demographic profile.

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter clearly defines the research methods that were be used to conduct

the study. The researcher explains the necessary data and information to address the

research objectives and questions that were collected, presented, and analyzed.

Reasons and justifications for the Research design, respondents of the study, research

instrument, and data gathering procedure used are given. These studies and text

support strengthen the research paper.

Research design

The study aimed to determine the loyalty of the Ibanag people from Union

Kalinga Luna towards their langauge. The researcher described the accumulated

information using a descriptive research design where the researcher interpreted the

gathered data from the respondents. It is a type of research design that uses a narrative

explanation to interpret the data that was acquired during the course of study.

On the other hand, the researcher use a quantitative research that is design to

collect and gather information about the language loyalty of the Ibanags in Union

Kalinga,Luna. The data was analyzed using the data gathered from the respondents.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were the citizens of Union Kalinga ranging from

teens aged 13-19 years old, general population aged 20-59 years old, and senior

citizens aged 60 years old and above who are using Ybanag language as their native

dialect.
Research Instrument

The survey questionnaire is the main instrument that will be used in the data

Gathering process. It was divided into different sections. The first one contains the

demographic profile of the respondent.

The second set contains the domain of the language preferences of the

respondent.

While the third set contains the questions about their attitudes towards the

Ybanag language.

After the researcher conducted the survey to the randomly selected respondents.

The results were tallied, scored and tabulated. A 4-point Likert Scale was used to

quantify the responses of the participants in the Part 3 of the questionnaire. The

researcher used a 4-point Likert Scale to eliminate the middle ground in the results of

the survey.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher made a letter for the approval to conduct the study. The study

started from September 2021 to January 2022. The respondents of the study are the

Ibanag people of Union Kalinga Luna. Each participant was asked the same set of

questions for the survey as a tool in determining the language loyalty of the Ibanags of

Union Kalinga Luna.

After collecting all the data, the researcher, with the help of the trusted consultants or

thesis adviser analyzed the data gathered. The result would hopefully be the basis for

keeping and treasuring our different language like the Ibanags to retain the rich cultures

for the next generation.

 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, interprets, and analyzes the data gathered using the

questionnaire in order to determine the language loyalty of the Ybanags in Union

Kalinga. To facilitate an easier analysis and interpretation, the data were tabulated in

the order of the statement of the problem in Chapter 1.

1. Profile of the Respondents

1.1 Age

Age Frequency Percentage

(100%)
13-19 years old (teens) 15 33.3
20-59(general population) 15 33.3
60-above (senior citizen) 15 33.3
TOTAL 45 100%
Table 1.1 presents the frequency and percentage distribution according to age. It

was evident that there is an equal number of respondents across all age groups. Teens,

general population and senior citizens all have a frequency of 15 which is equal to

33.3%.

Mouton (2017) asserts that age influences not just speech development but also

language loyalty. The majority of changes result from this conflict between "old" and

"new," which is clearly related to the speakers' ages, as, while the mother tongue is

transmitted through generational contact during childhood, it takes on a distinct color at

each stage of life. Clearly, due to the way the brain functions, infancy is the stage during
which linguistic capacities are strongest in terms of everything linked to language

acquisition. Families and the community are witnesses to this rapid process and the

enormous brain plasticity of children up to a certain age, which enables them to learn

not only their mother tongue, but also any other language they come into contact with,

demonstrating the undeniable importance of early language instruction to develop

children into bilingual or trilingual individuals. As is the case with many other abilities,

children's linguistic capabilities grow as a result of contact with native speakers. Thus,

they gradually acquire the mother tongue, as historically, mothers or other women

entrusted with the care of children have served as language educators in the home and

even at school.

1.2 Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

(100%)
Male 23 51.1
Female 22 48.9
TOTAL 45 100%
Table 1.2 presents the frequency and percentage distribution according to

gender. Out of 45 respondents, 23 are males which is 51.1% of the whole population

percentage while females make up 48.9% which is 22 out of 45 of the whole

enumerated population. The data reveals that there is a very little margin of difference

between both genders with males dominating the population by 2.2%.

Gender, according to Irvin et al. (2017), can have a significant impact on how

people acquire, utilize, and think about language. Gender has a tremendous impact on

how language develops and how people express themselves. In the majority of

language groups, young females acquire language at a little faster pace than males,
though this difference usually disappears by middle childhood. Gender variations in

language use emerge early on; females are more likely to use language to explain

emotional ties with others, whereas boys use language to describe objects and events.

Girls also learn to read slightly earlier than males on average, but this gap closes in

middle childhood. Nonetheless, women do marginally better than males on average

over the lifespan on measures of verbal acuity and performance.

2.1 Language preference of the Ybanags in Union Kalinga when communicating

with their Family

Variable Language Frequency Percentage

Ybanag 30 66.7
Tagalog 7 15.6
Father
Ilocano 8 17.8
Total 45 100.0
Ybanag 30 66.7
Tagalog 7 15.6
Mother
Ilocano 8 17.8
Total 45 100.0
Ybanag 29 64.4
Tagalog 7 15.6
Siblings
Ilocano 9 20.0
Total 45 100.0
Ybanag 28 62.2
Tagalog 8 17.8
Aunts and Uncles
Ilocano 9 20.0
Total 45 100.0
Grandparents Ybanag 31 68.9
Tagalog 7 15.6
Ilocano 7 15.6
Total 45 100.0
 Ybanag 9 20.0
relatives outside the Tagalog 18 40.0
locality Ilocano 18 40.0
Total 45 100.0
Ybanag 7 15.5
relatives outside the Tagalog 22 48.9
country Ilocano 16 35.6
Total 45 100.0
What language do Ybanag 16 35.6
you use at family Tagalog 14 31.1
meetings? Ilocano 15 33.4
Total 45 100.0
What language do Ybanag 10 22.2
you use when you Tagalog 26 57.8
write a personal letter Ilocano 9 20.0
to your father,
mother, or any Total
member of your 45 100.0
family?

Language Mean Rank

Ybanag 20.6 1
Tagalog 12.8 2
Ilocano 11 3
Others 0 -
Table 2.1 presents the data on the most used language by the respondents when

talking to their family. When talking to both father and mother, Ybanag is the most

spoken language with a frequency of 30 on both variables which is equal to 66.7%.

Ybanag is still the most spoken language when talking to siblings, aunts and uncles,

and grandparents with a frequency of 29, 28 and 31 respectively which is equivalent to

64.4%, 62.2%, and 68.9%. During family meetings, Ybanag is also the most spoken

language with a frequency of 16 or 35.6%. When talking to relatives outside the locality,

outside the country, and when writing a personal letter to the father, mother, or any
member of the family, Tagalog is the most used language with a frequency of 18, 22,

and 26 or 40.0%, 48.9% and 57.8% respectively. In summary, Ybanag is the most

spoken language when talking to the family as computed by obtaining its mean across

all variables. The computed mean of the Ybanag language is 20.6. Next on the rank is

Tagalog, with a mean of 12.8 and the least spoken language when speaking with the

family is Ilocano, with a mean of 11.

This is similar to the results of Lindero (2017) which concluded that families of

indigenous backgrounds use their indigenous language in communicating within their

family. This is due to the non-discriminating environment in the household and the ease

of self-expression when speaking the native tongue.

All people require the ability to speak clearly. Effective communication in one's

first or native language binds a person to their ethnic group and helps shape one's

identity. Effective communication is first learned by the child at home, a place where

one should feel safe from judgement. This contributes greatly to the predominance of

the use of indigenous languages at home and when communicating with the family. A

better understanding and recognition of Indigenous languages will assist in the process

of reconciliation between Indigenous and non-indigenous people.

2.2 Language preference of the Ybanags in Union Kalinga when communicating

in their school

Variable Language Frequency Percentage

Ybanag 2 4.4
What language do Tagalog 23 51.1
you use when you
Ilocano 19 42.2
talk to your teachers?
Others 1 2.2
 Total 45 100.0
Ybanag 2 4.4
What language do
you use when you Tagalog 25 55.6
talk to your Ilocano 18 40.0
colleagues/classmate Others 0 0.0
s? Total 45 100.0
Ybanag 1 2.2
Which language is Tagalog 23 51.1
used in giving school Ilocano 8 17.8
instructions? Others 13 28.9
Total 45 100.0
Ybanag 12 26.7
Which language is Tagalog 24 53.3
used in the Ilocano 9 20.0
classrooms? Others 0 0.0
Total 45 100.0
Ybanag 1 2.2
Which language is Tagalog 22 48.9
used in the school's Ilocano 9 20.0
curriculum? Others 13 28.9
Total 45 100.0

Language Mean Rank

Ybanag 3.6 4
Tagalog 23.4 1
Ilocano 12.6 2
Others 5.4 3
Table 2.2 presents the data on the most used language by the respondents when

communicating in the school. It was shown that in all the parameters of school

communication, Tagalog is the most spoken language. With a frequency of 23 or 51.1%

when communicating with teachers, 25 or 55.6% when communicating with colleagues

or classmates, 23 or 51.1 when giving school instructions, 24 or 24.3 when

communicating inside the classroom, and 22 or 48.9 when used in writing school
curriculum. In summary, Tagalog is the most used language when communicating in the

school as computed by obtaining its mean across all variables. The computed mean of

the Tagalog language is 23.4, second rank is Ilocano with a mean of 12.6, third is other

languages with a frequency of 5.4 and lastly, Ybanag with a mean of 3.6.

According to Oab and Faminial (2020), their study's findings reveal that

multilingual learners place a high premium on their first language, as shown by their

preference for Tagalog as their dominant language in practically all domains of

language use and verbal activities. Clearly, the role of linguistic environment and

scenario has a significant impact on the language repertoire of bilinguals. Their

preference for a more prestigious language (Tagalog) over their native tongue appears

to be a normal event in a community with various cultural conditions in which alternative

languages develop based on the weight of the linguistic input. As socially indicated,

these bilinguals are raised and exposed to a greater number of Tagalog than Ybanag

input.

In relation to table 2.1, if children are trained to speak with their indigenous

language at home and when communicating with family members, they are more likely

to bring this aspect when they go to school, but since Tagalog is perceived to be a more

formal medium used in school, it is evident that the respondents use Tagalog.

Moreover, the school is located in the part of the Municipality dominated by Ilocano

speakers, which explains why the second most used language is Ilocano. In the school

setting, Ybanag is viewed as a minority hence it placed last among all the languages

used. The teaching of an indigenous language enhances the spirit by demonstrating the

diversity of cultures and their significance, thereby fostering mutual tolerance.

Additionally, education must serve as a catalyst for the regeneration of indigenous

youth's cultural identities.

2.3 Language preference of the Ybanags in Union Kalinga when communicating

in their Neighborhood/Community

Variable Language Frequency Percentage

Ybanag 24 53.3
What language do Tagalog 9 20.0
you use when you Ilocano 12 26.7
meet Ybanag friends
in the neighborhood? Others 0 0.0
Total 45 100.0
Ybanag 14 31.1
What language do
you use when you Tagalog 16 35.6
want to buy Ilocano 15 33.3
something in the Others 0 0.0
market? Total 45 100.0
What language do Ybanag 16 35.6
you use when you Tagalog 17 37.8
use your mobile in Ilocano 12 26.7
making a phone call
in the Ybanag Others 0 0.0
community? Total 45 100.0

Language Mean Rank

Ybanag 18 1
Tagalog 14 2
Ilocano 13 3
Others 0 -
Table 2.3 presents the data on the most used language by the respondents when

communicating in their neighborhood/community. It was shown than when the

respondents converse with their Ybanag friends in the neighborhood, they use the

Ybanag language. This variable obtained a frequency of 24 or 53.3%. On

communicating in the marketplace and via phone call, the results show that majority of

the respondents converse using the Tagalog language. These variables obtained 16

and 17 or 35.6% and 37.8% respectively. In summary, Ybanag is the most used

language when communicating in the neighborhood as computed by obtaining its mean

across all variables. The computed mean of the Ybanag language is 18, while the

second rank which is Tagalog obtained a mean of 14. On the last rank is the Ilocano

language with a computed mean of 13.

This is similar to the results of the study conducted by Dweik et. al. (2014) when

they conducted a study that focuses on the language loyalty of Muslims in Vancouver,

Canada. Results of language use in the neighborhood show that native language which

is Arabic is used mostly in the Muslim community in Vancouver than English when

talking with friends in the neighborhood.

In relation to tables 2.1 and 2.2, an indigenous person living in an indigenous

community where they speak the same language will most likely converse and

communicate in their mother tongue. With the expanding global acknowledgement of

indigenous knowledge systems, hope is being reignited for indigenous languages to

thrive and proliferate in spoken and written forms. Numerous indigenous tribes have

already established their own mechanisms for language revitalization. It is critical to

guarantee that a traditional language is used only with the community's direct

involvement, approval, and instruction.

2.4 Language preference of the Ybanags in Union Kalinga when communicating

in their Workplace

Variable Language Frequency Percentage

Ybanag 9 30.0
What language do Tagalog 13 43.3
you use with your Ilocano 8 26.6
colleagues at work? Others 0 0.0
Total 30 100.0
What language do Ybanag 11 36.6
you use with your Tagalog 10 33.3
customers at work? Ilocano 9 30.0
Others 0 0.0
Total 30 100.0
What language do Ybanag 7 23.3
you use at work when Tagalog 14 46.6
you discuss business Ilocano 9 30.0
or technical matters
with your boss? Others 0 0.0
Total 30 100.0
What language do Ybanag 8 26.6
you use at work when Tagalog 13 43.3
you discuss business Ilocano 9 30.0
or technical matters
with your colleagues? Others 0 0.0
Total 30 100.0
What language do you Ybanag 9 30.0
use at work when you Tagalog 12 40.0
discuss general topics Ilocano 9 30.0
(weather, sports,
politics) with your Others 0 0.0
colleagues? Total 30 100.0
What language do you Ybanag 11 36.6
use when you write an Tagalog 15 50.0
e-mail to your Ybanag Ilocano 4 13.3
colleagues?
Others 0 0.0
 Total 30 100.0
What language do you Ybanag 10 33.3
use when you give Tagalog 13 43.3
instructions and Ilocano 7 23.3
directions orally at
your workplace to your Others 0 0.0
Ybanag colleagues? Total 30 100.0

Language Mean Rank

Ybanag 9.3 2
Tagalog 12.9 1
Ilocano 7.9 3
Others 0 -
Table 2.4 presents the data on the most used language by the respondents when

communicating in their workplace. Note that the teen respondents were excluded from

the tabulation of this results because the workplace variable is not yet applicable to

them. Only respondents from the general population and seniors are included in this

portion, constituting to a total of 30 respondents. It was shown that when the

respondents converse with their colleagues at work, majority uses the Tagalog

language with a frequency of 13 or 43.3%. When communicating with clients and

customers at work, majority of the respondents use Ybanag with a frequency of 11 or

36.6%. When discussing business and technical matters with their superiors, majority of

the respondents converse using Tagalog with a frequency of 14 or 46.6%. On

discussing technical matters with their colleagues, majority of the respondents converse

in Tagalog with a frequency of 13 or 43.3%. in discussing general topics with their

colleagues, majority of the respondents use Tagalog with a frequency of 12 or 40%.

When writing an email to their Ybanag colleagues, majority of the respondents use

Tagalog with a frequency of 15 or 50%. And lastly, when giving instructions and
directions orally at their workplace to their Ybanag colleagues, majority of the

respondents use Tagalog with a frequency of 13 or 43.3%. In summary, Tagalog is the

most used language when communicating in the workplace as computed by obtaining

its mean across all variables. The computed mean of the Tagalog language is 12.9,

followed by Ybanag at second rank with a frequency of 9.3, and lastly by Ilocano with a

frequency of 7.9.

A study based on data from the United States Census Bureau’s 2015 American

Consumer Survey shows that Tagalog is the most commonly spoken non-English

language after Spanish in California, Nevada, and Washington (CBS Los Angeles,

2017). Tagalog is one of three recognized languages in workplaces in San Francisco,

California, along with Spanish and Chinese, making all essential city services be

communicated using these languages along with English. Lesada (2017) also noted that

other career fields are able to rely less on their native tongue and more on Tagalog in

the workplace.

Workplace is a diverse environment, comprised of many people from many

different backgrounds. As compared to tables 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 where the native Ybanag

speakers tend to communicate within their local community which speaks the same

indigenous language as they use, people in the workplace tend to be more language

specific due to many reasons—professionality, easier understanding and fear of

discrimination. Individuals in fear of discrimination or disadvantages arising from the use

of indigenous language are less likely to prefer these as official languages.

2.5 Language preference of the Ybanags in Union Kalinga when communicating

in their Religion

Variable Language Frequency Percentage

Ybanag 18 40.0
What language do Tagalog 15 33.3
you use when you Ilocano 12 26.7
pray in your homes? Others 0 0.0
Total 45 100.0
What language do Ybanag 14 31.1
you use when you Tagalog 17 37.8
pray in your Ilocano 13 28.9
church/mosque?
Others 1 2.2
Total 45 100.0
What language do Ybanag 15 33.3
you use when you Tagalog 18 40.0
supplicate after Ilocano 12 26.7
praying?
Others 0 0.0
Total 45 100.0
What language do Ybanag 6 13.3
you use at religious Tagalog 19 42.2
meetings outside Ilocano 19 42.2
churches/mosques?
Others 1 2.2
Total 45 100.0

Language Mean Rank

Ybanag 13.3 3
Tagalog 17.3 1
Ilocano 14 2
Others 0.5 4
Table 2.5 presents the data on the most used language by the respondents when

communicating in their church. It was shown that majority of the of the respondents pray
at home using the Ybanag language with a frequency of 18 or 40%. When praying in

church or mosque, majority of the respondents use Tagalog with a frequency of 17 or

37.8%. When supplicating after prayer, majority of the respondents use Tagalog with a

frequency of 18 or 40.0%. And lastly during religious meetings outside the church or

mosque, majority of the respondents use Tagalog and Ilocano, both obtaining a

frequency of 19 or 42.2%. In summary, Tagalog is the most used language in religious

communications with a computed mean of 17.3, followed by Ilocano with a mean of 14,

Ybanag with 13.3, and other languages with a mean of 0.5.

This is similar to the study of Baccay (2019) in which respondents from the areas

in the Northern Philippine region of Ilocos use Tagalog more than Ilocano in masses

and events held by religious groups. It was found out that the predominance of the use

of Tagalog language which is the basis of the national language in the conduct of

religious gatherings is to encourage more participants, not because it was most

preferred.

Similar to the results of table 2.4, Ybanag people tend to use the Tagalog

language when they communicate and converse in religious gatherings because it is

viewed as something more formal and comprehensive to other non-ybanag language

speakers.

2.6 Language preference of the Ybanags in Union Kalinga when communicating

as their Self-Expression

Variable Language Frequency Percentage

In what language do Ybanag 25 55.6

 Tagalog 8 17.8
you express yourself Ilocano 11 24.4
when you are happy? Others 1 2.2
Total 45 100.0
In what language do Ybanag 28 62.2
you express yourself Tagalog 6 13.3
when you are angry Ilocano 11 24.4
and stressed?
Others 0 0.0
Total 45 100.0
In what language do Ybanag 26 57.8
you express yourself Tagalog 8 17.8
express yourself
Ilocano 11 24.4
when you are in a
hurry? Others 0 0.0
Total 45 100.0
In what language do Ybanag 26 57.8
you express yourself Tagalog 9 20.0
express yourself
Ilocano 10 22.2
when you dream?
Others 0 0.0
Total 45 100.0

Language Mean Rank

Ybanag 26.3 1
Tagalog 7.8 3
Ilocano 10.8 2
Others 0.3 4
Table 2.6 presents the data on the most used language by the respondents when

expressing themselves. It was shown that on all the parameters of the self-expression

variable, Ybanag language is most used by the respondents when happy,

angry/stressed, in a hurry, and when dreaming which obtained a frequency of 25, 28, 26

and 26 or 55.6%, 62.2%, 57.8% and 57.8% respectively. In summary, Ybanag is the

most used language by the respondents as a medium of self-expression. Followed by

Ilocano at 10.8, Tagalog at 7.8 and other languages at 0.3.

 This is similar to the results of the study conducted by Dweik et. al. (2014) when

they conducted a study that focuses on the language loyalty of Muslims in Vancouver,

Canada. Results of language use in the domain of emotion and self-expression indicate

that Arabic is the dominant language in self-expression among the Muslim Arabs of

Vancouver. They report using mostly Arabic when they are happy, angry and when they

are in a hurry. They use it unconsciously in their dreams and to express their happiness.

This result matches Fishman (1966) who puts emphasis on the importance of

“psychological processes” in preserving ethnic languages. (p. 424).

Evidently, people tend to express themselves in the language that they are most

comfortable. For those who are listening, expressing emotions can be a source of

discomfort. Certain individuals are inherently incapable or uncomfortable with receiving

and digesting the sentiments of others. It is critical for people to have an emotional

language in order to verbally describe their emotions. When people vocally

communicate their feelings, the more explicit they may be, the less ambiguous their

emotions will be for the one interpreting the information. They are able to describe the

intensity of the emotion they are experiencing, whether it is light, moderate, or powerful,

as they increase their emotional language.

3. Computed Mean on Attitudes of the Ybanags towards the Ybanag language

 Statements Mean Qualitative
(I believe that Ybanag language Description
is…)
1. the most beautiful language. 3.26 Strongly Agree
2. the most prestigious language 3.28 Strongly Agree
3. the symbol of my Filipino 3.26 Strongly Agree
identity.
4. more useful than English. 2.24 Agree
5. my national language. 2.93 Agree
6. important to be taught in school. 2.66 Agree
7. dying in my home. 1.95 Disagree Table
8. dying in the Philippines 2.24 Agree
9. important to be used in all 2.31 Agree 3
domains.
10. important that my children 2.71 Agree
communicate effectively in it.
11. important to be used in 2.86 Agree
mosques, religious activities and
meetings.
12. important to be used in every 2.73 Agree
aspect of daily life as English
language is used.
13. associated with the Philippines 3.35 Strongly Agree
heritage and history
GRAND MEAN 2.75 Agree
presents the attitudes of the Ybanags towards the Ybanag language. Item 7 which

states that “I believe that Ybanag language is dying at home” got the lowest weighted

mean of 1.95. This means that the respondents disagree to the statement that the

Ybanag language is dying at home. This was supported by the previous results of this

research, on table 2.1 which showed that Ybanag is the most spoken language by the

respondents at home. Item number 13 got the highest weighted mean of 3.35. This

means that majority of the respondents strongly agree to the statement “I believe that

Ybanag language is associated with the Philippines heritage and history”. Overall, the

statements obtained a grand mean of 2.75 which signifies positive attitude of the

respondents towards the Ybanag language.

 The results are similar to the study of Esteron (2020). The results stated that it is

worth noting that the respondents seem to have very high regard toward Ybanag, thus a

very positive attitude toward their mother tongue. With a mean score of 1.22, the

respondents agree that Ybanag is an important part of them. This could be since it is

their first language. It also helps that Ybanag is the language of the community. This

finding is quite expected given that Ybanag figures in the respondents’ immediate

environment, family, and community. Interestingly, however, this positive attitude toward

Ybanag could not have been only pragmatic but also symbolic. Their attitude is positive

rather than negative because they perceive Ilocano language as an easy language to

learn as it is a language that is familiar to them. Richard et al. (1992) note that

speakers tend to develop a positive or negative attitude toward a language relative to

their impression of the difficulty or simplicity of the language. Moreover, since these

respondents speak Ybanag as their mother tongue, it would be easy for them to identify

the language. In this way, not only their Ybanag language identity but also their Ybanag

ethnic identity is constructed.

4.1 Significant difference between the respondents’ Age and language preference
Variable Computed t Critical Value Decision Remarks
at 0.05

Language Accept the Null Not

Preference vs. -1.198 1.734 Hypothesis Significant
Age

Table 4.1 presents the test between respondent’s Age and language preference.

The computed t is -1.198 and the critical value at 0.05 significance level is 1.734. This
indicates that the computed t value is lower than the critical value, therefore, the null

hypothesis is accepted which means there is no significant difference between the

respondents’ age and language preference.

According to Gee (2012), language preference of people belonging in indigenous

groups is not affected by age across generations. This is because of the strong

foundation of indigenous language into the respondents’ way of living and daily routines,

which makes it hard for them to veer away from speaking the language and still use it to

converse with most specially with the people belonging in their same ethnic groups.

Speakers of an indigenous language tend to learn to converse using other

languages other than their mother tongue as they age. However, this does not negate

the fact that their own mother tongue language is already embedded into their cultural

fibers as an individual and their knowledge of that specific language will be readily

available whenever the circumstance requires them to speak the language.

4.2 Significant difference between the respondents’ Gender and language

preference
Variable Computed t Critical Value Decision Remarks
at 0.05

Language Accept the Null Not

Preference vs. 0.423 1.734 Hypothesis Significant
Gender

Table 4.2 presents the test between respondent’s gender and language

preference. The computed t is 0.423 and the critical value at 0.05 significance level is

1.734. This indicates that the computed t value is lower than the critical value, therefore,

the null hypothesis is accepted which means there is no significant difference between

the respondents’ gender and language preference.

 This is similar to the findings of the study conducted by Wilson (2018) which

concludes that gender is not a contributory factor on language preference by Filipino

respondents. This was due to the fact that both male and female respondents use

prefer to be more socio-linguistic, i.e. the usage of appropriate language based on the

context required by social instances, other than speaking a certain language just

because they are a man or a woman.

Gender was initially seen as a sociolinguistic characteristic comparable to social

class, age, ethnic origin, and social standing. Not until the mid-1970's, with the

publication of Robin Lakoff's article Language and the Woman's Place, was science

about gender and language established.

5.1 Significant difference between the respondent’s Age and their attitude

towards the Ybanag language

Variable Computed t Critical Value Decision Remarks

at 0.05

Attitudes Accept the Null Not

towards 1.299 1.734 Hypothesis Significant
Ybanag
Language vs.
Age
Table 5.1 presents the test between respondent’s age and attitudes towards

Ybanag language. The computed t is 1.299 and the critical value at 0.05 significance

level is 1.734. This indicates that the computed t value is lower than the critical value,

therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted which means there is no significant difference

between the respondents’ age and attitudes towards the Ybanag language.
 According to Borja (2016), the attitudes of respondents towards language is not

determined by their age. There was no significant difference in the level of language

attitudes of the respondents and age.

In relation to the results of table 4.1, since age is not a factor that determines

language preference, it is also less likely to cause an impact on the attitudes expressed

by the respondents towards the Ybanag language.

5.2 Significant difference between the respondent’s Gender and their attitude

towards the Ybanag language

Variable Computed t Critical Value Decision Remarks

at 0.05

Attitudes Accept the Null Not

towards 0.413 1.734 Hypothesis Significant
Ybanag
Language vs.
Gender
Table 5.2 presents the test between respondent’s gender and attitudes towards

Ybanag language. The computed t is 0.413 and the critical value at 0.05 significance

level is 1.734. This indicates that the computed t value is lower than the critical value,

therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted which means there is no significant difference

between the respondents’ gender and attitudes towards the Ybanag language.

On the same study conducted by Borja (2016), An independent-samples t-test

was conducted to compare the level of attitudes of respondents towards the language

when they were grouped according to their gender. There was no significant difference

between the level of attitudes of male and female respondents.

 Similar to the results gathered by table 4.2 which states that gender does not

affect the language preference of the respondents, it is also more likely to project a

significant impact on the attitudes of the respondents towards the Ybanag language.
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendations of the

study.

Summary of Findings

It was obvious that there is an equal number of respondents across all age

groups. Teens, general population and senior citizens all have a frequency of 15 which

is equal to 33.3 percent. Males make up 51.1 percent of the 45 responses, while

females make up 48.9 percent, or 22 out of 45 of the total enumerated population. The

data suggests a relatively small margin of difference between the sexes, with males

outnumbering females by 2.2 percent.

Ybanag is the most frequently spoken language within the family, as determined

by averaging all factors. The Ybanag language has a computed mean of 20.6. Following

that is Tagalog, which has a mean of 12.8 and Ilocano, which has a mean of 11.

Tagalog is the most often used language in school communication, as

determined by averaging all variables. The Tagalog language ranks first with a mean of

23.4, followed by Ilocano with a mean of 12.6, other languages with a frequency of 5.4,

and Ybanag with a mean of 3.6.

Ybanag is the most frequently used language in the neighborhood, as

determined by averaging all factors. The Ybanag language has a mean of 18, while
Tagalog has a mean of 14. The Ilocano language is ranked last, with a computed mean

of 13.

Tagalog is the most used language when communicating in the workplace as

computed by obtaining its mean across all variables. The computed mean of the

Tagalog language is 12.9, followed by Ybanag at second rank with a frequency of 9.3,

and lastly by Ilocano with a frequency of 7.9.

With a computed mean of 17.3, Tagalog is the most frequently used religious

language, followed by Ilocano with a mean of 14, Ybanag with a mean of 13.3, and

other languages with a mean of 0.5.

Ybanag is the most used language by the respondents as a medium of self-

expression. Followed by Ilocano at 10.8, Tagalog at 7.8 and other languages at 0.3.

Ybanag is the most spoken language by the respondents at home. Item number

13 got the highest weighted mean of 3.35. This means that majority of the respondents

strongly agree to the statement “I believe that Ybanag language is associated with the

Philippines heritage and history”. Overall, the statements obtained a grand mean of 2.75

which signifies positive attitude of the respondents towards the Ybanag language.

The computed t value is lower than the critical value, therefore, the null

hypothesis is accepted which means there is no significant difference between the

respondents’ age and language preference.

The computed t value is lower than the critical value, therefore, the null

hypothesis is accepted which means there is no significant difference between the

respondents’ gender and language preference.

 The computed t value is lower than the critical value, therefore, the null

hypothesis is accepted which means there is no significant difference between the

respondents’ age and attitudes towards the Ybanag language.

The computed t value is lower than the critical value, therefore, the null

hypothesis is accepted which means there is no significant difference between the

respondents’ gender and attitudes towards the Ybanag language.

Conclusions

In the lights of the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn:

There was an equal number of respondents across age groups and males make

up the majority of the respondents with a small margin from the females. Ybanag is the

predominant language used by the respondents in communicating with the family,

neighborhood and community, and as a language of self-expression. On the other hand,

Tagalog is the predominantly used language in communication in school, workplace and

church. Regarding attitude towards the Ybanag language, the respondents portray a

positive attitude. There was no significant difference on the language preference of the

respondents when they are grouped according to age and gender. In terms of the

significant difference on the attitude of the respondents on the Ybanag language when

grouped according to age and gender, the results show no significant difference.

With regards to language loyalty, as defined in the earlier sections of this paper it

pertains to the preference for a particular language; continued use of a language

because of this, especially within a culture where another language is dominant. It is

evident that on occasions and circumstances where the respondents communicate

and/or converse with people belonging to the same Indigenous group which is Ybanag,

they prefer to use their own language. When surrounded by people speaking a

language which the respondents perceive as “more dominant”, they tend to converse

with that dominant language. With the premise given by the definition of language

loyalty, the researcher concludes that it is not exhibited by the respondents of this study.

Recommendations

In lights of the findings of this research, the following recommendations were

made.

Respondents should maintain the use of the Ybanag language so as not to let

the language and the culture as a whole die. This can be improved by speaking the

language to young members of the family to continue the transfer of language to the

young and aid in its language acquisition.

Language teachers should consider each language spoken by each student, be it

a minority or a major one, as unique part of their culture, so as not create stigma and

prejudice on native language speakers.

National Commission on Culture and the Arts should create programs and

policies that will help strengthen and revive the use of dying ethnolinguistic symbols and

language to preserve its existence.

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