Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry w/ Qualitative Lewis Acid-Base Concept

Analysis “an acid as any substance which can accept a share in

By: Christian Noel M. Miranda, RPh, MSPharm(c) pair of electrons to share in a reaction.”
“base is any substance which can donate a pair of
Compilation of BREX, MANOR and UST Reviewer
electrons to share with an acid in a reaction.”

PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS AND NECESSITIES

Hard and Soft Acid-Base Concept
 ____________-employed in the conversion of drugs
___________ – are electron acceptors having high
to chemical forms convenient to their product
positive charges, small sizes and unfilled valence shell
formulation.
orbitals.
 ____________- used to maintain pH of various
___________ – are low positive charge, large sizes and
formulations within prescribed limits.
filled valence shell orbitals.
 ____________- used to prevent oxidative
___________– have high electronegative, easily reduced,
decomposition of pharmaceutically active
have stable valence shell structures and low
components.
polarizability.
 ____________- primary solvent or liquid phase in
___________ – are easily oxidized, empty low-lying
most pharmaceutically active components.
orbitals and high polarizabilities.
General Properties of Acid
 _____ taste GENERAL RULE: The most stable adducts are formed
 Litmus paper: ____________ between hard acids and hard bases and/or between soft
 Conducts electricity acids and soft bases.
 Turns ____________ with Phenolphthalein
 Turns ________ with methyl orange indicator
Acid-Base Theories

General Properties of Base Acid Base

 _____ taste
Arrhenius
 Litmus paper: _____________
 Feel slippery Bronsted-Lowry
 _______________ color with Phenolphthalein Theory
 _________ with methyl orange Lewis Theory

Arrhenius Concept
Acidity of Hydrogen Halides
“acid a substance which is capable of providing hydrogen
 Acidity increases as atomic size increases
ions in aqueous solution.”
“base a substance containing hydroxyl groups and/or
Role of Acids and Bases in Pharmacy
capable of providing hydroxide ion in aqueous solution.”
 For analytical procedures
 Buffer systems
Bronsted-Lowry Concept
 To dissolve insoluble medicinal
“an acid is any substance capable of donating proton in a
 For preparation of effervescent mixtures
chemical reaction.”
“a base is any substance capable of accepting proton in
Acid Products
a chemical reaction.”
Boric Acid, NF
“strong acid have weak conjugate base while strong base
 __________________, Boracic Acid, Orthoboric acid
have weak conjugate acid.”
 Six-sided triclinic crystals
 White, odorless, unctuous to touch
 Soluble in water and alcohol  Explosives
 Freely soluble in glycerin, boiling water and boiling
alcohol Phosphoric acid, NF
 Weak acid  Nomenclature of phosphate salts
 Glyceroboric acid  Colorless and odorless
Use:  Uses:

Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid

 AKA: ________________  AKA: _______________
 Colorless, fuming liquid having pungent odor.  ______% by weight sulfuric acid
 Strong monoprotic acid, can be assayed by titrating  Strong diprotic acid
with __________.  Odorless and colorless
 Methyl red  Assay: _______________
 Hydrogen Chloride  Use:
 Liquid and vapor state are nonconductors of
electricity. Hypophosphorus acid, NF
 Very soluble in water  Phosphoric acid
 Powerful reducing agent
Muriatic acid  Pharmaceutical Use: ________________
 Technical grade of HCl
 Latin: ________ meaning brine
 Contain ___________% HCl and impurities including Glacial Acetic acid, NF
chlorine, arsenous, sulfurous acid and iron.  Concentrated acetic acid, crystallizable acetic acid,
 Yellow in color vinegar acid
 Has a solid, glassy appearance when congealed
Diluted Hydrochloric acid  Pharmaceutical Use: ____________; excellent
 10% w/v solution of hydrochloric acid in water solvent for fixed and volatile oils
 Contain less than 9.5g and not more than 10.5g of  Therapeutic Use: Topical Antiseptic, caustic and
hydrogen chloride in 100mL solution. vesicant when applied externally.
 Use:
 Gastric achlorhydria Acetic acid
 Excipient for preparation of Aluminum subacetate
Nitric acid, NF solution
 AKA: _____________, ______________  Solvent and menstruum
 ______% by weight of Nitric acid
 Production: _______________ Diluted Acetic acid, NF
 Fuming acid which rapidly destroys tissue  Local anti-infective
 Strong monoprotic acid with oxidizing and nitrating  1% solution: _______________
properties.  0.25% solution: ________________
 Produces yellow stain on animal tissues.  Spermatocidal in some proprietary contraceptives
Use: preparations
 Acidifying agent  Used in some vaginal douches
 Removal of wart  Used to inactive jellyfish and sea urchin stings
 Manufacture of fertilizer
 Inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compound
Hydrofluoric acid, NF  Minerals required in amount >100mg per day by the
 Very corrosive weak acid in glass etching human body
 Calcium Gluconate
Microminerals/Trace elements
Pharmaceutically Important Bases  Minerals that are needed in amounts <100mg per
 Sodium Hydroxide, NF day
 Potassium Hydroxide, NF
 Calcium Hydroxide, NF Antacids
 Magnesium Hydroxide, USP  Drugs that react with Hydrochloric acid in the
 Sodium Bicarbonate, USP stomach to form salt and water
 Potassium Bicarbonate, USP  Neutralization
 Sodium Carbonate, NF  Uses:
 Strong Ammonia Solution, NF  Usually available OTC, typically encountered as
combination products.
Buffers Types of Antacids
 Substances which resist changes in pH upon Systemic Antacid
addition of an acid or alkali.  _______________
 Can cause electrolyte disturbances and alkalosis
Buffer Solution
 Solution contains a weak acid mixed with its Non-systemic Antacid
conjugate base  _______________
 Amount absorbed is dependent on the excess acid in
Antioxidants stomach
 Described as compounds which have the capability  Absorbed to a lesser extent and causes less side
of functioning chemically as reducing agent. effect.
 MOA: either the antioxidant is oxidized in place of
the active constituent; if the active components is Classification of Antacid according to onset of action
oxidized, the antioxidant reduces it back to its  Rapid-onset antacid
normal oxidation rate.
 Intermediate-onset antacid
Types of Antioxidants
True Antioxidants  Slow-onset antacid
 React with free radicals
 E.g. ____________ - drugs that accelerate fecal passage or
decreases fecal consistency.
Reducing Agents ____________ - locally applied protein precipitants
 Selectively oxidized due to its reducing property, which have low cell penetrability.
thereby protecting the drug from oxidation -coagulate protein on the cell surface.
 E.g. ____________ - act by closure of sweat ducts by
formation of plug via protein precipitation.
Antioxidant Synergist ____________ - reduce the resident bacterial flora of
 React with heavy metals which catalyzes oxidation skin, inhibiting bacterial decomposition of perspiration.
 E.g.

Macrominerals
GROUP IA: ALKALI METALS  Pharmaceutical Use: __________________
Characteristics:
 Alkali metals are the most reactive among the Natural Water/Mineral Water
metallic elements Natural Water Characteristics
 Activity increases with atomic number Alkaline water Contains appreciable quantities of
 Hydroxides are strong bases Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaHCO3
 Alkalinity increases with atomic number Carbonated water Contains CO2 under pressure and
 Degree of solvation decreases with increasing atomic usually effervesce on coming to
the surface
number
Contains calcium and magnesium
 Pharmaceutically important: carbonates in solutions as
bicarbonates
HYDROGEN AND HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS Chalybeate water Contains iron in solution or
Hydrogen suspension
 AKA:______________________ Characterized by its ferruginous
 __________ and __________ element solution
Forms ferric hydroxide or ferric
 Most abundant element in the universe
oxide upon exposure to air
 Third most abundant element in the earth’s crust, in Lithia water Do not contain appreciable
combination with other elements quantities of lithium, either
 Isotopes: carbonate or chloride
 _________ Saline water Contain relatively high amounts of
 _________ (Purgative water) MgSO4, Na2SO4 and NaCl
 _________ Sulfur water Contains dissolved H2S deposit S
 Industrial Uses: upon exposure to atmosphere
 Haber process Siliceous water Water that contain soluble alkali
 Hydrogenation of oil silicates
 Inflating balloons
Soft Water vs Hard Water
 Produces high temperature when burned in
 ___________________ – contain soluble calcium or
oxygen
magnesium bicarbonate in water, easily removed by
 Pharmaceutically important compounds of
boiling
Hydrogen: Water, Hydrogen Peroxide, Acids
 ___________________ – contain soluble sulfates,
chlorides, or hydroxides of calcium and or
Water
magnesium, removed by ion-exchange resin.
 ________________
 Omnipresent
Pharmaceutical and Officials Waters
 It is chemically stable
 Pharmaceutical important due to its solvent proper
 Roles:
and physiological inertness.
 Solvent for ionic compounds
 Ligands
Purified Water, USP
 Acids
 Obtained by ______________
 Oxidizing agents
 Prepared from water complying with federal EPA
with respect to drinking water
Classification of Water Based on:
 Has fewer solid impurities than ordinary drinking
 Occurrence: __________________
water
 Suitability for drinking: _________________
 Most widely used excipient in pharmaceutical
 Hardness: __________________
manufacturing
  Solvent for granulating agent, syrups and
suspension; vehicle for aqueous solutions, oral solid
and liquid processing, topical delivery system, and
for cleaning all processing equipment
 Used for preparation of aqueous dosage forms
except those for parenteral administration.
Water for Injection, USP
 Purified by __________________
 Most frequently used solvent for large scale-
manufacture of injections
 Not required to be sterile but must be pyrogen free
 Intended to be used for manufacture of injectable
products to be sterilized after preparation.
Sterile Water for Injection, USP
 Packaged in single dose container ______________
 Must be ____________ free but has allowable
endotoxin level
 May not contain any antimicrobial agent or other
added substances
 May contain slightly more total solids than water for
injection due to leaching of solids from glass lined
tanks during sterilization
 Intended to be used as solvent, vehicle or diluent for
already sterilized and packaged injectable
medications
 1 liter bottle cannot be administered because?
 Used for reconstitution of multiple antibiotics
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP
 Sterile water for one or more antimicrobial agents
packaged in prefilled syringes or in vials containing
____________________ of the water.
 Container label must state the names and
proportions of the antimicrobial agent or agents
 Must be used only in parenteral administration in
small volumes
 Used as sterile vehicle in the preparation of small
volume of injectable preparations
 Consider also the chemical incompatibility arising
between the medicinal agent being dissolved or
suspended and the bacteriostatic agent present in
the water
 Not for use in neonate
LITHIUM AND LITHIUM COMPOUNDS
Lithium
 ___________
 _____________ of all elements
 Preserved by coating with petrolatum or stored
under oil
 Industrial Use _________________
 Ion has
Lithium Bromide
 CNS Depressant
 Sedative
Lithium Carbonate
 Most commonly used lithium salt for bipolar disorder
 Use: Tx of hypomanic and manic states and other
psychiatric disorder
 Brand Name:
Lithium Citrate and Lithium Hydroxide
 Used as excipient for Lithium Oral Solution, USP
SODIUM AND SODIUM COMPOUNDS
Sodium
 __________
 Soft metal with wax like consistency at room
temperature that can be cut with a knife
 Sixth most abundant element in earth’s crust
 Reacts violently with water, stored under kerosene
 Average daily intake as NaCl is _________
 Excretion is mainly via ___________
Importance of Sodium in Human
 Primary cation in _____________ fluid
 Usually used as carrier ion for organic drugs
 Cation of choice to optimize pharmaceutically utility
of organic medicaments
 Used with caution for patients with kidney and heart
conditions.
Calcium Disodium Edetate, USP
 _________________
 Used in antidotal therapy of certain heavy metal
poisoning.
Cellulose Sodium Phosphate, USP Sodium Ascorbate, USP
 Use: Cation exchange resin that preferentially binds  Vitamin supplement
Ca ions and other divalent ions  Antioxidant
Sodium Bicarbonate, USP
Dibasic Sodium Phosphate, USP  AKA: _____________
 Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate, Sodium Phosphate,  ______________ is the second most abundant anion
Phosphate of soda in extracellular fluid
 Primary anion in the extracellular fluid  Solvay process
 Use:  Use:
 Systemic and Urinary Alkalizer
Edetate Disodium, USP  Systemic antacid
 ________________  Antidote for ingestion of water-soluble zinc
 In vivo: chelating agent administered IV in the salts
emergency treatment of hypercalcemia  Source of carbonation for effervescent
 In vitro: _______________ for blood samples preparations

Monosodium Glutamate, NF Sodium Borate, USP

 AKA: __________, ___________  _________, Sodium Tetraborate, Sodium Pyroborate,
 Flavor enhancer Sodium Biborate
 Causes Chinese Restaurant Syndrome  Component of Dobell’s Solution
 Use:
Monobasic Sodium Phosphate, USP  Local anti-infective
 Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate, Sodium Acid  Alkalinizing agent
Phosphate, Sodium Biphosphate  Water-softener
 Primary anion in the intracellular fluid
 Component of _______________ Sodium Carbonate, USP
 Use:  Anhydrous and monohydrate form is official in the
 Saline Laxative USP
 Systemic and urinary acidifier  Use:
 Treatment of cystitis and hypercalcemia  Alkalizing agent
 Source of phosphorus in hypophosphatemia  Used for preparation of sodium salt of many
and TPN acids
 Topical: Dermatitides
Saccharin Sodium, USP
 Artificial sweetener used in pharmaceutical Sodium Chloride, USP
preparations  Table salt, rock salt, solar salt, sea salt, dendritic salt
 Not approved for food use  Primary anion in extracellular fluid
 Electrolyte Replenisher
Sodium Acetate, USP  NSS
 Assist in preservation of plasma  Ringer’s Solution
 Urinary and systemic alkalizer  LRS
 Diuretic  ORS
 Pharmaceutical necessity used in solutions for  Tonicity adjusting agent
hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis  Condiment and preservative
 Alkalinizing agent in ____________________
Sodium Citrate, USP Soda Lime, NF
 In vitro:  AKA: _____________
 In vivo:  Mixture of: _______________
 _______________ – test for differentiating between  Use:
citrates and tartrates  Good CO2 absorber for anesthesia machines
 Oxygen therapy and metabolic test
Sodium Fluoride, USP
 Very corrosive as reagent Sodium Iodide, USP
 Use:  ____________
 Glass etching  Sensitive against moisture and light
 Anticariogenic agent in dentifrices  _________ trace element necessary for synthesis of
 Rodenticide and insecticide thyroid hormone
 Excess fluoride can cause _________________  Cretinism
 Simple or colloid goiter and myxedema
Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate, NF  Use:
 Best antidote for mercury poisoning, particularly  Source of iodine
mercuric chloride.  Expectorant
 Solubilizer for iodine in Iodine Tincture and
Sodium Gluconate, USP Iodine Solution
 Electrolyte Replenisher  Toxicity:
 Less irritating and more water soluble
Sodium Lactate
Sodium Hypochlorite, USP  Provides raw material for regeneration of
 Dakin’s Solution bicarbonate in the body
 Household bleach, Chlorox  Systemic alkalizer
 Bleaching agent and disinfectant  Excipient for preparation of Hartmann’s Solution
 Labarraque’s Solution and Darrow’s Solution
 Modified Daikin’s Solution  Maybe sterilized by boiling

Sodium Hypochlorite Topical Solution, USP Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, USP

 Contains _____ NaOCl at pH 8  AKA: ____, ___________________
 Antiseptic  Anionic surfactant
 Allows tissue to regenerate
Sodium Metabisulfite, NF
Sodium Hydroxide, NF  Disodium pyrosulfite (misnomer)
 ________  Good reducing agent
 AKA: Caustic soda, ____, _____, _________  Some individuals are allergic to sulfites
 Very deliquescent, easily absorb water and CO2  Use:
from the atmosphere  Antioxidant
 Use:  Antimicrobial
 Alkalizing agent  To prepare water soluble analogs of water-
 Saponifying agent insoluble drugs
 Necessity for preparation of
 Caustic
Sodium Monofluorophopshate, USP
 ________________ Sodium Starch Glycolate, NF
 Uses:  Tablet Disintegrant
 Anticariogenic agent  Brand Name: __________________
 Management of osteoporosis Sodium Sulfate, USP
 AKA: _____________
Sodium Nitrate, NF  ___________
 AKA: _____________, ____________  Saline laxative
 __________
 Meat preservative Sodium Tartrate, USP
 Laxative
Sodium Nitrite, USP  Diuretic
 _________  Primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent for Water
 In vivo: Content Determination
 Nitrite ion can cause _________________
 Use:
 Antidote for cyanide poisoning Sodium Thiocyanate
 Curing meats and fish  __________
 Use:
Sodium Nitroprusside, USP  Hypotensive agent
 ___________________________  Use in cleaners for contact lenses
 Reddish brown crystals or powder  Antioxidant synergist in cosmetic and
 Solution should be protected from light pharmaceutical preparations
 Use: ________________
Sodium Thiosulfate, USP
Sodium Perborate  Sodium hyposulfite, “hypo”, photographer’s hypo,
 ______________ hypochlor
 Mild disinfectant and deodorant  ________________
 Readily releases oxygen in contact oxidizable matter  Good reducing agent but prone towards bacterial
decomposition
Sodium Polymaphosphate  Use:
 AKA: ______________  Antidote for __________________
 Water softener, detergent  Reagent for analytical determination of iodine
 Brand name:  Used in volumetric solution in titration

Sodium Potassium Tartrate, USP Tribasic Sodium Phosphate, NF

 ______________, Sal Signette  Tertiary Sodium Phosphate
 Saline laxative  __________
 Sequestering agent in Fehling’s Solution  No pharmacologic use
 Acidity Regulator in food  Very alkaline reactive with water
 Use: chemical reagent for cleaning glass apparatus
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate, USP
 Brand Name: ________________
 Use: cation exchange resin for treatment of
hyperkalemia due to acute kidney failure.
POTASSIUM AND POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS
Potassium Potassium Alum
 ___________  AKA:_____________
 Similar with sodium in terms of physical appearance  _______________
and chemical behavior  Use:
 Require special storage condition  Astringent
 More reactive than sodium metal  Antiperspirant
Importance of Potassium:  Deodorant
 Principal cation in the ______________ fluid  Styptic
 Kidney do not conserve potassium as well as the
preserve sodium Potassium Bicarbonate, USP
 Deficiency state:  ____________
 Diuretic  Use:
 Systemic antacid and alkalizer
Dibasic Potassium Phosphate, USP  Diuretic
 _____________  Electrolyte Replenisher
 _____________  Carbonating agent for Magnesium Citrate
 Use: Oral Solution, USP
 Treatment of Hypercalcemia
 Used in conjunction with monobasic salt for Potassium Bitartrate, USP
potassium or phosphate deficiency  _____________, argol, acid potassium tartrate,
 Saline laxative creamor
 Reagent for various buffers and parenteral  ________________
fluids  Occurs in acidulous fruits
 Saline laxative
Monobasic Potassium Phosphate, USP  Ingredient on baking powder to raise dough
 ___________ Potassium Phosphate, Potassium
Biphosphate, Potassium Acid Phosphate, Potassium Potassium Bromide, USP
Dihydrogen Phosphate  _________
 __________  Use:
 Use:  Depressant
 Urinary acidifier  Sedative
 Treatment of hypercalcemia  Used for preparation of sample for IR analysis
 Component of buffer solutions
Potassium Carbonate, NF
Sulfurated Potash  _________, Pearl ash, _____________, Salt of
 ____________, Hepar sulfuris, potassa sulfurata wormwood
 Used in preparation of White Lotion  ________________
 Reacts with zinc sulfate to precipitate zinc sulfide  Use: Alkalinifying and Saponifying agent

Potassium Acetate, USP Potassium Chlorate

 ______________  _____________
 Use:  Use: Antiseptic and Astringent
 Systemic and Urinary Alkalizer
 Diuretic
Potassium Chloride, USP Potassium Metabisulfite, NF
 KCl  _______________
 Potassium Replenisher  Antioxidant
 Electrolyte Replenisher  Can trigger allergic reaction in hypotensive
 Component of Ringer’s and Darrow Solution individuals
 Preferred salt for correction of hypokalemia and
hypochloremic alkalosis Potassium Nitrate, USP
 AKA: ____________, ______________
Potassium Citrate, USP  ____________
 Use:  Use:
 Systemic and Urinary alkalizer  Added to toothpaste
 Osmotic diuretic  5% w/w concentration
 Meat preservation
Potassium Gluconate, USP
 Electrolyte Replenisher Potassium Perchlorate, USP
 More advantageous over KCl  ________
 Strong oxidizing agent
Potassium Hydroxide, USP  Anti-thyroid agent
 AKA: ____________, _____________  I-131
 KOH
 Strong base Potassium Permanganate, USP
 Very corrosive  AKA: ________________
 Use:  KMnO4
 Caustic  ______________________
 Alkalizing agent  Use:
 Manufacture of soft soap  Local anti-infection
 Saponifying agent  Astringent
 Component of cuticle remover  Powerful deodorant and cleanser
 Vienna paste  Astringent
 Antidote for ____________ poisoning
Potassium Iodide, USP
 _________ Potassium Sorbate, NF
 Iodide of choice  ____________
 Use:  Preservative
 Prevention of __________  Antimicrobial
 Treatment of hyperthyroidism  Relatively ineffective above pH 6.5
 To prepare the thyroid for surgery
 Expectorant Potassium Thiocyanate
 Protect the thyroid in radiation emergency  KSCN
 Sporotrichosis  Hypotensive agent
 Components of several alkaloidal reagent
 Solubilizing agent for iodine in Lugol’s solution and AMMONIUM AND AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
Strong Iodine Tincure Ammonia and Ammonium
 Hypothetically alkali metal
 Pseudo-alkali metal ion
  Water soluble  Composed of _________________ and
 Alkali Hydroxides; Ammonium Hydroxides ___________________
 Pharmacological Action:  Use:
 Osmotic diuretic  Expectorant
 Buffer Component  Respiratory Stimulant
 Expectorant  Used in the preparation of Aromatic
Ammonia Spirit
Aqueous Ammonia Aromatic Ammonia Spirit, USP
 Synthesized by __________________  AKA: _______________, _______________
 Respiratory Stimulant  Components:
 Mild alkalizer  Ammonium Carbonate
 Household Ammonia  Strong Ammonia Solution
 Volatile oil
Strong Ammonia Solution, NF  Ethanol
 Stronger ammonia water, stronger ammonium  Use: Respiratory Stimulant
hydroxide solution, _________________
 ____________ w/w of NH3 Ammonium Chloride, USP
 Exposure to air ammonia loses rapidly  AKA: _______________, _______________
 Highly caustic  ___________
 Use:  By product of Solvay Process of NaHCO3
 Chemical Reagent  Use:
 Excipient in preparation of Aromatic  Systemic and Urinary acidifier
Ammonia Spirit and Ammonia Water  Osmotic diuretic
 Expectorant
Diluted Ammonia Solution
 AKA: _________________ Ammonium Ferric Citrate
 ____% w/w of NH3  Hematinic
 Use:
 Respiratory stimulant Ammonium Iodide
 Neutralize insect stings and jellyfish stings of  ____________
Portuguese man-of-war  Use: Expectorant

Ammonium Acetate Ammoniated Mercury

 AKA: ___________________  __________
 ____________  AKA: ___________________
 Buffer component  Topical anti-infective

Ammonium Bromide Ammonium Phosphate

 NH4Br  NH4HPO4
 Use: Central Depressant and Sedative  Formerly used as diuretic
 Used as buffering agent in pharmaceutical
Ammonium Carbonate, NF preparations
 Ammonia crystal, sal volatile, ammonium
sesquicarbonate, Preston’s salt, hartshorn, baker’s
ammonia
RUBIDIUM AND CESIUM  Component of Benedict’s, Fehling’s and
Rubidium and Cesium Barfoed’s Solution
 No application in pharmacy and medicine this time
 Rubidium is very similar in behavior to potassium Cupric Aceto-Arsenate
 Cesium Chloride is used in density gradient  AKA: _______________
centrifugation of DNA  Insecticide

GROUP IB: COINAGE METALS Bordeaux Mixture

Characteristics:  Cupric sulfate and Lime
 Known since quantity  Algaecide and fungicide in swimming pools
 Not very reactive chemically
 Occur in nature in the free metallic state SILVER AND SILVER COMPOUNDS
 Very malleable Silver
 Argentum
COPPER AND COPPER COMPOUNDS  Characteristics:
Copper  Precious metal
 Cuprum  Very good conductor of heat and electricity
 Characteristics:  Chemically unreactive
 Only __________ colored metal  Most commonly alloy of silver: __________
 Third most malleable metal  Use:
 Highly electrical conductivity, surpassed by  Protein Precipitant
silver and gold  Oligodynamic Action
 Important alloys:  Silver toxicity:
 Bronze  Antidote:
 Brass
 Cuprous ion Silver Nitrate, USP
 Cupric ion  Argenti, Lunar caustic, ________________
 Necessary for synthesis of hemoglobin  AgNO3
 Necessary for oxidative enzyme cytochrome oxidase  Water soluble salt of silver
and uricase  Light sensitive
 Found in brain, RBC and blood plasma  Use:
 Disease linked to copper metabolism:  Treatment of warts
 Wilson’s Disease  Prophylaxis for _________________
 Menke’s Syndrome  Chemical reagent
 Component of Tollen’s Reagent and Indelible
Cupric Sulfate, USP ink
 ____________, blue stone, ____________, Salzburg
vitriol Toughened Silver Nitrate, USP
 ____________  Silver nitrate pencil, moulded silver nitrate, fused
 Enhance utilization of iron silver nitrate, ___________
 Use:  94.5% of AgNO3 and remainder consisting of AgCl
 Emetic action  Cast into the stick and used as styptic
 Antidote for phosphorus poisoning  Use:
 Chemical reagent  Removal of warts
 For canker sores in the mouth
Silver Sulfadiazine, USP  Antidote: ______________
 Combines the antibacterial properties of ______  Aurous
and _____________  Auric
 Effective against _____________________
 Use: Local anti-infective GOLD COMPOUNDS
 Brand Name: ____________ Contains 50% IM
Aurothioglucose
gold by weight Administration
Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate Gold Sodium Contains 50% IM
 ________________ Thiomalate, USP gold by weight administration
 Dental protective when mixed with 10% Contains 29% Oral
Auranofin
formaldehyde or eugenol gold by weight Administration

Silver Iodide
 AgI GROUP IIA: ALKALINE EARTH METALS
 Germicide (obsolete)
BERYLLIUM AND BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
Silver Proteinates Beryllium
Silver Proteinate Medicinal Use %Ag  __________
Antiseptic for  Characteristics:
Mild Silver eyes  Glucinum
Treatment for 19-23  Amphoteric element
Protein
vaginitis  _______ toxic metal
 Tend to replace Ca and Mg in the body
Strong Silver Antiseptic for  Element and compound have no medicinal use
ears and throat 7.5-8.5
Protein
Colloidal Silver General MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
germicide 18-22 Magnesium
Protein
 Characteristics:
 Eight most abundant element in Earth’s crust
GOLD AND GOLD COMPOUNDS
 Production: _____________
Gold
 Element found in ______________
 _________
 Lightest of all structurally important metals
 Characteristics:
 Second most abundant intracellular cation
 _______ of all elements
 Grignard Reagent
 Most malleable metal, very soft and ductile
 Very good conductor of _______ and
 Mineral which magnesium found:
____________, only surpassed by silver
 Carmelite
 Appear as bright yellow metal
 Magnesite
 Chemically unreactive
 Dolomite
 Precious metal
 Use:
 Solvent for gold:
 Cathartic
 Aqua Regia
 Depressant
 Selenic acid
 Natural Ca-channel blocker
 _____________- pigment consisting of gold with
stannic hydroxide
 Toxicity: _______________
Hydrated Magnesium Trisilicate, USP  Mg(OH)2 suspension in water
 ______, talcum, Purified talc, French chalk,  Use:
_____________, steatite  Non systemic antacid
 Native hydrous magnesium silicate  Saline laxative
 _______________
 Smooth unctuous feel, free from grittiness Magnesium Hydroxide Paste, USP
 Readily adheres to skin, chemically inert and very  Contains 31g of Mg(OH)2 per 100g
low adsorptive power  A suspension that is an intermediate in the
 Use: manufacture of Milk of magnesia and other
 Clarifying agent suspension of Mg(OH)2
 Filtering agent
 Adsorbent Magnesium Oxide, USP
 Lubricant in table manufacture  ___________
 Dusting powder  ________________, magnesia usta, Sorel’s cement
 Component of ____________________
Megaldrate, USP  Not effective for cyanide and kerosene poisoning
 Low sodium content  Use:
 Does not disturb electrolyte balance and bowel  Non Systemic Antacid
function  Saline laxative

Magnesium Carbonate, USP Magnesium Phosphate, USP

 _____________  ______________
 ____________  Tribasic magnesium phosphate
 Forms: Light and Heavy  Use: Non systemic antacid with potential laxative
 Use: action
 Antacid
 Saline laxative Magnesium Sulfate, USP
 ________________
Magnesium Chloride, USP  AKA: ____________, bitter salt
 ____________  Use:
 Use: Electrolyte Replenisher  Saline laxative
 Anticonvulsant
Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution, USP  Anti-inflammatory
 AKA: _______________, ______________, Citrate
of magnesia Magnesium Stearate, NF
 Slightly yellow clear effervescent liquid having a  Tablet lubricant
sweet acidulous taste and a lemon flavor
 Use: Saline laxative Magnesium Trisilicate, USP
 2MgO⋅3SiO2⋅H2O
Magnesium Gluconate, USP  Mixture of ___________________
 Electrolyte Replenisher  Use:
 Antacid with adsorbent property
Magnesium Hydroxide, USP  Suspending agent
 ____________
 AKA: _________________, Magnesia Magma
CALCIUM AND CALCIUM COMPOUNDS  Crystalline form:
Calcium  Aragonite
 Calx  Calcite
 Second most abundant _______________ cation  Forms:
 Ores: Limestone, Chalk, Stalactites and Stalagmites,  Prepared Calcium Carbonate
Dolomite, Gypsum, Fluorapatite  Precipitated Calcium Carbonate
 Yield many insoluble compounds and lead to  Use:
pharmaceutical incompatibility  Non systemic antacid
 Unionize Calcium: ______________  Calcium supplement for prevention of
 Ionized Calcium: osteoporosis
 Nerve impulse
 Muscle contraction Prepared Calcium Carbonate
 Cardiac function  _________________, Drop Chalk, Creta Preparata
 Blood coagulation  Native calcium carbonate purified by elutriation
 Capillary and cell membrane permeability
 Calcium Deficiency: Precipitated Calcium Carbonate
 Osteomalacia  __________________
 Rickets  Commercial calcium carbonate produced by
 Osteoporosis chemical means
 Preparation:
Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, USP  Calcination
 ____________  Slaking
 Use:  Carbonation– conversion of an aqueous suspension
 Calcium supplement of calcium hydroxide to precipitate calcium
 Dental abrasive in toothpaste formulation carbonate

Tribasic Calcium Phosphate Calcium Chloride, USP

 _______________________  ____________________
 Use:  ____________________
 Non systemic antacid  Not the best salt for parenteral administration
 Calcium supplement  Confined to IV use only
 Use:
Calcium Acetate, USP  Systemic Acidifier
 Use: Phosphate binder in end-stage renal failure  Electrolyte Replenisher
 Relieves muscle spasm and pain from black
Calcium Bromide, USP widow spider bites
 Formerly used as CNS depressant
Calcium Citrate, USP
Calcium Carbide  Calcium Replenisher
 _________  Advantage: Calcium ion is chelated sufficiently
 _________ firmly and exist in solubilized form even in the
 Production of acetylene and calcium cyanide highly alkaline environment of small intestine
 Higher bioavailability than _____________
Calcium Carbonate, USP
 _________
Calcium Glubionate, USP  Use:
 Calcium Replenisher  Local astringent
 Necessity in preparation of Calamine Lotion,
Calcium Gluconate, USP USP
 Most commonly used calcium salt as electrolyte
replenisher Calcium Lactobionate, USP
 Advantage: ___________________  Less irritating than calcium gluconate, more similar
 Use: _________________ to calcium gluceptate
 Use: __________________
Calcium Gluceptate, USP
 Used for providing calcium ions when rapid Calcium Pantothenate, USP
availability is required  Use: Vitamin Supplement
 Advantage:
 Preferred for IM Administration Racemic Calcium Pantothenate, USP
 Use: __________________  Use: Vitamin Supplement

Calcium Glycerophosphate Calcium Phosphate

 Use: _____________________  ______________
 Salts is only marketed in combination with calcium  Antacid
____________ or calcium _____________  Major component of bone
 Product of cremation
Calcium Hypochlorite
 __________________ Calcium Oxide
 Use: ________________  ______, ____________, _____, Apog, Burnt Lime,
Calx Usta
Chlorinated Lime  __________
 _____________, ______________, Calcium  Component of _______________
Oxychloride, Calx Chlorinata  Ingredient in Sulfurated Lime Solution
 A relatively unstable chlorine carrier in solid form.
 Use: Calcium Sulfate, USP
 Disinfectant  _______________, _______________
 Bleaching agent  _______________
 Use: Tablet Diluent
Calcium Hydroxide, USP
 ______________, ______________, Dried Calcium Sulfate, USP
______________, Calcium Hydrate  _________________, Exsiccated Calcium Sulfate,
 ____________ Calcii Sulfas Exsiccatus
 Use: Saponifying agent  ____________
 Use: Surgical casts and for making dental
Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution, USP impressions
 ___________________, Limewater
 Saturated aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide in STRONTIUM AND STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS
water Strontium
 Solubility: _________________  Named from Scottish town
 Dispense only the clear, supernatant liquid  Imparts ______________ in nonluminous flame
Strontium Chloride
 Tooth desensitizing agent
 Active ingredient in ___________________
Strontium Lactate
 Treatment of Osteoporosis
 Radioactive element first isolated from
________________
 First radionuclide used in medicine
 Use: as source of radiation for treating cancer
 Old unit: ________________
 SI unit: _________________

BARIUM AND BARIUM COMPOUNDS GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METAL / VOLATILE ELEMENTS
Barium
 “heavy” ZINC AND ZINC COMPOUNDS
 Most chemically reactive among the alkaline earth Zinc
metal  Synonym: __________
 Ore: ______________  Ore: _______________
 Toxicity by inhalation: ________________  Element present in insulin
 Toxicity by ingestion: _________________  Important in immune system
 Antidote: _______________  Importance of Zinc in humans:
 Salts are used in green pyrotechnics  Second most importance trace mineral in the
body
Barium Hydroxide, NF  Functions of Zinc in the human body:
 _______________  For normal growth and reproduction
 _______________  Wound healing and tissue repair
 Component of Barium Hydroxide Lime, NF  Daily intake of zinc: ___________
 Salts are used in conjunction with ORT in children
Barium Hydroxide Lime, NF with diarrhea
 Mixture of _____________ and _____________  Antidote: _____________
may also contain KOH  Deficiency:
 Use:  Parakeratosis
 Carbon dioxide absorber for anesthesia  Stunted growth
machines  Impaired wound healing
 Oxygen therapy and metabolic tests  Decrease sense of smell and taste
 Hypogonadism
Barium Sulfate, USP  Impaired immunity
 ___________  Use:
 Blanc fixe, _________________  Container for batteries and dry cells
 ____________-Pigment containing a mixture of ZnS  Protective coating in galvanized iron
and BaSO4  Astringent
 Brand Name: Skraybart, Esophotrast, Tonopaque,  Antiseptic
Prepcat  Deodorant
 Use: Radiopaque contrast media for X-ray imaging
of __________ Calamine, USP
 Prepared Calamine, __________________, Artificial
RADIUM AND RADIUM COMPOUNDS Calamine
Radium  Use: Skin Protectant in Calamine Lotion, USP
 Radius
 Discovered by ____________________
Calamine Topical Suspension, USP  Astringent and Mild Antiseptic
 ____________________, ____________________  Topical Protectant
 Composition: _______________________  Toxicity: ______________
 Use: Skin protectant  ZnO heated with CoO
 Thenard’s Blue
Zinc Carbonate, USP
 ________________________ Zinc Stearate, USP
 Use: Skin protectant  Skin protectant
 Mild astringent and antimicrobial
Zinc Caprylate  Used in dusting powders, water and ointments and
 Use: __________________ cosmetics
 Tablet lubricant
Zinc Chloride, USP
 Butter of Zinc, Burnett’s Disinfecting Fluida Zinc Sulfate, USP
 Use:  _______________, _________________
 Additive to IV solutions intended for TPN  ____________
 Precipitating germicideastringent  Use:
 Antiseptic  Ophthalmia astringent
 Dentin desensitizer  Zinc supplement
 Emetic
Zinc Eugenol Cement  Used in preparation of White Lotion
 ZnO with ________________
 Use: Dental protective
Zinc Pentetate Zinc Sulfide Topical Suspension, USP
 Zn-DTPA, Pentetate Zinc Trisodium  ___________, Lotio Alba, Lotio Sulfurata
 Use to increase eleminiation of radioactive  Components: __________________
elements in internal contamination  Order of mixing is important
 Active component: _________________
Zinc Peroxide
 ___________ Zinc Undecylenate, USP
 Release of nascent oxygen provides powerful  Use:
oxidizing action  Skin protectant
 Use: Antiseptic  Mild antiseptic and astringent

Zinc Pyrithione CADMIUM AND CADMIUM COMPOUNDS

 Used in prescription and OTC antidandruff shampoo
formulations
Zinc Oxide, USP
 ______
 Flowers of zinc, ___________, Prompholyx, Nihil
album, Lana phlosophica, Philosopher’s wool
 Develops yellow color that disappears on cooling
 Component of ______________
 Use:
Cadmium
 Discovered by _____________
 Characteristics:
 Very poisonous heavy metal
 No current medicinal use
 Emetic, Germicide, Astringent
 Source: _______________
 Toxicity/Poisoning: ________________
 Antidote: __________________
Cadmium Chloride  Signs and Symptoms if Chronic Poisoning:
 _________
 Use:
 Emetic
 For tinea infection  Signs and Symptoms (Mad hatter’s disease):

Cadmium Sulfide
 ________
 The only ________ sulfide  Additional in toxicity:
 Use:  Elemental and Methylmercury
 Antiseborrheic agent  Mercury vapor
 Methylmercury
Cadmium Sulfate  Chronic Inhalation of Hg Vapor:
 ________  Tremor, neuropsychiatric distrubances
 Use:  Gingivostomatitis
 Topical astringent  Erethism
 Ophthalmic antiseptic  Mood change
 Acrodynia
MERCURY AND MERCURY COMPOUNDS  Antidotes:
Mercury  Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate, NF
 Hydrargyrum, _____________, _______  Penicillamine
 Characteristics:  Dimercaprol
 The only metal that exist as a liquid at room  DMSA
temperature  Pharmacological Use:
 Ture metal  Diuretic
 Formerly used in thermometers and amalgams  Antiseptic
 Majority of the mercury compounds are no longer  Antisyphilitic
used in medicine  Cathartic
 Series of salts:  Parasiticide and Fungicide
 __________  Laxative
 __________
 Toxicity: _______________ Ammoniated Mercury, USP
 Levels of Toxicity:  AKA:_____________, _________________
 Organic Hg  _____________
 Metallic Hg  Use: Mild Topical Antiseptic
 Mercurous Compounds
 Metallic Compounds Nitromersol, USP
 Signs and Symptoms of Inorganic Hg salts:  Use: _________________

Thimerosal, NF
 Use: ________________
 Signs and Symptoms of Acute Poisoning:
Mercurous Chloride
 _____________, _______________
 _________
 Use:
Pharmaceutical Buffer System
 Antiseptic
Feldman’s pH 7-8.2
 Irritant laxative
 Active ingredient in Ly-Na Borate Buffer
Atkin and Pantin pH 7.6-11
System
Mercuric Chloride Gifford’s pH 6-7.8
 ________________, mercury bichloride Phosphate
Sorensen’s pH 5.9-8
 _______ Buffer System
 Use:
 Antisyphilitic Sodium Borate
 Disinfectant for surgical utensils  Sodium tetraborate decahydrate, _________
 _______________-used as an astringent or
Mercuric Iodide antiseptic wash
 ________
 Component of ____________ ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS
 Use: Antisyphilitic Aluminum
 Most abundant metal in Earth’s crust
Mercuric Oxide  Third most abundant element
 ___________  Has a diagonal relationship with ______
 _______  Toxicity: ___________
 Use: Ophthalmic anti-infective  Use:
 Treatment of burns
GROUP IIIA: BORON/ALUMINUM FAMILY  Skin protectant
 Antacid
BORON AND BORON COMPOUNDS  Antiperspirant
Boron  Deodorant
 A diagonal relationship __________  Sources:
 Element and compounds are toxic  Corundum
 Increases male sex hormone level  Emery
 Use: vulcanization of natural rubber to create  Ruby
thermal neutron shields  Sapphire
 Cryolite
Boric Acid  Bauxite
 _______
 Sal sedativum Hombergi, Boracic acid, orthoboric Alum
acid  Alumen, Alumen Purificatum, Purified Alum,
 Toxic by ingestion or dermal absorption __________
 Use:  Term alum may refer to:
 Antiseptic property  Ammonium Alum, USP
 Topical anti-infective  Potassium Alum, USP
 Tonicity adjusting agent  Use:
 Buffer component  Antiperspirant, Astringent, Deodorant
 Styptic
Aluminum Carbonate, USP Aluminum Acetate Topical Solution, USP
 Use:  ________________, Liquor Burowii
 Gastric antacid  Component: ________________
 For hyperphosphatemia in patient with  Use:
kidney failure  Astringent
 Relieve itching and swelling associated with
Aluminum Chloride, USP poison ivy irritation
 _____________  Relieve swelling associated with minor bruises
 Use:  Reduce foot sweat
 Astringent, Antiperspirant, Deodorant
 Antiseptic Aluminum Silicates
 Treatment of Soggy Athlete’s Foot Bentonite, NF
 Anhidrotic  _______________, ______________
 Native colloidal aluminum silicate
Aluminum Hydroxide, USP  Swelling clay
 ___________  Use: ________________
 Gastric antacid
 Side effect:______________ Purified Bentonite, NF
 Brand Name: _______________  Colloidal montmontrillonite that has been
processed to remove grot and nonswellable ore
Aluminum Phosphate components
 __________
 Gastric Antacid Kaolin, USP
 Brand Name: ___________  ________________, _______________
 Advantage: __________  Native hydrated aluminum silicate
 Use:
Aluminum Oxide  Adsorbent
 __________  Dusting powder
 Alumina  Tablet diluent
 Treatment of Silicosis
Pumice, NF
Aluminum Sulfate, USP  ___________
 ___________, Patent Alum, ___________, Pickle  Substance of volcanic origin which consists of a
Alum, “Papermaker’s Alum” complex silicate
 ______________  Very light, hard, rough, porous material
 Use:  Use:
 Astringent  Filtering aid and distributing medium for
 Local Antiperspirant pharmaceutical preparations
 Flocculant and coagulant in water  Used in certain soaps and cleaning powders
purification process  Dental abrasive

Aluminum Subacetate Topical Solution, USP GALLIUM AND GALLIUM COMPOUNDS

 Component: ______________ Gallium
 Use: Excipient for Aluminum Acetate Topical  Characteristics:
Solution  Eka-aluminum
  The only metal that melts at _______ YTTRIUM
 Has the lowest melting point among  _______
metallic element except Hg  Used in phosphors for color television tubes
 Use:  Ductile and silvery
 Substitute for Hg in the manufacture of arc  Produced from _________________
lamps
 Treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia CERIUM AND CERIUM COMPOUNDS
by binding with transferrin Cerium
 Name after asteroid: ___________
Gallium Citrate  ________________
 Use for diagnostic use  Most abundant of the Rare Earth Element

Gallium Nitrate Ceric Sulfate

 Use on the treatment of high level of calcium in the  ____________
blood associated with cancer  Orange red powder
 Use: Chemical reagent in Volumetric Analysis
THALLIUM AND THALLIUM COMPOUNDS
Thallium GADOLINIUM
 _______  Used in MRI Contrast agent for visualization of
 Toxicity: ______________
 Easily absorbed from the intestines and
through skin GROUP IVA: CARBON FAMILY
 Ingestion causes ________ and __________
 Antidote: ___________ CARBON AND CARBON COMPOUNDS
Carbon
 Use:  Fourth most abundant element
 Ant poison  Exclusively nonmetallic in character
 Rodenticide  Essential element of living matter
 Depilatory  Fundamental constituent of all animal and
vegetable tissue
INDIUM AND INDIUM COMPOUNDS  Exhibit catenation
Indium  Allotropes:
 Indiam  Crystalline
 Rare metal  Diamond
 Pure metal is soft that you can ___________  Graphite
 Amorphous
GROUP IIIB ELEMENTS  Anthracite
 Bituminous coal
SCANDIUM AND SCANDIUM COMPOUNDS
Scandium Activated Charcoal, USP
 Scandinavia  _________________
 Light weight and fairly corrosion resistance  Fine, black, odorless, tasteless powder free from
 High melting point gritty
 Will not absorb water when wet
YTTRIUM AND YTTRIUM COMPOUNDS
  Residue from destructive distillation of various  Clear silica material prepared from pure silica
organic materials treated to increase its adsorptive  Use:
power  Packaging material for parenteral products,
 Use: liquid formulation, tablets and capsules
 Adsorbent
 Treatment of diarrhea Additives to Glass
Compound Effect
Carbon Dioxide, USP Mask blue-green color of iron
 _______ usually present in glass
 After-damp, Aer Fixus, __________________ Decrease coefficient of expansion of
 Odorless, colorless gas glass
 Lead to ________________
Render glass brown
 Container: _____________
 __________-destroy tissue by freezing Increase refractive index of glass
Selectively absorb light of certain
Carbonate and Bicarbonate wavelengths
 Slightly soluble compounds
 Use: Gastric Antacid Acceptable Glass as Packaging Material for
Pharmaceutical Products
Carbon Monoxide _____________-Highly resistant borosilicate glass
 _____ _____________-Treated soda-lime glass
 Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas _____________-Soda lime glass
 Systemic poison _____________-General purpose soda-lime glass
 MOA: binds to hemoglobin of blood leading to Dental-type Silica, NF
hypoxia  Obtained from ____________ solution by
 Antidote/Treatment: _______________ destabilizing with acid to yield very fine particle
 Use:
SILICON AND SILICON COMPOUNDS  Mild dental abrasive
Silicon  Component of whitening toothpaste
 Characteristics:
 Second most abundant element in Earth’s Purified Siliceous Earth, NF
Crust  ________________, purified kiwselguhr, purified
 Nonmetal closely related to carbon infusorial earth
 Hard, metallic-looking solid with crystal  Use:
structure of diamond  Filtering aid
 Exist in nature as silicates and as silicon  Adsorbent
dioxide, foes not occur in free state  Clarifying agent
Silica
 Inert Silicon Dioxide, NF
 Very abundant in nature  _______
 Toxicity: _____________  ____________-silicon dioxide obtained through
 Antidote: _____________ addition of mineral acid to sodium silica solution
 ____________-silicon dioxide obtained by
Glass destabilization of a solution of sodium silicate yield
 Made up of _________ and other additives very fine particles
Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, NF  Skin protectant and emollient
 Colloidal anhydrous silica, Colloidal silica, fumed  Good skin adherence and water repellant
silica, light anhydrous silicic acid, silicic anhydride property
 Use:  Found in cosmetics
 Tablet moisture absorber and glidant  Other silicones are less greasy and form a non
 Suspending agent comedogenic breathable film and used in scar
 Thickening agent removers, breast implants, hair conditioners
 Anticaking agent
 Mild abrasive GERMANIUM AND GERMANIUM COMPOUNDS
Germanium
Silicates Characteristics:
Magnesium Silicates  Used in semiconductors and other microelectronic
 Colloidal Activated Attapulgite, USP parts
 Magnesium Trisilicate, USP  Bis-B-carboxymethyl germanium sesquioxide is
 Talc purported to have immune system enhancing and
 Asbestos antitumor effect.

Aluminum Silicates TIN AND TIN COMPOUNDS

 Most common rock Tin
 Bentonite and Purified Bentonite  Stannum
 Pumice  Characteristics:
 Kaolin o Used in production of tin cans and
Silicones household utensils
 Polymeric compounds containing chains of silicon  Stannous
atoms alternating with oxygen atom, with the  Stannic
silicone linked to organic groups
 Odorless, tasteless, water repellant, relatively inert, Stannous Fluoride, USP
chemically stable under high and low temperature  ________
and efficient as antifoam agent  Use: Anticariogenic agent
 Use: _______________  NaF vs SnF2

Simethicone, USP Tin Dioxide, USP

 _________________  _______
 Polymer of _________________  Use: Germicide against _______________ infection
 Mixture: _____________________
 Use: LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS
 Anti-flatulent Lead
 Antifoaming agent  ___________
 Most metallic among Group IVA elements
Dimethicone, USP  Ore:______________
 Dimethyl Silicone Fluid, Dimethylpolysiloxane,  Protein precipitant
Dimethylsiloxane  Compunds are cumulative poisons
 Fluid silicones in which the organic group is methyl  Poisoning/Toxicity: _______________
 Use:  Antidote: _____________
 Antifoaming agent  Serious effect: ________________
  Plumbous Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohydrex PG
 Plumbic Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohydrex PEG
 Use:
Lead Acetate  Antiperspirant
 _______________  Deodorant
 Use:  Aerosols
 Astringent
 Used for preparation of Lead Subacetate Zirconium Oxide and Zirconium Carbonate
Solution  Former official compound
 Antiperspirant
Lead Monoxide  Treatment of _________________
 ____________
 PbO HAFNIUM AND HAFNIUM COMPOUNDS
Hafnium
Lead Subacetate  _________
 _________________  Manufacture of control rods for nuclear reactors
 Use: Antiseptic and Astringent because of its ability to absorbs neutrons

GROUP IVB: TITANIUM FAMILY GROUP VA: NITROGEN FAMILY

TITANIUM AND TITANIUM COMPOUNDS NITROGEN AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

Titanium Nitrogen
 Titans  ____________, ______________
 Strong, light transition metal with excellent  Exists as a diatomic molecule in ordinary condition
corrosion resistance  “______________”
 ___________ most abundant element  Colorless, tasteless, odorless gas
 Use:  Non-flammable
 Powerful reducing agent  Provides an inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable
 Surgical aid for fracture fixation pharmaceuticals
 Used as carrier gas in GC
Titanium Dioxide, USP  Major constituent of air
 _________  Prepared primarily by ______________ of liquid air
 Solar ray protectant with high refractive index  Container: _____________
 Use:  Use:
 Physical sunblock  __________________
 Opacifying agent in tableting  __________________
 White pigment  __________________

ZIRCONIUM AND ZIRCONIUM COMPOUNDS Nitrates

Zirconium
 Similar property to Aluminum
 Use: Antiperspirant and Deodorant
Aluminum Zirconium Trichlorohydrate
Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohydrex Gly
 Serves as carrier anion for certain medicinally active
cations
 It is reduced to nitrite in the intestine
 Use: ______________
Nitrites  Colorless waxy appearance, darkens on exposure of
 Use: _________________ light and has a distinct disagreeable ozone-like odor
 Can cause: ___________________  When exposed to air in the dark, it emits a
____________ light and various fumes with
Nitric Oxide __________ odor
 _______  Storage: _________________
 Colorless gas, which trun to _________ upon air  Causes slow healing burns
exposure  Chronic Toxicity: _________________
 Major air pollutant due to incomplete combustion  Acute P Toxicity: _________________
of fossil fuels  Antidote: _________________
 Found in animals  Use: ____________
 Overexposure
 Use: Treatment of hypoxic respiratory failure Red Phosphorus
associated with pulmonary hypertension in  Appears _______________ amorphous powder
premature infants  Stable in air
 Nonpoisonous and non-flammable in air except at
Nitrous Oxide, USP high temperature
 _______  Prepared by heating white P at ______ in the
 ____________________ absence of air or be exposing white P to air
 Colorless gas with no appreciable odor and taste
that can induce narcosis Violet Phosphorus
 Container: _______________  _____________________, ___________________
 Use:  Prepared from Red P heated in a sealed tube at
 ____________________ for dental procedure ____ the upper part of the tube maintained at ____
 Powerful analgesic and weak anesthetic with
rapid onset and recovery Black Phosphorus
 Stable form of phosphorus at room temperature
PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS  Resemble graphite in texture
Phosphorus  Produced from white P under high pressures
 Phosphoros  Stable in air
 ________________, ________________  Does not catch fire spontaneously
 Essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissue,  ___________ in organic solvents
teeth and bones
 Allotropes: ARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
 White Phosphorus Arsenic
 Red Phosphorus  _______________
 Violet Phosphorus  Component of ______________ /
 Black Phosphorus _______________ / __________________
 Element and compounds are cumulative poisons
White Phosphorus  Arsenious ion
 _______________, ________________  Arsenic ion
 P4  Acute Poisoning:
 Chemically reactive  Digestive problem
 _________________  Mees lines
 Hair loss
 Chronic Poisoning:  Use: Antineoplastic oxide
 Arsenicosis  Brand Name: _____________
 Carcinogenic
 Antidote: ____________ ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
 Arsenic containing pigments Antimony
 Paris Green  ____________
 Scheele’s Green  Source:
 Arsenic containing preparations  Use:
 Fowler’s Solution  Astringent
 Donovan’s Solution  Emetic and Expectorant
 Anthelmintic for schistosomiasis
Paris Green Antimony Potassium Tartrate, USP
 ____________________  _________________, __________________
 Components: ____________________  Use: Treatment of Schistosomiasis
 Use:
 Rodenticide BISMUTH AND BISMUTH COMPOUNDS
 Insecticide Bismuth
 Pigment  _____________________
 Blue colorant in fireworks  Compounds are poisonous
 Use: Astringent and Antiseptic
Scheele’s Green  Side effect: _________________
 _____________________  Antidote: _________________

Fowler’s Solution Bismuth Subnitrate, USP

 ____ potassium arsenite  _________________
 Components: ______________________  Basic bismuth nitrate, bismuth oxynitrate, Spanish
 Use: White, Bismuth Paint, Bismuthyl Nitrate
 Anti-leukemic  Use:
 Tonic  Antacid
 Astringent
Donovan’s Solution  Antiseptic
 Components: ________________  Excipient for preparation of Milk of Bismuth
 Use:
 Trypanosome infection Milk of Bismuth, USP
 Rheumatism  _______________, _________________
 Arthritis  Components: _____________
 Malaria  Prepared from ___________, ____________,
 TB ____________, Strong ammonia solution and
 Diabetes purified water
 Use:
Arsenic Trioxide  Protective for gastric ulcer
 ____________  Mild antiseptic
 Arsenious oxide, white arsenic, arsenic (III) oxide  Astringent
arsenicum album
 Amphoteric oxide
Bismuth Subsalicylate  Use: Employed as a therapeutic gas in the
 Basic Bismuth Salicylate, _________________ treatment of conditions of hypoxia
 Excreted as bismuth sulfide in the feces
 Pepto-Bimol and Kaopectate Ozone
 Use:  Powerful oxidizing agent
 Anti-inflammatory  Use:
 Bactericidal  Disinfectant
 Antacid  Bleach
 Mucosal Protective
Hydrogen Peroxide
Colloidal Bismuth Subcitrate  _____________, _______________, oxygenated
 Used for the treatment of PUD acid, oxygenated water
 ______
GROUP VB ELEMENTS  Good oxidizing and reducing agent
 Pure solutions are stable
VANADIUM AND VANADIUM COMPOUNDS  Solutions are expressed in terms of volume strength
Vanadium  Important form: 3% w/v, 6% w/v, 30%
 Vanadis
 Insulin-mimetic effect Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution, USP
 Drawback: ________________  3% w/v stabilized aqueous solution, 10-volume
solution, odor resembling ozone
TANTALUM AND TANTALUM COMPOUNDS  Storage: _______________
Tantalum  Stabilizer
 Unaffected by body fluids  Use:
 Inert  Topical antiseptic
 Use: Bone replacement for temporary braces of long  Treatment of ________________
bones  Removal of impacted cerumen
 Hair bleach
GROUP IVA: CHALCOGENS/ OXYGEN FAMILY  Component of color-safe bleach
 Added to toothpaste as tooth-whitening
OXYGEN AND OXYGEN COMPOUNDS agent
Oxygen  Chemical reagent
 _______________  Buddizing property
 _______________
 _______________ Hydrogen Peroxide Concentrate, USP
 Life-giving gas in air  30% w/v solution
 Most abundant element in Earth’s crust  Use: Disinfectant
 Prepared from _______________
 Diluted with He or N2 Carbamide Peroxide Topical Solution
 Very active chemically  White crystalline solid composed of hydrogen
 Container: _____________ peroxide and urea which when dissolved in water
 Allotropes: and releases H2O2
 Nascent  Preferred for treatment of oral and ear infection
 Atmospheric/Molecular Oxygen
 Ozone
Carbamide Peroxide Topical Solution, USP Sublimed Sulfur
 Solution in anhydrous glycerin of carbamide  _______________
peroxide or of carbamide peroxide prepared from  Sulfur is purified by _________________
urea and hydrogen peroxide  Fine, yellow crystalline powder, with faint odor and
 Preparations: taste
 Otic  Use: Irritant laxative/Cathartics
 Toothpaste
 The only US FDA approved agent for Washed Sulfur
cerumen removal  Prepared by treating _____________ with NH3 to
dissolve impurities
Zinc Peroxide and Sodium Perborate  Fine, yellow crystalline powder, with faint odor and
 Former official compound taste

SULFUR AND SULFUR COMPOUNDS Sulfur Ointment, USP

Sulfur  10% Sulfur
 ____________, ______________, _____________  Prepared from: ________________,
 Non-metallic element found in native state in ________________, _______________
Earth’s crust  Use:
 Occurs in free state and in combination, mainly as  Scabicide
sulfides and nitrates  Keratolytic
 Allotropes:
 α-Sulfur Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfides
 β-Sulfur  ______
 Use:  Odor: _______________
 Topical Antifungal, Parasiticide, Keratolytic  Readily react with suspended finely divided sulfur
 Laxative forming polysulfide ion
 Stimulate hair growth
 Antiseborrheic agent Sulfurated Potash, USP
 Pharmaceutically relevant chemical forms:  ______________, Hepar sulfuris, _______________
 Sulfide  Appearance: irregular liver brown pieces rapidly
 Sulfite changing to greenish yellow in exposure to air
 Sulfate  Mixture: _______________, _______________
 Prepared by strongly heating sublimed sulfur and
Precipitated Sulfur potassium carbonate
 ________________, _______________  Odor: _____________
 Prepared by boiling ___________ and precipitating  Stored in tightly sealed containers
filtered solution with HCl  Use:
 Very fine, pale yellow amorphous or  Necessity in preparation of White Lotion, USP
microcrystalline powder, odorless and tasteless  Treatment of psoriasis and other chronic
 Use: conditions
 Scabicide  Parasiticide
 Used in compounding ointments and
lotions
Sulfur Dioxide, NF  Deficiency: ______________
 _______
 Acid anhydride of sulfurous acid, gives rise to Red Selenium
sulfites  Selenium rings which differ only in intermolecular
 Use: packing
 Good reducing agent
 Preservatives Gray Selenium
 Antioxidant  Most thermodynamically stable
 Consists of unbranched helical chains
Sulfur Metabisulfite, NF
 Obtained when sodium bisulfite is crystallized on an Selenious Acid, USP
atmosphere of sulfur dioxide  _________
 Forms brittle upon dissolving in water  Source of Se as trace elements
 Should be used when bisulfite is specified
 Antioxidant GROUP VIB ELEMENTS

Sodium Sulfate CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS

 __________ Chromium
 Saline Cathartic  Essential trace elements
 _____________
Selenium Sulfide, USP  Pharmacologic Action:
 SeS2 and SeSe2 Lotion  Destructive in tissue
 Selsun Blue  Can cause deep ulcers of the skin and nasal
 Use: mucosa
 Astringent  Characteristics nephritis and glycosuria
 Protective for treatment of seborrheic  Forms:
dermatitis  Hexavalent Chromium
 Photoelectric cell  Trivalent Chromium
 Xerography  Deficiency:
 Hyperglycemia
Sodium Thiosulfate  DM symptoms
 ____________
 Prepared from sulfur reacting with sulfite ions Chromic Chloride, USP
 Antidote for cyanide poisoning  Source of chromium as trace elements
 Analytical reagent for determination of iodine
Chromium Picolinate, NF
SELENIUM AND SELENIUM COMPOUNDS  Nutritional supplement to treat type 2 diabetes and
Selenium promote weight loss
 __________
 Important trace elements which promotes Potassium Dichromate
absorption of ____________  Yellow orange solution
 Selenium containing enzyme: _____________  Strong oxidizing agent
 Toxic in large doses
 Absorbed very slowly in the skin
 Prolonged contact with the skin: _______________
MOLYBDENUM AND MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS  Low IQ
Molybdenum  Excess in children:
 Essential trace element involved in metabolism of  Dental Fluorosis
nucleic acid
 Cofactor for enzymes associated with Flavin- Stannous Fluoride, USP
dependent enzymes  _______
 Involved in bacterial fixing of atmospheric nitrogen  Easily air-oxidized
 _______________-Lead Molybdenate  Anticariogenic agent
 _______________-Calcium Molybdenate
Sodium Monofluorophosphate, USP
 _______________-Molybdenum Sulfite
 Anticariogenic agent added in dentrifices
 _______________-Primary ore of Molybdenum
Fluorocarbons
Ammonium Molybdate, USP  Teflon
 Source of Mo as trace element  Freons

Moybdenum Oxide Di-isopropyl Fluorophosphate

 Used as hematinic  Reduction of intraocular tension in glaucoma

URANIUM AND URANIUM COMPOUND CHLORINE AND CHLORINE COMPOUNDS

Uranium Chlorine
 Radioactive element discovered by  _______________________
____________ from pitchblende ore  _______
 Used in manufacture of atomic bombs  Yellowish green gas
 Uranous ion  Highly irritating to eyes, skin and mucous
 Uranyl ion membrane
 Used as water disinfectant
GROUP VIIA: Halogens  Powerful oxidizing agent

FLUORINE AND FLUORINE COMPOUNDS Hydrochloric Acid, NF

Fluorine  Diluted Form:_______________
 _____  Present in gastric juice
 Greenish-yellow choking gas  ____________-secreted by chief cells which is
 Most _________________ element activated by HCl secreted by parietal cells, to pepsin
 Strongest oxidizing agent  Diluted HCl is official
 Essential element present in teeth and bone
 Identification Test: _________________ Sodium Hypochlorite
 Bleaching agent
Sodium Fluoride USP  Disinfectant
 ______  Sodium Hypochlorite Solution
 Anticariogenic agent  ________________
 Used in the treatment of Osteoporosis  Strong oxidizing agent
 Excess in adult:  Sodium Hypochlorite Topical Solution
 Weakening of bones  Allows tissue to regenerate
 Adverse effect on the kidney  ________________ and _______________
BROMINE AND BROMINE COMPOUNDS Iodophors
Bromine  Advantage:
 ______  Reduced irritation
 Dark, reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating  Reduced oral toxicity
odor  Lack of staining potential
 Fumes are very irritating to mucous membrane and  Low incidence of idiosyncratic reactions
may burn and blister skin  Slow release of iodine
 Powerful caustic and germicide  Stable
 Poisoning: _____________  Povidone-Iodine
 Antidote: ______________  Iodine Beta-Cyclodextrin
 Used as chemical reagent
Iopanoic Acid
Bromine TS  Iodine is incorporated into organic molecules
 Bromine Water designed to concentrate in the organ to be
studied
Bromine VS  Diagnostic used as contrast agent for
 Koppeschaar’s Solution visualization of _______________
 0.1N Bromine VS
ASTATINE AND ASTATINE COMPOUNDS
IODINE AND IODINE COMPOUNDS Astatine
Iodine  The only metallic, synthetic and radioactive
 ______ halogen
 Heaviest non-metallic element and most metallic of
the halogens GROUP VIIB ELEMENTS
 Soft, dark gray crystalline solid with metallic sheen
 Easily undergoes sublimation, giving off violet vapor MANGANESE AND MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
 Element present in ________________ Manganese
 Poisoning: ____________  _______
 Antidote: _____________  Essential trace element
 Deficiency: ____________  Cofactor involved in ____________, ____________,
 Use: ____________ and ______________.
 Expectorant  Principal ore: ___________
 Antiseptic  Manganese containing enzyme
 Antimicrobial  Toxicity: _______________
 Physiologic role:
Iodine Content  Essential for normal bone structure,
Iodine Tincture, USP reproduction and normal functioning of CNS
 Constituent of several mitochondrial
Iodine Topical
enzyme systems
Solution, USP
 Food source: nuts, whole-grain cereals,
Strong Iodine
vegetable, fruits.
Solution, USP
Strong Iodine
Manganese Chloride, Gluconate, Sulfate
Tincture, USP
 Source of Manganese ion as trace elements
Potassium Permanganate KRYPTON AND KRYPTON COMPOUNDS
 ______ Krypton
 ________________  Greek word
 Strong oxidizing agent  Least abundant noble gas
 Antiseptic  Investigated as ______________ anesthesia
 Drawback: ______________
XENON AND XENON COMPOUNDS
TECHNETIUM AND TECHNETIUM COMPOUNDS Xenon
Technetium  Greek word
 First element produced artificially  Very rare inert gas more than 4 times as heavy as
 Technetos air
 Investigated as ______________ anesthesia
RHENIUM AND RHENIUM COMPOUNDS
Rhenium RADON AND RADON COMPOUNDS
 Catalyst for dehydrogenation Radon
 Exposure to 222Rn can lead to cancer
 Use in the treatment of certain types of cancers
GROUP VIIIA: NOBLE / INERT / RARE GASES instead of radium

HELIUM AND HELIUM COMPOUNDS GROUP VIIIB ELEMENTS – First Triad

Helium
 Second lightest gas IRON AND IRON COMPOUNDS
 Lower density compared to nitrogen Iron
 Inhalation of pure He  _______
 Component of Artificial air  _______ most abundant element
 Container: ______________  _______ most abundant metal in the earth’s crust
 Use:  Most important of all metallic elements
 Respiratory Stimulant  Combined with _______ to produce steel
 Preferred diluent for oxygen gas used by  Common ores:
deep sea divers  Hemalite
 Pyrite
NEON AND NEON COMPOUNDS  Iron Stone
Neon  Forms:
 Used for advertising purposes  Ferrous
 Emit brilliant orange-red light  Ferric
 Physiological role of iron:
ARGON AND ARGON COMPOUNDS  Most important trace elements in the
Argon human body
 Most abundant noble gas  Involved in cellular respiration
 By product of fractionation of liquid for production  Most iron present in food is ________
of oxygen and nitrogen  Site of Absorption: ___________
 Use: substitute for nitrogen as inert atmosphere for  Forms of iron in the body:
pharmaceuticals  Hemoglobin
 Transferrin
 Ferritin
  Iron Deficiency: ____________
 Iron Overload: _____________ Iron Sucrose Injection, USP
 _______________
Ferrous Sulfate, USP  Colloidal ferric hydroxide complexed with ________
 ________________  Use: Hematinic
 ____________
 Brand name: Iron Sorbitex Injection, USP
 Side effect: ___________  Complex of ferric ion with ___________ and
 Use: ____________ stabilized with dextrin and excess
 Hematinic sorbitol
 Dental Hemostat  Use: Hematinic

Ferrous Gluconate, USP Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex in Sucrose Injection,

 Advantage over FeSO4 USP
 Brand Name:  Iron replacement product for treatment of iron
 Use: Hematinic deficiency anemia in adult patients and pediatric
patients 6 years and older with chronic kidney
Ferrous Fumarate, USP disease receiving hemodialysis and are receiving
 More stable compared to ferrous sulfate supplementary epoietin treatment
 Brand name:  Administration: _____________
 Use: Hematinic  Use: Hematinic

Ferrous Carbonate Ferumoxytol

 __________________, ________________,  For treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in adults
Ferruginous Pills with chronic kidney disease
 Use: Hematinic  Use: Hematinic

Ferric and Ammonium Acetate Solution Ferrous Subsulfate Solution, USP

 _______________  _________________
 Use: Hematinic  _________________
 Basic ferrous sulfate solution
Ferric Ammonium Citrate, USP  Preparation: _________________
 Use:  Use: Hemostat
 Hematinic
 MRI contrast medium Ferric Chloride
 Use:
Reduced Iron and Ferric Pyrophosphate  Astringent
 Used for fortification of food with iron  Styptic
 Reagent test for tannins and phenols
Iron Dextran Injection, USP
 Colloidal ferric hydroxide with partially hydrolyzed Ferumoxides Injection, USP
_______________  Colloidal suspension of super paramagnetic cores of
 For patient who cannot tolerate GI effect of iron nonstoichiometric magnetite coated with dextran
orpatients who cannot absorb iron properly  __________________ in color
 Use: Hematinic  Brand: _____________
 Use: MRI contrast agent for visualization of ______  Administration:
 Oral
Ferumoxsil Oral Suspension, USP  Parenteral
 Silicone-coated colloidal particles of super  Deficiency: _________________
paramagnetic _____________  Use: Stimulate Hematopoeitin System
 _____________________________
 Brand name: ______________ Cobaltous Chloride
 Use: MRI contrast agent to enhance visualization of  ______________, ________________,
the ____________ _________________
 ______________
Red Ferric Oxide  Aqueous solutions are pink in color
 Prepared from: ________________  Use:
 Dark colored oxide is produced with prolonged  Hematinic
heating at high T and presence of manganese  Used as indicator silica gel beads
 Light colored oxide is produced in presence of Al  Desiccant
and finer particle size
 Use: ___________ NICKEL AND NICKEL COMPOUNDS
Nickel
Yellow Ferric Oxide  _________________, ___________________
 Prepared from: ____________________  Fancy jewelries
 Use: Colorant  Nickel itch
 Released in environment as result of fossil fuel
Potassium Ferrocyanide combustion
 _________________  Colored green in aqueous solution
 Trace element
Potassium Ferricyanide  Oxidation state: ___________
 _________________
Nickel Carbonate
Ferrous Ferricyanide  _______
 _________________  ________
 _________
Nickel Sulfate
Ferric Ferrocyanide  ________
 _________________  ________
 ________  Parasiticide

COBALT AND COBALT COMPOUNDS GROUP VIIIB ELEMENTS-Second Triad

Cobalt
 Permanent Magnets RUTHENIUM AND RUTHENIUM COMPOUNDS
 Enhances foam quality of beer Ruthenium
 Constituent of ____________ needed for  Ru complexes are investigated for its anticancer
development of _______________ and properties
_______________  Discovered by _____________
 Cobaltous  Name after the Latin name of Russia
 Cobaltic  Oxidation state: ___________
 Catalyst in production of NH3

PALLADIUM AND PALLADIUM COMPOUNDS

Palladium
 Catalyst in organic reaction

RHODIUM AND RHODIUM COMPOUNDS

Rhodium
 Greek word for Rose

GROUP VIIIB ELEMENTS-Third Triad

OSMIUM AND OSMIUM COMPOUNDS

Osmium
 Heaviest and most dense metal

Osmium Tetroxide/Osmic Acid

 Used for staining specimen for electron microscopy
 As hardening agent in gold alloys, glycol formation

PLATIUM AND PLATINUM COMPOUNDS

Platinum
 Platina
 Catalyst in organic reactions
 Production of crucible and wires
 Permanent in air and not affected by hot/cold
oxygen

Cisplatin, USP
 Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, Peyrone’s salt
 Use: ________________

Carboplatin, USP
 Less nephrotoxic and ototoxic compared to cisplatin
 Use: _______________