IPV4 ADDRESSING FUNDAMENTAL

Andi Jehan Alhasan

@2014
IPV4 ADDRESSING FUNDAMENTAL

 IPv4 Addressing Overview

 IPv4 Address Format

 IPv4 & Subnet Mask Correlation

 IP Subnetting

 CIDR

 VLSM
IPV4 ADDRESSING OVERVIEW

IP Addresses are 32 bit numbers

 Computer will use Binary v.s Human will use Decimal
 People always use ‘dotted Decimal’ format
 Ex : 192.168.1.100
Each number is 1 Byte
 Decimal range is 0 – 255
 2 ^ 8 = 256
 An ‘octet’ refer to one Byte
 -8 bits is one octet
 -Addresses referred to by their first, second, third, and fourth
octet
IPV4 ADDRESS FORMAT

 Consist of 4 Octets, each octet will have value 0-255

192.168.1.100
 IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default-Gateway
 Subnet Mask is used to determine the Block address your IP
Belong to
 Default-Gateway Act as Post-Office
TABEL IP ADDRESSING
IPV4 & SUBNET MASK CORRELATION

 Networking Device should determine two things regarding to the IPv4

Addressing
 Network Address
 Host Address
 Network and Host addresses use hierarchy like mailing address
 Network address is like your Neighborhood Cluster
 Ex : Cluster : Pondok Indah Estate 192.168.1.X
 Host Address is like your house number
 Ex : Specific House number 192.168.1.100
 NID, BID, VIP , IP Privat
 NID = Network ID, which is the very first number in the host field, not
Useable
 BID = Broadcast ID, which is the very last number in the host field,
not useable
 VIP = Valid IP, which is the range between NID and BID, Useable
IP ADDRESSING & IP PRIVAT
DEFAULT ADDRESS CLASSES
 Class A
 First Octet of IP Address 1-126
 Have a subnet Mask : 255.0.0.0
 8 Network bits & 24 Host bits
 NNNNNNNN.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
 Ex : 10.1.1.182/8

 Class B
 First Octet of IP Address 128-191
 Hav a subnet Mask : 255.255.0.0
 6 Network bits & 16 Host bits
 NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
 Ex : 172.16.1.17/16

 Class C
 First Octet of IP Address 192-223
 Have a subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
 24 Network bits & 8 Host bits
 NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN.hhhhhhhh
 Ex : 192.168.1.100/24
DEFAULT ADDRESS CLASSES
 Large network would get a Class A Assignment
 Mid-size networks would get a Class assignment
 Small Networks would get a Class C assignment
IP SUBNETTING
 Optimized network performance
 Simplifed managemen

 Facilitated spanning of large geographical

distances
IP SUBNETTING
 Once a network was assigned it’s ‘block’ of addreses,
administrators could further subdivide it for their own internal
assignments
 This further subdivision is called subnetting

 Subnetting works by ‘borrowing’ bits from the host fields and

moving them into the network field
 Result is more networks with less host per network
 -2 useable addresses are lost for each time a subnet is
created
 Needed for the network address and subnet broadcast
address

 A Network Administrator usually do the Subnetting because they

only have been given the one allocated IP Addressing but they
have more than one Division in their network that want to have
separate Network ID (NID)
SUBNETTING FORMULA

 2n – 2 >= Σ Network
 SM’ = SM0 + n
 All Network would have the ‘same’ Subnet Mask value
 Ex : An Network Administrator want to Divide the Given IP
Addressing 192.168.1.0/24 Network Into the 4 Divisions
CIDR ( CLASSLESS INTER DOMAIN ROUTING )
 Classless Inter-Domain Routing is a method for allocating IP
addresses and routing Internet Protocol packets. The Internet
Engineering Task Force introduced CIDR in 1993 to replace
the previous addressing architecture of classful
network design in the Internet.

 classful network architecture of Internet Protocol Version 4

 Simple Subnet Design
 Classless Inter-Domain Routing allocates address space
to Internet service providers and end users on any
address bit boundary
 CIDR notation is a syntax for specifying IP addresses and
their associated routing prefix
TABEL CIDR
VLSM ( VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASK)

 Originally all subnets had to have the same number of

network and host bits
 All subnet had the same subnet mask

 This was due to a limitation of routing protocols in the past

 Called ‘classful’ Routing protocols

 Result was difficult in subnet design

 If your subnets were too small you couldn’t fit all your
hosts
 If your subnets were too big you waste addresses

 Classless Routing Protocol

VLSM

 Variably Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) lifted that

limitation
 Subnet could have any arbitary mask length

 Allowed for more efficient division of addresses

 Requires the use of ‘classless’ routing protocols

 All routing protocols today are classless

VLSM FORMULA

 Descending the Total Host requirements

 2n – 2 >= Σ Host
 SM’ = /32 - /n

 Ex : An Network Administrator want to Divide the

Given IP Addressing 192.168.1.0/24 Network Into
the 4 Divisions, where the division Users are
 Operation = 20 Users
 Sales= 50 Users
 Marketing = 24 Users
 Finance = 3 Users