DIENCEPHALON; BRAINSTEM; LIMBIC &

               RAS SYSTEMS; CRANIAL NERVES;

                        CEREBELLUM
 
 
DIENCEPHALON: (Thalamus and Hypothalamus)
 
THALAMUS:  P. 531 many nuclei
     . GATEWAY TO CEREBRAL CORTEX
     . Location – superior end of brainstem; beneath cerebral
hemisphere
     . 5-6 cm. oval bodies 
     . Third ventricle –protrude medially thru here
     . About 23 Nuclei (gray matter) in each lobe or
          Geniculate Bodies connected by the Intermediate
          Mass in 70% of the population
            Medial Geniculate Body (auditory) MGN
            Lateral Geniculate Body (vision)  LGN
 
     . Functions –
         1.  touch/pressure                7.            
         2. pain                 8.
         3. heat                 9.
         4.cold                 10.  
         5  .  vibrations                   
         6.               
     
     . fMRI –tape-radio-action glucose (it glows)
 
     . Thalamic Syndrome –burning sensation on a certain part of ur body
 
 
HYPOTHALAMUS:     pp. 531-533
     . Location –engulfed inside the thalamus
     . Shape – highly irregular   
     . Structures: (12 or more nuclei)
          Gray matter around the Optic Chiasmata
          Tuber cinereum- stock of the pituitary
          Infundibulum
          Mammillary bodies
          Posterior Pituitary gland ?
    
     . Functions:
         1. Highest Center of the Autonomic Nervous
            System  (ANS)
         2. Links N.S. to Endocrine System
         3. “Fight or Flight” - stress
         4. Controls thirst (osmoreceptors)
         5. Sleep-Wake Cycles
         6. Appetite (glucoreceptors)
         7. Body Temperature (shivering, sweating,VD,VC)
         8.controls water and electrolytes   
         9.uterine contraction
        10. 
 
   
EPITHALAMUS:    p.533
    PINEAL BODY (Gland)   “epiphysis”
    
      . Location –
      . Shape –
      . Functions:
         1.  
         2.  
         3.
         4.  
         
 
      Seasonal Affective Disorder  (SAD) –
 
 
 
 
                  BRAINSTEM
 
MESENCEPHALON: (Mid-brain)   p. 528
          . Location – between the diencephalon and pons
          . Shape – shortest portion
          . Superior Peduncle (Tract) – “little feet”;
            to cerebellum
          . Aqueduct of Sylvius (Cerebral aqueduct)
          . Mainly white fibers (small tracts)
          . Corpora Quadrigemina:  (body/group of 4)
              
               Superior colliculi- focusing; tracking an
                  object with the eyes; blinking;
                  papillary dilation and constriction
                  
               Inferior colliculi- reflex of “turning
                  towards a sound” or Startle Reflex;
                  “Righting Reflex”
                  
          . Tectum portion - contains corpora quadrigemina
          . Tegumental portion – rich in dopamine 
                   (Substantia Nigra)
          . III Oculomotor and IV Trochlear Cranial Nerves
 
          . Red nucleus –
 
 
PONS VAROLII:      “bridge”  pp. 525-527
          . Location –
          . Mainly white matter
          . Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (tract) to mid-brain
          . Cranial Nerves:
                V    Trigeminal
                VI   Abducens
                VII  Facial
                VIII Vestibulocochlear
         
          . Respiratory Center:
               .  Pontine Respiratory Group
                     Pneumotaxic Center
                     Apneutic Center  
 
    
MEDULLA OBLONGATA:     pp. 524-525
          . Location-
          . Nuclei (Nucleus Ambiguus, Hypoglossal Nucleus,
            and Vagal Nuclei) and White Matter
          . Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle -
 
          . Cranial Nerves:
                 VIII Vestibulocochlear (shared with Pons)
                 IX   Glossopharyngeal
                 X    Vagus- means wanderer, only below neck,
parasympathetic
                 XI   Spinal Accessory
                 XII  Hypoglossal
 
          . PYRAMIDAL TRACTS and decussation (80-85%)
               Corticospinal and Corticobulbar tracts
 
               Corticospinal Tracts –
                   Lateral –
                   Anterior –
              
               Corticobulbar tracts –
 
           
            EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM -
             . Functional system of three layers of
               Integration (cortical, basal ganglia,
               mid-brain)
             . Outside Pyramidal (motor tracts from
               pyramidal cells)
             . Postural Adjustments and Autonomic
               integration
 
              
          . Vital Motor Reflex Centers
               1.
               2.
               3.
         
          . Non-vital Reflexes (may be produced voluntarily)
               1. vomiting             4.sneezing
               2. hiccups             5.coughing
               3.
 
               
RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM:(RAS)   pp. 528-529
          . Location –
          . White and gray matter (several nuclei)
          . "Closed Circuit" between the cerebrum and
            spinal cord
          . Functions:
                 1.  Center for arousal and motivation
                 2.  Raphe Nuclei- serotonin rich
                 3.  Norepinephrine (NE)- excitatory
                 4.  Gaze center- tract and fix on
                     an object
                 5.  Pain modulation
                 6.  Maintain consciousness
                 7.  Reticulospinal tracts- tone, balance,
                     posture
                 8.  Cardiovascular Control Related
 
                 Twisting of the Brain Stem –
 
                 African Sleeping Sickness -
 
 
 
LIMBIC SYSTEM:       pp.536-537   
          . Location -
          . "Visceral Brain" or "Reptilian Brain"
          . Shape –girdles around in circles
          . Structures:
               1. Cingulate gyri (superior to hippocampus)-
emotions
               2. Hippocampus-short term to long term memory
               3. Amygdala-emotions
               4. Olfactory Cranial Nerves-smell
               5. Thalamus (anterior)-switch yard for sensory
info ; analyzes info
               6. Mammillary bodies-
               7. Fornix-transverse tract; connects old brain to
new brain
               8. Septum pellucidum-btwn lateral ventricles; for
sexual pleasure
        
          . Functions:
               1. Emotions              
               2. Temper/Violence/Rage              
               3. Sorrow              
               4.feelings of pleasure/pleasantness
               5.motivation
               6.learning
 
CRANIAL NERVES:  pp. 449-559    (Be able to IDENTIFY
                                 the Name; Roman numeral;
                                 Origin; Motor/Sensory/
                                 Mixed; and FUNCTIONS)
          Table 14.1
          
          Cranial Nerves with a few functions listed
 
            I. Olfactory         Odor   
           II. Optic             Vision
          III. Oculomotor        SR, MR, IR, IO (extrinsic
                                 eye
                                 muscles)
           IV. Trochlear         SO
            V. Trigeminal        Ophthalmic, Maxillary,
                                 Mandibular
                                 Divisions; 
           VI. Abducens          LR
          VII. Facial            Taste, facial expression,
                                 tears, saliva
         VIII. Vestibulocochlear Auditory, Equilibrium
           IX. Glossopharyngeal  Posterior tongue, pharynx
            X. Vagus             Heart rate, visceral
                                 sensory, etc.
           XI. Spinal Accessory  Trapezius, SCM
          XII. Hypoglossal       Tongue
                        
          . 12 Pair with Roman Numerals
          . Pass through foramen magnum of skull and other
            foramen/fissures
          . Named anterior to posterior
          . 2 pair from forebrain, 10 pair for mid-brain
            and brainstem
          . II and IV are contralateral
          .    Sensory  I, II, VIII
               Motor    III, IV, VI, XI, XII
               Mixed    V, VII, IX, X
                        (Note: Only I, and II are “pure”,
                         whereas
                         the Motor have some afferent
                         fibers)
 
          . Origin:     I, II              Cerebrum
                        III, IV            Midbrain
                        V, VI, VII, VIII   Pons (VIII
                                            Shared
                                            with
                                            Medulla)
                        IX, X, XI, XII     Medulla  
 
 
CEREBELLUM:       pp.529-530
          . Location –posterior part of brain
          . Granule and Purkinje cells -
          . Two hemispheres (4 deep nuclei in each
            Hemisphere)
                Transverse fissure
                Tenorium cerebelli (dura mater)
                Falx cerebelli (dura mater)
          . Arbor vitae -
          . Folia –
          . 10% brain mass-
 
          . Major Structures:
             
              1. Vermis-gross motor correlation; connects
2hemispheres
            
              2. Lateral Hemispheres -
            
              3. Flocculonodular Lobes-
                 Inferior Peduncle (tract -
 
           FUNCTIONS:
           . Smooths actions of muscle groups by
             regulating and grading muscle tension
           . Does not initiate any movements
           . Monitors SENSORY input from muscles, tendons,   
             joints, and vestibular organs or
             PROPRIOCEPTIVE INPUTS (the sense of
             relative position of one body
             part to another)
           . Ataxia; Intention tremor; cerebral Palsy