College of Engineering Education

2nd Floor, BE Building

Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Determine the antiderivatives or the

indefinite integrals of a given functions using the fundamental
integration formulas.

Metalanguage
For you to demonstrate ULOb, you will need to familiarize with the essential
terms and symbols relevant to the discussion in this section. Please refer to these
definitions in case you will encounter these terms and symbols. Also, please note that
you will be required to refer to the previous principles found in ULOa section.

Terms/Symbols Meaning
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Integral of 𝑓 with respect to x

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Integrand

𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Variable of integration

Integrate Find the integral
An integral of 𝑓 A function 𝐹 such that 𝐹 ( ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Integration The process of finding the integral
Any real number 𝐶, considered as constant in the
Constant of Integration
function

Essential Knowledge

Fundamental Integration Formulas.

Since integration is the inverse of differentiation, to integrate any given function we must
reduce it to one or more of the differentials of the elementary functions, expressed by
the fundamental formula of Differential Calculus. Formulas below follow immediately
from the standard differentiation formulas.

A. Basic Integrals

1. ∫ [𝑓(𝑢)]𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑢) + 𝐶

2. ∫[𝑓(𝑢) + g(𝑢)] 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 + ∫ g(𝑢)𝑑𝑢

3. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

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4. ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝐶 , (𝑎 is constant)

5. ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , (n ≠ 1)

6. ∫ = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝐶

B. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7. ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 + 𝐶

8. ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , (a > 1, 𝑎 ≠ 1 )

9. ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| − 𝑢 + 𝐶

C. Trigonometric Functions

10. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶

11. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶
12. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐| + 𝐶
13. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑖𝑛| + 𝐶
14. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶
15. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢| + 𝐶
16. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶
17. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 + 𝐶
18. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶
19. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶

D. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

20. ∫ √ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶

21.∫ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶

22. ∫ √
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝐶

E. Hyperbolic Functions

23. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶

24. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
25.∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢| + 𝐶
26. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢| + 𝐶

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Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

27. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶

28. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
29. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
30. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶

Proof of formula 5 and 6.

To derive formula 5,
Since 𝑑 (𝑢 ) = (𝑛 + 1)𝑢 𝑑𝑢,
therefore 𝑢 = ∫(𝑛 + 1)𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑛 + 1) ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢.
Hence ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =

Formula 6 follows directly from

𝑑(𝑙𝑛|𝑢|) =

Note: Formula 5 applies to all values of 𝑛 except 𝒏 = −1. For this value it gives
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = = = ∞ , formula 6 provides for this failing case.

Example:

Integrate the following expressions.

For Equations 1 – 3: Basic Integrals

1. Evaluate ∫(𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

∫(𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 with the use of substitution method, we can replace 𝑥 + 3 with 𝑢. Then
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢. And use formula 5 above.

= ∫𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 = 𝑢 + 𝐶 then substitute 𝑢 with 𝑥 + 3

= (𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶

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2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

2. Evaluate ∫(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

If we apply formula 5, letting 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1, and 𝑛 = ; then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥. We must then

introduce a factor 2 before the 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, and consequently its reciprocal on the left of ∫,
thus

∫(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 3) 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= +𝐶

= +𝐶

Another solution: By Substitution Method

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 , thus

∫(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑢 𝑥

= ∫𝑢 𝑑𝑢 then use formula 5

= +𝐶

= + 𝐶

= + C

3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
√

Solution:

/
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 2) (3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
√
/
= +𝐶
/
/
= (𝑥 + 2) +𝐶
/
= (𝑥 + 2) +𝐶

Note: It can also be evaluated by making the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2, and 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥

For Equations 4 – 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

4. Evaluate ∫ .

Solution:

∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶 by formula 6

5. Evaluate the integral ∫ .

Solution:

∫ = ∫
= 𝑙𝑛|2𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶

Another solution: By Substitution Method

Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥, thus

∫ =∫
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
= 𝑙𝑛|2𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶 Substituting back the value of u.

6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

By substitution: let 𝑢 = −𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥, thus

∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
=− 𝑒 + 𝐶
=− 𝑒 + 𝐶

7. Evaluate ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑎 (2𝑑𝑥)
= +𝐶

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2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

/
8. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
/
/
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −∫𝑒 −
/
=−𝑒 + 𝐶

Note: It can also be solved by substitution. Let 𝑢 = , 𝑑𝑢 = −

For Equations 9 – 12: Trigonometric Functions

Proof:
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢| + 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠| + 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐| + 𝐶
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶
( )
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶

9. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥(3𝑑𝑥)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝐶

10. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

By substitution: let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥, thus

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
= +𝐶

11. Evaluate ∫(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

∫(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 2ln |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥| + 𝐶

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Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

12. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

∫𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =- ∫𝑒 (−6𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
=− +𝐶

Another solution: By Substitution Method

Let 𝑢 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = −6𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥, thus

∫𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 −
=- ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
=- 𝑒 + 𝐶
=- +𝐶

For Equations 13 – 15: Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

13. Evaluate ∫ √ .

Solution:

∫√ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶 where 𝑎 = 1, 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑢 = 𝑥 , 𝑢 = 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

14. Evaluate ∫ .
√

Solution:

Since 𝑢 = 𝑥 , 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 , so to normalize, multiply both the numerator

and denominator by 2x, thus the resulting expression becomes

∫ = ∫
√ ( )

= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶

15. Evaluate ∫ .

Solution:

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Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Since there is no equivalent formula for this expression, it needs to be manipulated first
so that the fundamental integral formulas listed above can be applied, hence

∫ =∫
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑒 + 𝐶

For Equations 16 - 17: Hyperbolic Functions:

16. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

By substitution method, let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 3 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥, thus

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (4𝑥 + 3) 4𝑑𝑥 by normalization

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (4𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶

17. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

∫ 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 | + 𝐶

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson.

* Hass, J., Weir, M., Thomas Jr., G. (2012). University Calculus: Early Transcendental.
Philippines: Pearson Education South Asia.
* Stewart, J. (2000). Calculus: Concepts and Contexts. Pacific Grove, CA: Brook/Cole.
* Ayres Jr., F. & Mendelson, E. (1990). Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of
Differential and Integral Calculus. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Let’s Check

Activity 1. After learning to solve integral equations from the examples discussed you
will now be able to evaluate the following indefinite integral using the fundamental
integral formulas introduced above.

𝟑
1. ∫ 𝒙𝟔 𝒅𝒙 2. ∫ √𝒛 𝒅𝒛

3. ∫(𝟏 − 𝒙 ) √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 4. ∫(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟖𝒙𝟐 𝟑
5. ∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 6. ∫ √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 𝟐

𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
7. ∫ 8. ∫
𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟏

𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙
9. ∫ 10. ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒙

𝒅𝒙 𝟏
11. ∫ 12. ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝒙 𝟏 𝟐

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
13. ∫ 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 14. ∫
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒚

15. ∫(𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟐𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 16. ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
17. ∫ 18. ∫
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐

(𝒙 𝟑)𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 𝟏)
19. ∫ 20. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝒙 𝟖

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1. In this activity you are required to integrate again the following functions
using the fundamental integration formulas and techniques learned previously.

1. ∫(2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 2. ∫(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

( )
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑦 4. ∫ 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫(𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫(𝑎𝑏 ) 𝑑𝑥

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7. ∫ √
8. ∫ 𝑑𝑥

9. ∫ √ 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫

11. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 12. ∫ √ 𝑑𝑥

13. ∫ 14. ∫ 𝑑𝑥

15. ∫
( )

In a Nutshell
In integration, most of the fundamental formulas follow immediately from the standard
differentiation formulas. However, there are functions which do not have an equivalent
integral but can be manipulated mathematically in such a way that it will have a
corresponding integral. It is very important that the students master these formulas and
the techniques being used in integration as these are the foundation in understanding
and mastering the subject.

Q&A List

Questions/Issues Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

This section lists down the keywords that help students for recall. Keywords are similar
to Metalanguage but without the definitions and descriptions. This section includes
concepts (a word or phrase), ideas, theories, names of people, and other vital terms to
remember. Technically speaking, all those included in the Metalanguage should be
part of the Keywords. However, Keywords can also include other important concepts or
ideas not stipulated in the Metalanguage. This section also helps in the review.

 Exponential Functions  Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 Logarithmic Functions  Hyperbolic Functi
 Trigonometric Functions

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2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

References

[1] J. Stewart, Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Pacipic Grove, CA: Brook/Cole,
2000.

[2] Ayres Jr.,F. and Mendelson, E., Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of
Differential and Integral Calculus, USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1990.

[3] Hass, J., Weir, M., and Thomas Jr, G., University Calculus: early transcendental,
Philippines: Pearson Education South Asia, 2012.

[4] Gibilisco, S. Calculus Know-it-all: Beginner to advanced, and everything in

between, USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009.

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