CALCULUS MAP 2173

CALCULUS MAP 2173

CHAPTER 2 DIFFERENTIATION LECTURE NOTES

Revision

Laws of Indices Basic Operations in Algebra

a m  a n  a mn a  b  c   a  b   c
abc  abc
am
 a m n
a n ab ba
a b  a b
a  m n
 a mn
ab  ba
ab n  a nb n ab  c   ab  ac
ab a b
a an
n
 
   n ,b  0 c c c
b b
a  bc  d   ac  ad  bc  bd
a  1, a  0
0
a  b 2  a  b a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2
1
a n  , a0
an
m
n
am  a n

ab  a b

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CALCULUS MAP 2173

2.1 FIRST PRINCIPLE OF DIFFERENTIATION

The gradient of a straight line which passes through the points A x1 , y1  and B x 2 , y 2  is given
y 2  y1
by m AB  . However, this is not true on a curve.
x 2  x1

Consider the curve shown below:

If A is  x, f  x  and B is  x  h, f  x  h  , then the gradient of a curve is given by

f x  h   f x 
f  x  = lim
h 0 h

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CALCULUS MAP 2173

2.2 Differentiation of Common Functions:

dy
Symbol or y  has various interpretations:
dx

a) the change in y due to the change in x

b) the differentiation of y with respect to x
c) the first differential
d) the first derivative or y 
e) the gradient of a curve / slope
f) the rate of change

df
DERIVATIVE OF: f OR f
dx

The Power Rule,

ax n anx n 1
where a is a constant

sin ax a cos ax

Trigonometric Functions cos ax  a sin ax

tan ax a sec 2 ax

Exponential Functions e ax ae ax

1
Logarithmic Functions ln ax
x

fg   gf 
fg
OR
The Product Rule OR
dv du
uv u v
dx dx

g f   fg 
f
g2
g

The Quotient Rule OR

OR
du dv
u v u
dx dx
v 2
v

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CALCULUS MAP 2173

dy dy du
The Chain Rule y  f u   
dx du dx

When x and y are given in

terms of a parameter, say, t , dy dy dt
Differentiation in Parameters  
then by the chain rule of dx dt dx
differentiation

Implicit Differentiation:

Many implicit functions such as x 2  3xy  4 y 3  7 cannot be expressed in the form of

y  f  x  . It is for this reason that we must have a technique for differentiating implicit
functions:

d 2
dx
 
d
x  3 xy  
dx
d
dx
 
4y3 
d
dx
7 

Parametric Differentiation:

When x and y are given in terms of a parameter, say, t , then by the chain rule of
differentiation:

dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx

Higher Order Derivatives

If y  f  x  , then

dy
1. or y' or f  x  is called the first derivative of y with respect to x .
dx
d2y
2. or y  or f  x  is called the second derivative of the original function.
dx 2
d3y
3. or y  or f  x  is called the third derivative of the original function.
dx 3

 This process of differentiating a function more than once is called successive differentiation.

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CALCULUS MAP 2173

TUTORIAL

1. Find the derivative of the following functions by first principle:

a) f  x   3x 1
f) f x    3x
x
b) f  x   2 x  1 1
g) f x  
x
c) f x   x 2 h) f  x   x 2  8 x  9 at x  3
d) f x   5 x  3
2
i) f  x   1  x  2 x 2 at x 
1
2
e) f x   x j) f  x   4 x  6 x  5 at x  2
2

2. Solve the following differentiate:

a) y  x 5 b) y  2x 6 c) y  9 x 3
d) y  2 x 8 3x 4 f) y  4
3
e) y 
7 7x
g) y  e 4 9
x5 4
h) y  i) y  5
8 x
j)  
y  sin 2 x 3 k) y  sin x 3 l) 
y  cos 3x 2  2 x  1 
y  tan x  1
2
5 x 
2
m) o) y  e 2 x
n) y  2 tan 

 7 
p) y  e x 2 r) y  6e 3 x
2
2
q) y  5 x
e

s) y 
e x x
2
t) y  e x  3 u) y  ln 4 x 2  
5
ln x  5  1 
v) y  w) y  6 ln x 2  x) y  ln 
8    5x 

y) y  ln x 3  2 x  4
z) y  ln x  3  
5

3  3
3. Find the gradient of the curve y  at the point  4,  .
2 x  4
4. Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y  33 x 2 where the gradient is 1.
dy
5. If y  4 x  3x 2 , find the value of x when  0.
dx

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CALCULUS MAP 2173

4 x 3  8x 2  6 x
6. If f  x   , find the coordinates of the point at which the gradient is
2x
a) Zero
b) 4

7. Find the gradient of a curve for each of the following:

a) y  x 25  3x 2 b) y  3 x  5 x 7
2 3 4
7 6 1
c) y   2 1 d) y  x  x 3  x 4 
8
 x 2
x x 9 3
x5 x
 
1
4  3 x 2  2 x  54 x 3

e) y  3 2 x  x  
2
f) y 
 5x  x2
g) y  2 x 3  cos 2 x h) y  sin e 2 x   x
i) y  5e 2 x  cos 3x  3 ln 2 x  5 x 2 7
j) y  3  2 tan 3 x
x

k) y  x  2 x  5
2 3
  l) y  x 2 cos x
m) y  x 3 ln 2 x n) y  9 sin x cos 2 x
o) y  e 2 x ln 3x p) y  e 7 x cos x
1  2x x 1
q) y  r) y
2x x 1
cos x  sin x ln 2 x
s) y t) y  3 x
cos x  sin x e
u) y 
cos 3 x
v) y 
tan x  
2e 3 x 6x 7

dy
8. Find for:
dx
 
1
y  2 x  cos x  4
7
a) y  1  2 x 2 g)
h) y  e sin 3 x 
2
2
b) y  x 2  1

c) y  5 x 4   
6
i) y  2  x  1  x 
4 2

1
d) y  j) y  e 2 x ln3x 
2 x  16
1  3x
e) y  k) y 
x2  x 1
3
x2

f) y 2
1
l) y 

sin 3 x 2  5 
2 x  3x  1 2
x
e 7

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CALCULUS MAP 2173

dy
9. Find by implicit differentiation:
dx
a) xy  x 2 b) y 2  2  2 xy
c) tan  xy   x 3  5 x d) 3e 5 y 1  sin y  x
e) x 2 y  3xy 3  x  3 1 1
f)  1
x y
 
g) sin x 2 y 2  x
h) ln y  e x 
x
y
i) x 3  x 2 y  4 y 2  6 at 3,  1  3 
j) x 2  sin x cos y  0 at   , 
 2 

dy dy
10. Determine in terms of the parameter given and hence find the value of at the
dx dx
point stated.
dy
a) If x  3t  1 and y = 3t (t – 2), find in terms of parameter t.
dx
4
b) The rectangular hyperbola x  4t , y  , at t = 0.25
t
dy 
c) The ellipse x  2 cos  , y  3 sin  , find the value of when   .
dx 6
1 dy
d) The parabola x  t 2 , y  t , find the value of at t  ln 1.3 , correct to four
2 dx
significant figures.
dy 
e) The cycloid x  3(  cos  ), y  3(1  cos  ), find the value of when  
dx 2
radians, correct to four decimal places.

11. Find y  and y  for each of the following functions:

a) y  3x 3  2 x 2  4 x  7 b) y  1  2 x
x2 1 1
c) y  d)  1
2  x2 y x

d 2 y dy
12. If y  x  2 ln x , show that x  1  0 .
dx 2 dx
d2y
13. Given that y  e  x sin x . Calculate when x  0 .
dx 2

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CALCULUS MAP 2173

Answers:

1.
1
a) 3 b) -2 c) 2 x d) 10 x e)
2 x
1 1
f) 3  g) 
2 x  3
x2
h) -2 i) -1 j) -10

2.
a) 5x 4 b) 12x 5 27
c) 
x4
16 12 x 3 12
d) e) f)  5
x9 7 7x
g) 0 5 4
h) i) 
9 5
72 x 4 5 x6
j)  
6 x 2 cos 2 x 3 k)
3
x cos x 3  
l)  6 x  2 sin 3x 2  2 x  1 
2

m) 2 x sec 2 x 2  1  2 5 x  o) 
4x
n) sec 2  

2
5
35 x 4
 7  e 2x
e x 10 r) 36 xe 3 x
2
2
p) q)  5 x
2 x e
 2x  1  x2  x e x 3
u)
2
s)  e t)
 5  2 x x
1 15 1
v) w) x) 
16 x x x
3x 2  2 2
y) 3
x  2x
z)
5 x  x 3 
3
3. 
32

4. 8,12
2
5. x 
3

6. a) 1,1 b) 2,3

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CALCULUS MAP 2173

7.
a) 25 x 24  6 x b) 3  35 x 6
1 6 43 x 28 x 3 10 1 2
c)   3 d) 8 x  7
    3
x3 x 3 9 3
x 8
2 x x
3 12 3 25
e) 6   f) 
2 x3 5x 2 x 5 44 x 9
g) 6 x 2  2 sin 2 x
h) 2e 2 x cos e 2 x 
1
 
2 x
3 21
i) 10e 2 x  3 sin 3 x   10 x j)  4  6 sec 2 3 x
x x
k) 5 x 4  6 x 2  10 x l)  x 2 sin x  2 x cos x
m) x 2  3 x 2 ln 2 x n)  18 sin x sin 2 x  9 cos x cos 2 x
e2x p)  e 7 x sin x  7 e 7 x cos x
o)  2e 2 x ln 3x
x
5 1
q) r)
2  x 2 x x 1  
2

2 1  3 x ln 2 x
s) t)
cos x  sin x 2 xe 3 x
 3sin 3 x  cos 3 x  sec 2 x 7 tan x
u) v) 
2e 3 x 12 x 15 6x8

8.


a)  28 x 1  2 x 2 6
b)
x
c) 

120 5 x  4    5

x2 1 x5
d)
 12
e) 
2 x  1 f) 
4 x  3
2 x  17 
33 x 2  x  1 4

2 x 2  3x  1
2

2  sin x 6 x cos3x  2 e    22  x  1  x 4  3 x 
sin 3 x 2  2 3
g) h) 2
i)
44 2 x  cos x 
3

j)
1 
e 2 x   2 ln 3 x  k)
 12  3 x 
6 x cos 3 x 2  5   2 sin 3x 2
5 
x  
2 x2 
3 l)
e
2
7
x
7e
2
7
x

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CALCULUS MAP 2173

9.
2x  y y
a) b)
x yx
3x 2  5  y sec 2  xy  d)
1
c)
x sec 2  xy  15e 5 y 1
 cos y 
1  2 xy  3 y 3  y
3
e) f)   
x 2  9 xy 2  x
 

g)

1  2 xy 2 cos x 2 y 2  h)
y 1  e y 
x


2 x 2 y cos x 2 y 2  x  y 
i)  21 j) 2

10.
a) 2t  2 b) – 16 c) – 2.598
d) 3.811 e) 0.5000

11.
a) 9 x 2  4 x  4 , 18x  4 1 1
b) , 
1  2x  1  2x 3

c)

x 4  x2 , 
2 4  7x2 d)
dy y2
 2 ,
d 2 y 2 y 3  2 xy 2

2  x  2  x 
3 5
2 2 2 2 dx x dx 2 x4

12. Shown
13. – 2

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