UII1-1

Lvolulitn of Distnbuted (orrpulg

Sealable Compulng Ova t Inlenet
* In this topic le study about how distrhudd
Computing has been ovolved h ing intet
A
CovevS volutien of Sntont
Scalabde Compuding vend and technolo7ios
New Compulung tano.digms.

Revoluten oTnteaned:
The moun objective of Iotounetis to Connect th
billions of people
om olden day3 till non theu au
hnolc
es have been evol ved
h e s e technoloqtes descnbos aboul t lonpuiator
plas foem8 from 91o3 to 9cod
4 Maintsa mes This technolog Present ivn lior
141os. 14 is an evample of Centralizcd
Compng. In Cenialized lompule all les
VOAS dng Storoage daisbases. Tt is
impon ton
we4or Govt. and buwines Oranizatuons
a owe Oost Mint onpluteus Tislatfomn
Compulers
klas prebent fnm 1960. 1780."Th
Air231)09
CompeiterstreH°VAg9'3 Fon197o M1o o
esonal
pu 8autey to
tont.
HAPPeMonal Conpies or fessona aylpaJ
 DY
n ttus putod XA
ortoble Compulevs with pe vcnve (1980-200)
(Smau Cas) (Eveynosna)
Thee pexvanive devices and Porta
po0T ta ble
Computers We ed -for ived$ live les
applications Pevasive devico Will ue icroContal
emeddrd Oth
eTS
(tn:Supexonmutea)
5 HPc and +i ysns High pehormani lorapuy
i thmghptt Conmputeur 110tllnea).
This lonmpilin Wean Aed for qrtd cloua Compuig
ecknologie
T i main dojeetive a} ttt is pahoming odons in quih
time
This Computey hle ukd m te ofplicatuons heE
ta time f Pehprmon is inmportant like Scientiie
nioeing afplicakons , Manuaeluniing Haath ele
Tuis lonplus lCemmuni celn eash otlus Te
Phom A peciie lask tn les tiu
ths numbet th Task tonglet
HTCThoughutt maans

Inunit lmi
tte
loatosks tony1itadin i t o tuue is
ssmain bbjectiver e
The so/p ot Task, is onpovtant. eThese
applicct oms Mut ontuts Telice ble lommunicauen ,
o Secd, enerq{y@nd costs
HTC Sqstunn oms meiny johg-al Sanne unt
Loith Loith d{taent nput.
o r t u Soume
 H2Comfula L.onod Posadigms
Theu aeb Tpes Conpulalonal psadi9mg.Thay au:

0 Centolizool lonputing
1 Ponalll Conuting

( Distbutid lonputin
(u) cloud Conpülny

Centvalized Conmuluny: Il oll uw tle T0laovki

manfromes In this all tu
Plat om knoion as
ill be prejenl at tenliu and
COnputational usouu
ces

be Cennchd o =lhal Cent

ralized
atl tta client i l
a u Seives
vekouues
Sysloms Cenputalena ete
Centainend and nlloork Cnyonerils
ol alatase
Mainfrom

SAves, DB

tluis lonyrdong Peuadi9m .

()Yonal ConpilingIn e able lo pekorm
multipmconor Syslems
tune In pulcilel preyrg
tunne
fobs/ louki ala
aud Paalle
al' tsatly (oupleed roti, Ccntalerd
Q4us p cejaoas
Shaudmnuo4 OY,
menmgi tbis iteshndoa itiib
dndual eccli o
tertsnlicete toith
Pakat peo cuoty

brúsCoviiing,iastbis. (emyetaluenal
(5 Disn
TeX0uces au and by eu tle cluns/0stuy. and
 i distvilutrf t. aull plores B ttis, nfovmate
dent destrbilb4 qesonc
Cnchange ill be am
paswing In
luis t l e roqram
y whing ns
klhich mns tm a Atmbritr ConfilesI known a
dit hibute4 Conullin9
eloud (onlng
Sev yieva
SevcLs Murnor

t) Cloud Cmgutng Tnthà Conpudaten Tech.nokog

thi HPe and fic wed to poovid
plat-formu auu

weu ?hu toud Conjutino

Sexvicesfor billievu s e
18& technoloqy klhich conteins phyrical
Vn tual esoucej ove lange dala Centres that a
Centializud g distrbrtrdond provides Se vice
Aclod tonping 19 a technoleqy llith
PRovides 9 typs e Seavices
)nfra.staurluu as a SerVice (Taas)
Plat vom a a Sevice ( faas)
( Stp) asa serviie ( Sacs)

(5)10 21 is acuunt Technoleqyilkeu ti

lonneetid t
evenyday obeils 4hings WIll be
inttrt wriugrcat thinielie Puvile
sfovites 1 e hlithouk human/cati. m ttia
apnl ne tlings il also (onlaus Cenyuleis,
SenspR Soctlatos humans el
Sealable Conputi trends technologtes:
dexrib
t l s terknologies tu degu of ponullelism
,

sOucesto
about how distibuted Computing utilize ttu
per form Concunnt actens. The dodk oh poonaluusn tlis
peA form

hnes tot howthe action hlin bopeformid fom

Poust yeuus lhu au 5 tyfe dgau of feaalledim:

t level pala le lism, Ris is tis oldun techoolo7y

lhene ext cuitod bit klise
inst vuttions ae

H tes San yTs, Tus

() nstuiuen ve panalllium:
in tlu foorm ot Hovds To
bits a Combinsd togetten
peomts

(3 Datalevel paaallim: n tlstechookogy single

MuHiple D
nstruetio (stmD) tyf* e Mocines
and t i s
hle wpelDtle vel poyallelismy
pen
Lechnoloq sequiu epenive
parallulim: Tn ttis techenolo1 tta
(4) Task level
ied into task.nd tlhoe
instu luons kler clai
ontuuumnt ty by uving niultipl
tasks wler perkomid
ple r.
multipweeor
Core Plo cumoi
cuent-
TJP) Thu is th
s)Joblevel pouallu lim: ( tosks a c
distributud ystinesie.
esuoloay uwd in
divdetntoobs.v9u))

n this topic le study okout, N/uw ehriloqjes -J

 inside t t
MuHiCore CPo A cove is an tnpostanl pot
action.
To pehonm a apat ali
kthich is able
Processor
Contains more o . Cores.
Single pocekor
Core usd Core , Oela Core etc
-n: Dual
Cove Supports tiuu puollism at
The Multi proemors

TLPTPevols

Multi Ore prouO YS

tore 1
core COve n
Li Cocke

coche

esev
Gtacke De
n MutiCore rchitedtiu a Sigl pecenor Contains mor
no(ors These Coves will sue tte menuoiy at 3 levels

Level : Te Cacs mimoky ill be present foY

level
Co ch Cove those a Loosely Coupled ue level Cace
minchwill shcua Common'.lcwl Cacl nitaoly
ond t t Level 2 Cocu mermoky i to ttu Pkocews
At level3 b DRAmkill hu tu däta to,levd

inMutiCoi Sqtamtai' apoblo kneuon a

MenmoWoth pcldariet leval 1, Catl njney
djends en levol a Cacu morny, M levala C&cke nu
 Coe
amo 0 Ove(ont tlus Proklern a
many
PU Syshms hlade evolved
Grok able t perfovm 86
MuHilore GPus ase au

bit instnuilons

Mutti Thursd ecknoloy A tlousd i a lt bleigkt

Poce 10 perform Multithie ding in Multilove Sysum
ana
technoloies
thuu at 5 ifortant povcexor
h o e r d "jus-y ane:

Seipe Scale hocewor.

pouor
)ine 97an Multithraded
Conuse qrain Mulli tlhse
oaded pouor.
()
Core pocewoY
(4 ual
Multithaeaded froceior.
() Simul taneeus

Th tollowi n
taseat and each Proceyo
hatay yfos in-fovmauen
Contains core colunn Jives
Th
column> tim 9ve
abou Sujor Scala pocesor a
Cese 9voun, yth
column-> Diel to
g 1a Cowmn
MulHi threaded procusOY
Th elurnn i m l t a n t 0 u
 Turods
hud

Thaend Tucody
Coos
i greun CMuHi1adYrcoxel
SeyenSel euwor MulHi houde
ProccKO Y
CMT

im

hud S

sle slot (bknk)

S mfaneouy
dual Cove mudi thueeoded
2 Pgyor mulki
SM1 povceNoy
Thseed)

Syarele PwoEMo t i s Aielitorue -ttu instuiler

exccuti. AfTes Comylelion o
m Som tlarad a
et thuad it ot cles anotta thued.
 Tn ihis t
fint roin MuHithuoded ounor:
ill be suwitchod
instruetios dom didfeunt thueds
e Cydes
MuHithcded o cWof n this procoY cull
Coase
om Same lusad ill bo 0acutod
bekoro
instuetievns
Stcing freo to oanothey thued
eltas -hoo tuse ds
us Coe Tus procunoY
eadh cove
Simu taniously In

y dtferunt
It ts able to eec
Simullane ous MT
tncads Simultanto ly
us

a)GRO Sysems Compeeting VivtualMonary,

CGropieol proceming nil) nuoni
Sizu Memory
iMupror Muliprouoi
CP
evi e Memo mumry

ArchitueTut' A gophics
Th follooiq -tque shoss GPU
a ev cenut
dcuelnator nnourtael
Coye pocemor (o/) more no. dh multito-
tontauns
gaphics Cad n GPU it OY
Sevves (ov)
eny
poceyorg t is wed in Hpc Sysums
au able to perjorn E
obile phones GPU"machiries
Pyo2'
9 Memo Storuge lid deu Nebororking:
TkaMenionyrdahinigtlhe Paimay inmony
elatid
touerta(PM) Storase deeresSacenctuy soiu toh ich
amount of dta. for dushibalid
S ad to store, Aaigu
CppubwtSped -tte proewor activit itrequirg
langen mioi capaeily. Hencë, fromtl ean /17 the PAN1
 . 67 qB pm in 901.
fwm 16 EB RAM I7 fo,
Siae has in tuaud SizL I8 tor,
incuad in
Stovoge have been
The Secendary Copulng tlu utN S
uMNS
tho dutnbul of-le Logies
choologies
f-le choo
tmee iroportant types
deuloped iot (locofreo N)
hoso aro: () tA
Avea N/)
() SAN (Storagr
( ehort
AHochad toogr)
(3) NAS
bo3 vchunalon
shoes selálionsup
7he ollowing fig.
lient host

kliwed WAS AN
AN

riquui'res 3 imjorlant
tor any nelworkirq dechnoloqy .i
those av chuts &eves, NlJo storoge.
Cononunt

ohich Coves distaree a

A: uloeal Area Nluo
Connets t
hig, tu tAN technoloy
pro 4o
Clients SexverS
veu l
w Stora ge -h eo N[u it connec th Sey
Stinl:
Such as euic AMays 18

N Storae dneel

Vitual altia 8 ViTtwalization

3#
riclod Copadogokaóley t vtut
Middle hlás t tuaacb iaus ysa vito
 qole o, maumizing tus o c s to povide tlu
Sarvic es for billiovs vf Ds Thi main advanli4e
of Vnluad Marhines make
ths full utiliztan
phyticol Mauhine So tuat
it is eay to tuuid diffounl
peckive Th plotfom VMs av maunly
ues Df Sw ines
clouds,tlusleus, grids, and ditfeent typs
eel in
w ehnologies
is povvicien to
we tha hfa of tl. pkyic-
M yfervisoA

Maekuiat by Uin. a iest 0s

laey olle
t
a "middlewau
for YM
Maulint Mani tor1Previds ier
VMIMVista
Vistual ackine hesl plApomdle
intoac bl Can polomt Savices o
tle qhest Os -ta su
By wnvg t l a r e u i s of. hust Mesin
Kacuines by Lelllizing
Vintral
(lyicl rlini)
7une a
3types of Vws
ypes oVintaad Machints:
Nlative VirtMalu
Pury a 0 ) Vitual Maclt
()Hot
Matlis
oprivileqed (3 uo-l Kode Ut
fod rerlicatienstoyne

Pero Sorvisd

Spae Hadwsa

VM id)unled
 lative Vatu Malin: gt lill te Cyeattd by Uing
mode so,
priviloged
YMA tov)-tlypr visoro physical
eill bo Cvetd te in
ken
that o V
M will u tu bo t inpautof
Mackinehot uvice
and ovides
uns lenrinuosly.

pluy Siea Maehine

Hlost Vistud achine

VMM in Norn-prvibrpd
w i l l bo Creatu by Mornl
ocble t w the tH/o pals ara
mods. Tui ym
powides SewCe nng Host Os Gust afS -Hoad dick
Dual Mode Vwtunl Makint: t artsa RAM
In tuen V u
both Native g tbst hrtus{ Maclint
f Sent d
be pveicnt in priviepad
4 o MM wi
Nen-privliapd mod.

Vistu Makinc3 hle can porkon y

.Cpudoms On
On VM tay
a: 0) Multiplexig
Cpealuony ti
2) Stoppin9 Stoving
Stalus ok VM
(3) Kesuuming tlu V-
spe ivinpnd
Migvat
ysica
Multipleung VM's oill he multipkriol anou tuhio
iaehius Becu if multipkning , tha, awscurceilikt
nnory. Sturage (PUand vauious ayplientions hlauld e
inuuased
Tntta' alou t7 to av & pkytica Mto mazhina
 Tn phsiral Maekin ,0 Virlual
Mar kines have cuald vMI, VM wn
Vmmvmm

VMMWith t Muttipleuing Opaualum

Stoun

MuHipleving

a Stopping and Stoxtin Slalus 7{ VM

Aban be Suspendeel and its stalus oillho kored in
Setomay Storage ie tle Slatus f a V is nothing bu
tht unning slale oh aps an 0s at that patitulal
pPoint hi
A VM wil/ bo Suspended bcauy of hiouu Aeayms
Vm
V

Mm Vmm
: Supo'm (Stora ge)
Storog
I n abore -y mi, has born huendod and the Stales i

Aps DA au stoned in storagr

3asum tu VM:A Susfanded Vn Can Rustnt
be

plat form- fnd Thex stalu o

Provisianed to a s u a h
Suspendid VM ill he colecud hen Stenag

n thu abe fig,ts

Sulfeodei
Aas boen
3esumvd
V, V
in a ew platform (lyste
Maelints).
tonoStora
 cre
V M e a r be migvatd fom
1)Mgrotic tn g u i i n n
lotterm au
form t anctl
plad
Alithacd Suyerahing
n th hove {2, h VM
shifb4opkpiced

Mocbins &

ignatm
2Dala ontre irtualization: for tloud
Conputing Tatu lentu vey much imyertant
Stnco clad lervpaling nauii kuge voune dels
for billiru tf wes. tHenue,tta dot Conbus mut
Vrtualixsd 6y thounand: tt Sevess Vrtualizsio
gr:is wnd to handle tu daln danu chellirga by
1 trnic holunctng, fauull tolivanca f expanda bilita
Cluterg of Cocperatuve Cemipiie
4cluster isa Set of Cooporative Stardalont(hud).
Comfutrvsand niok Cooperoti vely as a Sing
intega tnd tonfutin esõur ce en: AN, NS, SN
(tthaut)
ai) Clusler-Avcbileitu
 Acstes
(.
Sor ves

Jntonet
(tthuntt Myyi net
SnfiniBandele)

n a Cluater ovely mathine kotl be lo suly Coupleds

Atth theiu Own mmory frd, eath machines Sevice
Kil be knacn as an imaje ko that au hu imaps
na
theslu hi mapd into a Sirg bysurninige
(ssa)
Bcaux of ssT, a clusten is able to Provide a
Cornmon heavice. To pufoym a sS? thu clus u must
Yeaure a ddicat OS hith musl- manages tu
Shand eluste AuOLLACeS
VPN(Stua
for Secuuty pupore the clustu can we a

po'vati N), t is enctusively uxd for Gcua ty lspos

elusla kll heve mainly 8 inpovtant dengn
challnges@ cluster Os
ohith tonneet
), cluster MiadlehlattS/o
a hall thu lonyulets.

4rid Con/ttinq niastructues

 entive
autprunt

dovicel

(T inter cloudy

Comfut utimad 9viorgnd pwriding Confutin9

uti l2,
data, and information sevitu threugh Tekouue
Shoing and COopeiatien ameng patiripating Orgontráli
7
A Gid Conisting ag a o infrostrutluu whi
Ratakae
Conneits Corvputeu sws, middu wans,
toiages
Secial instoumeil, humcnb, enSors, and So c
Thie ri mainly povide Cogutatin Sevice
Communicalwn Setues, Rata Stovaye 8avices ar:

Irosactiern Savicein entd bouis

Theuo mauny 3-types Trids:
Comput ativnal Grid.
2 Data Guid
() PoP Gvid
i Cor-pudetional nTus Gvid pooolus teaako
Conputational Suvice rfor tuse rthin Gved
at tle Sa vet Side it s Atth -lhigk
Confiqund 6ystng at.clint Side rtisa Wred t

hlired les n ki obil evit Hoyte

Usexs.

Enta Gnid: Tha Gid poovkes tte botvitsy tb

a)
 Datakrse dise Atpaqe de vees.
(on) pec t Pee: 7n ths lype id
5) foint to foint
Providod HW Mahin
t Ma.Lin
the Bevvices iill be

tw)feu fa, by whing prlfic oplicalum

5Cloved Conuling Suvice Ovienlud huchitectiu
wlich tontoinsa
cleud Gonpuitung Technology
i a

htith olastic veAouNCes en donand

Yibtualzed lat fomn
and dla dyramicalle.
bynoviSitning bl»s, Sws
Sevices ly au:

cloud provides maunly 3 types

Tnfasruetluu as a, Service C)aas
Paas Noos
-Caa S
SaaS
Hcwduwous Sao S
d Solkua

Linu
Stove
Nebwovk)
letworlke
(Servico
Sult
Caqust
infrastrue u
Souvice a cloud provid es kl
0 En Cenles ot c
.

Sevveld, ktoyage N.ul, Del

, /du

doud poovides a for

plat form
n tw prrio tie S/'s.
Antform
1w0 Can develqr Gonus En: Gaogle Ae
Geela lluu nge
middleunueg, Latebasu,
1t provks mustme envtro omenlt Aua
lols Ond
Qeveloprmtnt
6 S nYisonment-fov Distribtdlms Cloud
for a distribtd cCongcting (oi) cloud (ompulng
Son loys vila ok w1t Slho. nvmonmont N
SoA with so which are vequired for distnbulud
Envivonment lould ke imbuilt hlith tu trchitrlu
I n the Son all he tasks or jobs eoill bo prekent

the Ho of leh Seovices-A hlebSevio is a Seavco

tohich would come fom emo &sta(mdor
Cloud) through tu itanet
heve au a types o Sovites "lhuy ou

) Web Sesvice 9.
REST bsedervices
C)dehService 2:0 thoxypes okleb lernas
te eyages wo«ll bo Communicelucl by urin oft
Single ce
protocol n this "type tle hlebseavices the host F
moch ine must have a distributio 0S, So that the
Savi tes cain be accesed om odirtibtd cloud
envisonment by un'ng SofP Protoco ) .

(8) RtsT ased Savice: (Rproenttotene stb honse

t is a Simpe avchiteeae so hich provide eyviaes
iough te itonet 2n ths Slem tynfomaluor
oil bo in tu Jomm o be dyN ke
tJt
 Seovice Oiontse -Arcki teeluu (SOA): mpornenti.
o3importarrt Co
goAmainly Covisting
Sesvice providerc.
a: s(o1)
(19 Sonvers
The Service Co nsumevs
() Clienti (or)
Savvice eqistny (o)
Datakare.
(3)
SoA chitorluu te Serveu pulishes r2) /Advor Hite
In
Sevvie in tao
doctabae i.e. Seovnce ecis ETThA
OSective
t and finds ttu 'osoctive
Send a nequst
cients HI
oovice
3 -tu clisl nlitl discovers
them &ervice neistors
t Sedvices Sem'u
Serve
will provides tu nutenaly
the Seave
inlenet
t u clientt by wing
Seevei sy Sesvite

intenat
1Seoves oY ntant
clients or Sevves Seovice laids
Consume
Nebeo vic

(1) puwblishuing tu ovica

Ddstyy lavio
cliontujiridy vjes
eve pve Sevica will be wked
i
adhantaaSo
(rids,
hilingGrids,
a s huilding
he an cpin uclSuel
as

tibitd Gwids, an couds

mAle cloudkicloady,o .
clouds, Grods ot
clouds
 CNervieo Gnid Architeetave:
rid Compulung Contains kileogonou
The id 1h0
Conputatuens and data
ovSounes and povides
inlenSive lasks

erents evid
Kesouce souvces oàu Servers, cliant: Mochines
ettsonk velitod Conponents, Dte Storo
t medialors b eiest
Kescuce brokor: These a

esouCË PoOvidens and esourco COnSume

Seovays) (wws
These Ksource brokers Comtouns Stal of eoy
YeourCe (fvee buy)
Schadso: Sl ddi mt to ue nhouce
for. client
d a hp0pman t: Nanaes te data
Nob ad_ Resource Klanapment: ksouvce
Tu Mancgen
must be ausous d Uorkinc natun of a weioue
and t u aveilability ofeource
ber deklent &
Pliealuos
9V

So : u Secwty 18 anpovtanth elarnent K1:

9 od u t nuie the atunticalon
autLorizaluons and data inteyrity ma heuis
 lagrod-Arehileluas pf nd Gid (ondains&
tyres vic o-jer
Gvid Aplicad i ons]

Grid egorminstrwimnmunt ldls

UAer Cevel 1iddlowoxeves §Katourco Aggogld
Core gnid Mliddleuwome
Grid Seuuri ty ntretruere
m d 4 obrie 'Kources

Architeclu b the
gyid Main Archilecture: Th
0pplictons
eourto
aboub- Vaious
olescnikes &nd ele
Stnuluus
ael Midleware inlo y layert:
has ben divided
Tua teetuue
Archi
pliccor loye
(2) Middleoart lcer -Hetevanecu)

3) sources layer ( of f e n t

C Metwork lae.
Applieocs

Mddleuoo

eex
Roulen,Switchen,
snatSdeeto (s, tusar.
litp pn?
ooAxispr