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Csec Physics 2010-18 p2 (Solutions)
Csec Physics 2010-18 p2 (Solutions)
216
1. (a)
Length of air column L/mm 152.0 158.0 163.0 170.0 179.0 182.0
Temperature /ºC 14.0 29.0 40.0 57.5 78.0 85.0
Temperature T / K 287.0 302.0 313.0 330.5 351.0 358.0
(b)
Graph of L/mm vs T/K
217
y2 y1
(c) Slopes, S
x2 x1
175 153
342 290
22
52
0.42 mm K -1
(d) The slope tells how the length of air column and effectively the volume of air
changes with absolute temperature.
(f) Charles’ law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional
to the absolute temperature provided the pressure remains constant.
(g) Using V1 V2
T1 T2
2 V2
273 35 273 75
2 V
2
308 348
2 348
V2
308
2.26 L
2. (a) (i)
Quantity Formula Unit
Force F ma N (kg ms-2 )
Potential energy E mgh J Nm or kg m 2 s -2
Momentum p mv kg ms-1
(ii) For bodies undergoing collision, the total momentum before collision is
equal to the total momentum after collision, provided no external force is
acting.
(b) (i) The linear momentum is conserved in the crash. The total momentum
before collision is zero since the momentum of each truck is equal and
opposite (mv mv) . After collision, the momentum is zero since the
velocity of each truck is zero.
218
(ii) By the principle of conservation of momentum
Total momentum before impact total momentum after impact
mb vb mt vt mb mt v
0.1 vb 5.0 0 0.1 5.0 6.0
0.1vb 30.6
vb 306 ms -1
3. (a) A longitudinal wave is one in which the vibration of the parties is parallel to the
direction of travel of the wave.
(c)
v
(d) (i) Using
f
340
0.350 1000
0.97 m
water
(iii) Refractive index of water, nw
air
1.29
0.97
nw 1.33
219
4. (a) The features of the vacuum flask reduce the heat loss due to conduction,
convection and radiation.
The vacuum between the double walls prevents the heat loss due to
conduction and convection.
The silvered glass wall reduces heat loss due to radiation.
The cork support and cork stopper reduces heat loss due to conduction and
convection.
(b) (i) Energy per day collected Intensity Area Efficiency
5 5 0.95
23.75 kWh
80 92
(iii) Energy per day available 23.75
100 100
17.48 kWh
5. (a)
The current and voltage are recorded each time the rheostat is varied. A graph of I
vs V is plotted.
220
R1 R2
(b) (i) Total resistance, RT R1
R1 R2
1000 1000
1000
1000 1000
RT 1500
V
(ii) Current, I
RT
110
1500
0.073 A
P
(iii) Using I
V
1100
110
10 A
Fuse rating 10A 13A
6. (a)
The GM tube is first placed next to the source without any shielding and the count
rate observed.
A sheet of paper is then placed between the source and the GM tube. A significant
reduction in the count rate will confirm the presence of alpha particles.
The GM tube is then placed behind the aluminum sheet and a further reduction in
count rate indicates the presence of beta particles from the source.
When the GM tube is placed behind the lead sheet, a further reduction in count
rate confirms the presence of gamma rays.
221
(b) 14
16 C
147 N 1e
Mass of 21 He 4.0026 u
3.795 1012 J
222
R1 R2
(b) (i) Total resistance, RT R1
R1 R2
1000 1000
1000
1000 1000
RT 1500
V
(ii) Current, I
RT
110
1500
0.073 A
P
(iii) Using I
V
1100
110
10 A
Fuse rating 10A 13A
6. (a)
The GM tube is first placed next to the source without any shielding and the count
rate observed.
A sheet of paper is then placed between the source and the GM tube. A significant
reduction in the count rate will confirm the presence of alpha particles.
The GM tube is then placed behind the aluminum sheet and a further reduction in
count rate indicates the presence of beta particles from the source.
When the GM tube is placed behind the lead sheet, a further reduction in count
rate confirms the presence of gamma rays.
221
y2 y1
(c) Gradient
x2 x1
0.850 0.550
0.680 0.440
0.300
0.240
1.25
(d) (i) The incident ray, refracted ray and normal at the point of incident are all
on the same plane.
sin iˆ
(ii) For a wave travelling from one medium to another the value of is a
sin rˆ
constant called refractive index, n.
224
Total distance
(b) (i) Average speed
Total time
60
6.5
9.23 ms -1
v u
(iii) Acceleration, a
t
18.46 0
6.5
2.84 ms -1
1 2
b) Kinetic energy, k.e. mv
2
1
86 18.462
2
14 650 J
14.65 kJ
3. (a) (i)
225
(ii)
(iii)
(ii)
A B C D E
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0
4. (a) (i) As the switch is closed the current flows through the brushes and through
the coil.
From Fleming’s left hand rule, the magnetic acting on AB causes a
downward force and on CD an upward force.
The momentum of rotation of the coil allows it to cross the vertical
position after which the current in the coil is reversed to produce
continuous rotation.
(ii) The purpose of the commutator is to reverse the current in the coil every
half turn thus allowing continuous flow of current and continuous rotation.
226
Work done
(b) (i) Power provided by the motor, P
Time
mgh
t
25 10 30
5
1500 W
(ii) Using P IV
1500 I 24
1500
I
24
62.5 A
5. (a)
Determine the mass of the metal block using a balance after the holes were
made for the heater and thermometer.
The initial temperature of the block was measured before heating.
Turn on the switch and allow the block to be heated for a measured period
of time.
Ensure that the current and voltage are constant during the heating. Adjust
the thermostat if necessary. Record the readings of the ammeter, voltmeter
and final temperature.
Calculation:
Provided no heat loss,
Heat supplied by heater Heat gained by metal block
IVt mc
IVt
Specific heat capacity, c
m
227
(iii) The specific heat capacity is fixed for a particular substance and its value
remains constant.
6. (a)
Radiation Range in air Behaviour in an Type of track in a
electric field cloud chamber
Alpha (α) About 5cm of air Deflected opposite to Bold and straight
direction of electric
field
Gamma (γ) Travels much further No deflection Short faint tracks
2.75 1011 J
(iv) This is because it produces much more energy 2.75 1011 J , than
natural decay 9.98 1013 J .
228
1. (a) Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
(b)
Graph of velocity vs time
229
y2 y1
(c) Slope
x2 x1
7.5 2.5
6.0 2.0
1.25 ms -2
2. (a) (i) a) Emr with wave length longer than visible light –
infrared/radiowave
(ii)
Name of wave Source Use
X-ray X-ray tube To take X-ray pictures
Gamma ray Radioactive Nuclei Radiotherapy
Radio wave Radio / TV transmitters Communication
(b) (i) v f
v
f
3.0 108
3.0 1012
1.0 1020 Hz
230
sin iˆ (air)
(ii) Refractive index, n
sin rˆ (glass)
sin
1.5
sin 35
sin 1.5sin 35
1.5 0.5736
0.860 4
59.4
3. (a)
Circuit symbol Name of components
Cell
Variable resistor
or
Filament lamp/bulb
a.c. supply
Semi-conductor diode
or Fuse
(b) (i) V IR
V
(ii) Total resistance in circuit, RT
I
24
2
12
R2 RT R1
12 4
8
88
(iv) With switch S closed, new total resistance, RT 4
88
44
RT 8
231
V
New current, I
RT
24
8
3.0 A
4. (a)
The boiling tube is heated in a water bath until all the naphthalene is completely
melted.
The boiling tube is removed from the water bath and allowed to cool.
The temperature is recorded at fixed intervals (e.g. every minute using a stop
watch) while stirring continuously to ensure equilibrium temperature.
A graph of temperature vs time is plotted to produce the cooling curve.
5. (a)
232
When the magnet is pushed into the coil, the change in magnetic flux
causes an induced e.m.f.
If the magnet is pushed in at a faster speed, the rate of change of magnetic
flux is increased which in turn causes an increased induced e.m.f.
If a more powerful magnet is used there will also be an increased induced
e.m.f.
(b) (i) The changing speed of the car will cause a changing magnetic flux and
therefore an induced e.m.f. (current).
(ii) Increasing speed of a car will increase the rate of magnetic flux cutting
which in turn will increase the charging current to the batteries. Reducing
the car speed reduces the charging current.
Power output
(iii) Conversion efficiency 100%
Power input
600 100
100%
200 000
30%
6. (a) J.J. Thomson postulated the ‘Plum Pudding’ model. In this model the atom was
looked at as a mass of positive charge dotted with negative electrons that
neutralized the positive charge. The structure was similar to a pudding (+ve)
dotted with currants.
Ernest Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom from the α – particle suffering
experiment conducted by his students, Geiger and Marsden. From the result of the
experiment, he concluded that the atom consists of a tiny positively charge mass
or nucleus. The rest of the atom was mainly empty space that carried a negative
charge.
40 40
(b) (i) Nuclides with identical mass number - 19 P and 18 R
238
(ii) The heaviest nuclide is 92 Xe .
(iii) Isotopes – 40
19 P and 39
19 Y (same atomic number, different mass number)
233
2t 1 55.0 s
2
55.0
t1
2 2
27.5 s
25.0 s
27.5 25
(ii) Average t 1
2 2
26.3 s
234
1. (a)
Graph of Velocity, v/ms-1 vs Time, t/s
235
y2 y1
(b) Slope
x2 x1
57.0 11.0
50.0 10.0
1.15 ms -2
(ii)
Quantity Scalar Vector
Displacement
Acceleration
2. (a) (i)
Quantity Symbol S.I. Unit
Specific heat capacity c J kg-1 K-1
Specific latent heat of lv J kg-1
vapourisation
236
(ii) The heat capacity of substance is the heat energy required to raise the
temperature of the substance by 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin.
Energy
(ii) Rate of heat energy received
Time
8815
300
29.38 J s -1 or W
3. (a) (i) In a simple cell the current is due to the flow of positive and negative ions
(i.e. cations and anions).
In the copper wire the current is due to the flow of free electrons.
(iv) Using Q It
Q 0.1 60
6.0 C
(v) Since the same charge flows through the circuit, the charge that flows
through the cell 6.0 C.
237
(b) (i)
Waveform Type of current
Wave A d.c.
Wave B d.c.
Wave C a.c.
4. (a)
The double slit is placed directly in front of the ray box and the white screen
placed approximately 1 m from the double slit as show in the diagram above. As
the light passes through each double slit, diffraction occurs i.e. the light spreads
out. The diffracted light from each slit interferes to produce bright and dark bands
due to constructive and destructive interference respectively.
sin iˆ (air)
(b) (i) Refractive index, n
sin rˆ (prism)
sin 30
sin 20
0.500
0.342
1.46
238
Speed in air, v1
(ii) n
Speed in prism, v2
3 108
1.46
v2
v2 2.05 108 ms-1
v
(iii) Using f
3.0 108
f
430 10 9
6.98 1014 Hz
(ii)
239
V
New current, I
RT
24
8
3.0 A
4. (a)
The boiling tube is heated in a water bath until all the naphthalene is completely
melted.
The boiling tube is removed from the water bath and allowed to cool.
The temperature is recorded at fixed intervals (e.g. every minute using a stop
watch) while stirring continuously to ensure equilibrium temperature.
A graph of temperature vs time is plotted to produce the cooling curve.
5. (a)
232
Use photographic plate badges if working in radioactive
environment.
1.8 1026 J
241
1. (a)
p/cm q/cm x/cm y/cm
10.0 86.0 40.0 36.0
20.0 76.2 30.0 26.2
30.0 66.0 20.0 16.0
35.0 62.8 15.0 12.8
40.0 57.9 10.0 7.9
45.0 53.6 5.0 3.6
(b)
Graph of y/cm vs x/cm
242
y2 y1
(c) Slope, z
x2 x1
33.5 2.5
38.0 4.0
31.0
34.0
0.91
(e) The principle of moments states that when a body is in equilibrium, the sum of the
clockwise moments about a point is equal to the sum of the anti-clockwise
moments about the same point.
(f) (i) Wp z Wm
z mg
0.9 0.05 10
0.46 N
Wp
(ii) mp
g
0.46
10
0.046 kg
2. (a) (i)
Name Symbol Base (S.I.) unit
Mass m kg
Time t s
Current I A
Temperature T K
Length l m
(ii) A linear scale is one which has equal spacing between intervals.
A non-linear scale is one which has unequal spacing between intervals.
243
Mass
(b) (i) Density
Volume
Mass
l bh
15000
2 1.1 2.5
2 727.3 kg m -3
Force
(ii) Pressure
Area of base
15000 10
1.1 2
68181.8 Nm -2
(ii) For:
1) Large amount of nuclear energy produced from small
quantity of raw material
2) There are no emission of smoke or greenhouse gases.
Against:
1) Accidents can be catastrophic.
2) Hazardous waste produced.
3) Weaponizing the energy threatens the existence of living things.
(c) 2 3 P 1
P4
11 Q
Q2
244
Hence, X is He (Helium).
4. (a) When the switch S is closed, the current flows through the brushes and through
the coil. From Fleming’s left hand rule, the magnetic field acting on the coil
causes one side to move up and the other side to move down.The momentum of
rotation of the coil allows it to move it cross the vertical position after which the
commutator reverses the current in the coil to produce continuous rotation.
5. (a) (i) Heat flows from Block B (higher temperature) to Block A (lower
temperature).
(ii) T / K / °C 273
T / K 52 273
325 K
40
(b) (i) Total heat energy transferred to water 300 103
100
120000 J
Using E mc
120000 2 4.2 103
120 000
8.4 103
14.3 °C
245
Final temperature of water 27 14.3
41.3 °C
6. (a) (i) In Longitudinal waves the vibration of the parties are parallel to the
direction of wave travel.
In transverse waves the vibration of the particles are perpendicular to the
direction of wave travel.
(ii) Using v f
v
f
3 108
700 10 9
4.3 1014 Hz
(b) (i) A series of sound pulses was transmitted into the water from the ship.
The time taken, t for the reflected sound pulses to return to the ship was
measured. The depth of the oil plume was determined by multiplying the
t
speed of the pulse by .
2
t
(ii) Depth of oil plume Speed in water
2
0.3
1450
2
217.5 m
246
1. (a)
Graph of Potential difference (V) vs Current (I)
247
(b) Points used (0.56, 42.0) and (0.1, 7.5).
y y
Gradient 2 1
x2 x1
42.0 7.5
0.56 0.1
34.5
0.46
75 V/A
(d) The potential difference is directly proportional to the current. (Graph is a straight
line through the origin.)
(e)
(f) The readings from the voltmeter and ammeter are taken.
The rheostat is adjusted and new readings are recorded.
This is repeated at least five times. Then a graph of V vs I is plotted.
248
(b) (i)
Waveform Type of current
Wave A d.c.
Wave B d.c.
Wave C a.c.
4. (a)
The double slit is placed directly in front of the ray box and the white screen
placed approximately 1 m from the double slit as show in the diagram above. As
the light passes through each double slit, diffraction occurs i.e. the light spreads
out. The diffracted light from each slit interferes to produce bright and dark bands
due to constructive and destructive interference respectively.
sin iˆ (air)
(b) (i) Refractive index, n
sin rˆ (prism)
sin 30
sin 20
0.500
0.342
1.46
238
Speed in air, v1
(ii) n
Speed in prism, v2
3 108
1.46
v2
v2 2.05 108 ms-1
v
(iii) Using f
3.0 108
f
430 10 9
6.98 1014 Hz
(ii)
239
Vs N s
(b) (i) Using
Vp N p
110 000 900
11000 Np
11000
N p 900
110 000
90 turns
Vs I p
(ii) Using
Vp I s
110 000 8000
11000 Is
11000
I s 8000
110 000
800A
Power output
(iii) Efficiency,
Power input
Transmission power
Vp I p
Transmission power Vp I p
0.7 11000 8000
61.6 106 W
61.6 MW
240
(ii) Electromagnetic waves mare transverse waves which means that they can
be polarized. They travel at a speed of 3.0 108 ms-1 in a vacuum and do
not require a medium for travel. The progressive electromagnetic waves
can transfer energy from one place to another and undergo reflection,
refraction and diffraction.
Distance
Speed
Time
200
0.606
330 ms -1
(c) Using v f
v
f
3.0 108
100 106
3.0 m
300 cm
252
1. (a)
Graph of Vs/V vs Vp/V
253
(b) Points selected for gradient (7.2, 65) and (1.6, 15)
y y
Gradient, S 2 1
x2 x1
65 15
7.2 1.6
50
5.6
8.9
Vs
(c) (i) Gradient, S
Vp
Vs N s
Using
Vp N p
750
8.9
Np
750
Np
8.9
84.3
Vs I s
(ii) Using
Vp I p
1.6
8.9
Is
1.6
Is
8.9
0.18 A
Power in secondary
(d) (i) Efficiency, 100%
Power in primary
IV
s s 100%
I pV p
0.15
8.9 100%
1.6
83.4%
254
(e) For efficient function of transformer:
1) Laminated care (eliminate Eddy current)
2) Soft iron care (easy magnetization and demagnetization)
3) Thick copper wire windings (low resistance)
4) Secondary coil wound on top primary (better magnetic linkage)
2. (a)
Quantity Instrument
Diameter of wire Micrometer screw gauge or Vernier
caliper
Volume of liquid Measuring cylinder/Burette
Temperature Thermometer
Weight/Force Spring balance
Time Stop watch/clock
(ii) The velocity is increased from zero to a maximum as it hits the ground i.e.
it is accelerated.
(ii) a)
3. (a) (i)
255
(ii)
Type of Thermometer Operating Temperature
Range/°C
Clinical thermometer 20 to 110
Laboratory thermometer 250 to 800
Thermocouple 35 to 43
p1V1 p2V2
(ii) Using
T1 T2
V2 p1T2
V1 p2T1
3.06 105 25 273
1.01105 10 273
3.19
4. (a) (i) The normal is an imaginary line draw perpendicular to the reflecting
surface at the point of incidence.
(ii) Angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the normal at
the point of incidence.
(iii) Angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal at
the point of incidence.
(c) To reverse the laterally inverted word when viewed on the rear-view mirror. This
will allow the correct wording ‘AMBULANCE’ to be seen from the reflection of
the mirror.
256
(d) (i) Angle of incidence, iˆ 90 30
60
sin iˆ
Using n
sin rˆ
sin 60
1.5
sin rˆ
sin 60
sin rˆ
1.5
0.866
1.5
0.577
ˆr 35
(ii) ˆ 60
Angle of refraction on QR boundary CBD
(ii)
(iii) Not-gate
Input Output
0 1
1 0
257
1 1 1 1
(ii) Equivalent resistance (parallel),
RT R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
RT 2 6 12
6 2 1
12 12 12
9
12
3
4
4
RT
3
(c) The decision for series circuit was not wise because:
In series circuit, if one bulb blows all the others would not light
The p.d. across each bulb is reduced in a series circuit.
Importance:
Less reliance on depleting fossil fuel
Less emission of CO2 and other pollutants
Renewable sources of energy
Cheaper production of energy
(b) (i) When the ball is kicked, it is given kinetic energy. As it moves towards the
goalkeeper the kinetic energy is converted into potential energy as it rises.
At the highest point the kinetic energy is minimum and the potential
energy is maximum. The potential energy decreases to zero and kinetic
energy to a maximum on striking the ground.
258
1. (a)
Graph of Length/m vs Load/N
259
(b) Points considered for gradient: (9.6, 0.50), (2.0, 0.29)
y y
Gradient 2 1
x2 x1
0.50 0.29
9.6 2.0
0.21
7.6
0.028 m N -1
1
(c) The gradient can be used to determine the spring constant, k, where k .
Gradient
(d) (i) The original length of this spring is the length when F 0 N .
Form graph when F 0 , Length 0.24 m
(e) (i) The region of proportionality exist in the straight line section of the graph.
(ii)
Quantity Scalar Vector
Load
Extension
2. (a) (i) The specific heat capacity of a substance is the heat energy required to
change the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1 degree Kelvin or
Celsius.
(ii)
Quantity Symbol S.I. Unit
Heat capacity C J K -1
Specific latent heat of fusion lf J kg
p1V1 p2V2
(iii) General Gas Law:
T1 T2
260
where p1 intial pressure p2 final pressure
V1 initial volume V2 final volume
T1 initial temperature T2 final temperature
3. (a) (i) Snell’s law states that for light rays passing from one transparent medium
to another, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the
sin iˆ
angle of refraction i.e. is a constant called the refractive index, n.
sin rˆ
(ii)
261
1. (a)
Graph of Potential difference (V) vs Current (I)
247
The circuit is set up as shown in diagram with the ammeter in series with
the test resistor R and the voltmeter in parallel to R.
The variable resistor Q is adjusted and the values of I and V are recorded
from the ammeter and voltmeter respectively.
This is repeated to obtain at least 5 pairs of values for I and V.
A graph V vs I is plotted and the gradient will give the resistance of the
metallic conductor R.
R2 R3
(b) (i) Total resistance, RT R1 R4
R2 R3
3 3
RT 3 3
33
3 1.5 3
7.5
V
(ii) Using I
RT
12
7.5
1.6 A
(iii) Using V IR
V I Combined resistance of R2 R3
1.6 1.5
2.4 V
6. (a)
263
(b) (i) 1
0 n 23290Th
23390Th
233
90 Th
01 e 233
91 Pa
233
91 Pa
01 e 233
92 U
2.94 1011 J
264
1. (a)
Graph of Image size, I vs Object size, O
265
(b) Points selected for gradient: (2.8, 1.40), (0.8, 4.0)
y y
Gradient, G 2 1
x2 x1
14.0 4.0
2.8 0.8
10.0
2.0
5.0
(d) The focal length in the distance between the principal focus and the optical centre
of the lens.
2. (a) (i)
266
(ii)
Force Situation
Gravitational force (weight) A javelin falling in the air
1)
Drag force (air resistance)
2) Upthrust An object immersed in a liquid
Centripetal, magnetic, Object in circular motion, between
nuclear, tension, etc. magnets or current carrying
3)
conductors, nucleus of atoms,
stretched springs, etc.
(b) (i)
(b)
Use of thermometer Design feature
To measure body temperature Small temperature range, constriction
in the bore
To measure temperature lower than Alcohol thermometer
40C
Rapidly changing temperature Junction of small mass
267
(c) (i) Charles’ law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature provided the pressure remains
constant.
5.28
Percentage increase 100%
40
13.2%
c
(b) (i) a) Using f
3 108
f1
2 10 7
1.5 1015 Hz
3 108
f2
6.5 10 5
4.6 1012 Hz
268
b) Decrease in frequency, f 1.5 1015 4.6 1012
1.495 1015 Hz
3 108
(iii) New, frequency f
6 10 7
0.5 1015 Hz
f 0.5 1015 4.6 1012
4.954 1014
Equation Equation :
E k 4.954 10
14
E1 k 1.495 1015
0.33
E 0.33E1
5. (a)
The circuit is set up as shown in diagram with the ammeter in series with
the filament lamp, L and the voltmeter in parallel to L.
The variable resistor Q is adjusted and the value of I and V are recorded
from the ammeter and voltmeter respectively.
This is repeated to obtain at least 5 pairs of wide range values of I and V.
A graph of I vs V is plotted.
269
3 5
(b) (i) Total resistance, RT 2
35
3.785 kΩ
Using V IR
V 1103 3.875 103
3.875 V
3
(ii) Current in 5 k 1 mA
35
0.375 mA
(iii) If the 2 kΩ resistor ,burns out the circuit is now open and no current will
flow.
Ra 84 Rn 2 He
222
226 43
6. (a) (i) 86
(b) An atom is normally neutral because it has equal number of protons and
electrons i.e. equal number of oppositely charged particles. The atoms are stable
because the nuclear forces holding the protons and neutrons together in the
nucleus is greater than the repulsive electrostatic forces. Larger atoms require a
greater neutron : proton ratio for stability.
(c) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but
different mass number i.e. same number of protons but different number of
neutrons.
270
(b) Points selected for gradient (7.2, 65) and (1.6, 15)
y y
Gradient, S 2 1
x2 x1
65 15
7.2 1.6
50
5.6
8.9
Vs
(c) (i) Gradient, S
Vp
Vs N s
Using
Vp N p
750
8.9
Np
750
Np
8.9
84.3
Vs I s
(ii) Using
Vp I p
1.6
8.9
Is
1.6
Is
8.9
0.18 A
Power in secondary
(d) (i) Efficiency, 100%
Power in primary
IV
s s 100%
I pV p
0.15
8.9 100%
1.6
83.4%
254
1. (a)
Graph of Temperature, /°C vs Time, t/min
(c) (i) The substance is changing between liquid and solid state between B and
C.
272
(ii) As the substance is changing state, latent heat of fusion is removed from it
resulting in no temperature change.
(e) Heat loss, Q Heat loss from A to B + Heat loss from B to C + Heat loss
from C to D
Q mc ml f mc
0.015 1763 90.0 70.0 0.015 215000
0.015 1760 70.0 57.5
528.9 3225 330.56
4 084.46 J
4.08 kJ
(f)
Physical quantity Symbol S.I. Unit
Heat capacity C J K-1
Specific latent heat of lv J kg-1
vapourisation
(iv)
Alternative energy Source
Geothermal Hot rocks deep in the earth
Wind Wind, especially along coastline
Hydro-electricity Flowing rivers, waterfalls
273
(b) (i) Gravitational potential energy, E p mgh
E p 0.44 9.8 12
51.74 J
(iii) Momentum, p mv
0.44 15.3
6.7 kg ms -1
p1V1 p2V2
3. (a) (i)
T1 T2
p1 p2
(b) (i) Using
T1 T2
2 105 p2
273 23 273 34
2 105 p
2
296 307
2 105 307
p2
296
2.07 105 Nm -2
274
(ii) An increase in pressure causes an increase in the kinetic energy of the air
molecules in the tyre. This causes the air molecules to strike the inner
walls of the tyre with greater frequency and momentum, thus increasing
the pressure.
V1 T1
(iii) Using
V2 T2
V2 273 34
V1 273 23
307
296
1.04
(b) (i) Assuming Nemo is along the straight line with BA:
ˆ
Angle C NBA
90 42
48
1
(ii) Using n for critical angle
sin cˆ
1
n
sin 48
1
0.7431
1.35
(iii) For Nemo to see Bruce it means that is there is total internal reflection i.e.
angle of incidence on the water-air boundary is greater than the critical
angle c. Therefore the horizontal distance from Bruce’s eye to B is 5m.
So that the distance from Bruce’s eye from Nemo’s eye is 10m.
275
5. (a) Ways of conserving existing energy sources:
Replace incandescent bulbs with CFL bulbs to conserve electrical energy.
Switch off lights and appliances when not in use to conserve electrical
energy.
Use car-pooling and more walking to save fuel or chemical energy.
Use energy efficient appliance to conserve electrical energy.
6. (a) (i) ‘Half-life’ is the time taken for half the number of radioactive atoms to
disintegrate.
t1
N t 12 N t 12 N t 12 N
(ii) N
2
2 4 8 16
5t 1 20 days
2
20
t1
2 5
4 days
276
Precautions when handling radioisotopes:
Uses thick gloves or remote control mechanical arms.
Store radioactive materials in thick lead containers.
Use protective clothing that must not be removed from lab.
Use proper labelling.
7.4 10 7 kg
277
Corection: This is June 2015 Paper 2
1. (a)
Graph of Activity (A) vs Time (t)
278
(b) At 36s-1 , t 1.5s
At 18s-1 , t 9.5s t 1 8.0 s
2
At 24s , -1
t 7.0 s
At 12s-1 , t 14.0s t 1 7.0 s
2
At 16s , -1
t 10.5s
At 8s-1 , t 18.0s t 1 7.5s
2
2. (a) (i) C mc
(iii)
Specific heat capacity, c Heat capacity, C
The quantity of heat energy The quantity of heat energy
required to change the temperature required to change the temperature
of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree of the total mass of a substance by
C or K. 1 degree C or K.
Unit: J kg-1 K-1 Unit: J K-1
E E
c H C H
m
Each specific substance has a Varies according to the mass of the
constant value substance
279
(b)
3. (a) (i) ‘Electrical resistance’ is the opposition to the flow of an electrical current.
V
It is calculated from R .
I
(ii)
Meter How connected in a Resistance Reason for size of
circuit (series or (high or resistance
parallel) low)
Ammeter Series Low So as not to affect the
current in the circuit
Voltmeter Parallel High So as to draw as little
current as possible
from the circuit
280
2 6
(b) (i) RT
26
12
8
1.5
V
I A1
RT
12
1.5
8 A
(ii) Since power supply is connected directly across the 2 resistor, then
V
Current I A2
R
12
2
6 A
Change in momentum, p
(ii) Average force, F
Time
mv mu
F
t
m v u
t
70 0 26
0.1
18 200 N (in a direction against the dummy)
281
p
(iii) Using F
t
p
t
F
1820
45000
t 0.040 s
5. (a) (i) The graph of volume versus temperature in degrees Celsius will produce
A straight line intercepting the volume axis (i.e. not through the origin).
When this graph is extrapolated to the temperature axis, it cuts the axis at
273°C which represents the absolute zero on the Kelvin scale.
(ii) T / K / C 273
5 50 1V2
V2 5 50
250 ml
p1 p2
(ii) Using
T1 T2
5 p2
273 25 273 60
5 p
2
298 333
333 5
p2
298
5.6 atm
282
(b) (i) The ray of light will enter the prism undeviated since it enters at 90 º. The
ray is then incident on AC at an angle of 45º. Since this angle is greater
that the critical angle for glass (42º), total internal reflection occurs at AC.
This reflected ray strikes BC at an angle of incidence of 45º, again causing
total internal reflection.
The reflected ray from BC is incident on AB at 90º and therefore passes
through undeviated.
4. (a) (i) When two or more bodies collide, the total momentum of the bodies
before collision is equal to the total momentum of the bodies after
collision provided no external forces are acting on the bodies.
(ii) For a launching rocket, the momentum of the rocket in the upward
direction is equal to the momentum of the extruded burnt fuel in a
downward direction.
5. (a)
262
Correction: This is January 2015 P2
1. (a)
Length of Time for 20 Time for 1 Period
Pendulum Oscillations, Oscillation squared
Ɩ (m) t (s) (period) T (s) T2 (s2)
0.20 18.00 0.90 0.81
0.30 21.91 1.10 1.21
0.40 25.40 1.27 1.61
0.50 28.28 1.41 1.99
0.60 31.10 1.56 2.43
0.70 33.80 1.69 2.86
284
(b) Points selected for gradient: (0.10, 0.40), (0.62, 2.50)
y y
Gradient 2 1
x2 x1
2.50 0.40
0.62 0.10
2.1
0.52
4.0 s 2 m -1
1
2
(c) g 4 2 T
l
1
4 2
gradient
1
4 3.142
4.0
9.86 ms -2
(d)
2. (a) (i)
Forms of energy Example
Mechanical A moving car/object
Chemical A car battery
Thermal A pot of boiling water
285
(iii) A Joule is the work done by a force of one Newton when its point of
application moves one metre in the direction of action of the force.
Work done
(ii) Power
Time taken
90 000
25
3600 W
3.6 kW
(iii) More power would be needed since energy would be lost due to friction.
3. (a) (i)
Temperature-Fixed point Value from Dr. T’s Bag
Upper fixed point 100°C
Lower fixed point 0°C
(ii) The lower fixed point is the temperature of pure melting ice at normal
atmospheric pressure.
(iii)
Type of thermometer Physical quality
Liquid-in-glass thermometer Volume of a liquid
Platinum resistance thermometer Resistance of platinum
OR
Constant volume gas thermometer Pressure of gas
Thermocouple E.m.f. between the junctions
286
p1 p2
Using
T1 T2
320 350
300 T2
350
T2 300
320
328 K
T2 382 273
55°C
4. (a) (i)
(ii) The raindrops on the windscreen act like prisms which cause dispersion of
light to produce the ‘glare’.
287
sin bˆ (air)
(b) (i) Using refractive index, nw
sin aˆ (water)
sin 45
nw
sin 32
0.7071
0.5229
1.33
sin bˆ
(ii) Using n
sin aˆ
sin bˆ n sin aˆ
1.36 sin 32
1.36 0.5299
0.720 7
bˆ 46
288
R1 R2
(ii) Total resistance, RT
R1 R2
10 100
10 100
1000
110
9.1
V
Using I
R
3.0
9.1
0.33 A
(iii) If the rheostat is reduced too much the overall resistance in the circuit will
decrease causing the current to increase. If this reaches above the current
rating of the bulb it can cause it to blow as well as the heating up of the
connecting wires.
(iv)
For small currents the resistance is constant, hence the straight line. As the
current increases, heat is produced causing the resistance to increase hence
the curved line in the graph.
289
6. (a) (i)
The alpha particles are deflected in the same direction as the
electric field i.e. away from positive and towards negative.
The beta particles are deflected opposite to the direction of the
electric field with greater deflection since they are lighter than
alpha particles.
Gamma rays carry no charge and are therefore undeflected by the
electric field.
(b) 210
82 Pb
210
83 Bi 1 e (beta)
0
210
83 Bi
210
84 Po 1 e
0
206
210
84 Po
82 Pb 24 He (alpha)
3.0 1011 J
290
1. (a)
Graph of Velocity, V vs Time, t
291
(b) (i) Acceleration during AB Slope of AB
Vertical displacement
Horizontal displacement
30
20
1.5 ms -2
(c) Over the period BC the car is travelling with a constant velocity of 30 ms-1. There
is no acceleration.
(d) Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement or the rate of change of
distance in a particular direction.
2. (a)
Physical quantity Unit
(b) (i) Kinetic energy is the energy of a body due to its motion.
(ii) Potential energy is the energy of a body due to its state or position.
(iii) E p mg h
292
(iv) At the top of the waterfall the water has potential energy and as it fall
down the waterfall the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
1 2
(d) Ek mv
2
1
0.4 52
2
5 J
3. (a)
Type of thermometer Design feature Reason for design feature
Mercury-in-glass Narrow bore To detect small changes in
laboratory temperature i.e. sensitive
thermometer
Clinical thermometer Constriction in bore Retaining a measured
temperature
Thermocouple Small junctions with Ability to measure rapidly
a low heat capacity changing temperatures
(b) The upper fixed point is the temperature of steam at standard atmospheric
pressure and is 100 ºC.
The lower fixed point is the temperature of pure melting ice and is 0º C.
(c) (i)
Pressure (Pa) Temperature(°C) Temperature(K)
1.1105 35 308
1.2 105 63 336
1.3 105 91 364
Testing data:
293
p1 1.1105
357
T1 308
p2 1.2 105
357
T2 336
p3 1.3 105
357
T3 364
Pressure Law is supported by the set of data.
4. (a) (i) The incident ray, reflected ray and normal at the point of incidence are all
on the same plane.
(ii) Since light travels in straight lines the truck driver can only view to car
from the side mirror as the truck is opaque. Car drives on the other hand
can use the rear view mirror that can view vehicles through the back
windscreen.
sin iˆ
(c) (i) Using n
sin rˆ
sin iˆ
sin rˆ
n
sin 30
1.3
0.5
1.3
0.384 6
rˆ 22.6
294
5. (a) (i)
A real image is formed when the object distance is greater than the focal
length.
A virtual image is formed when the object distance is less than the focal
length.
(ii) Real images are inverted and virtual images are upright.
(iii)
Image size
(b) (i) Magnification, m
Object size
3.6
2.4
1.5
v
(ii) Using m
u
v mu
15 2.0
30 cm
1 1 1
(iii) Using
f u v
1 1 1
f 20 30
3 2
60
5
60
1
12
f 12 cm
295
6. (a) The circuit consists of a 3 V battery power supply which is connected in series
with a switch, a rheostat, a fixed resistor and an ammeter. A voltmeter is
connected in parallel to the fixed resistor.
R1 R2
(b) (i) Resistance across BC: R
R1 R2
1 2
R
1 2
2
3
1 2
(ii) Total resistance in circuit, RT 3
1 2
2
RT 3
3
2
3
3
3.67
V
Using I
R
12
I
3.67
3.27 A
(iii) Using P I 2 R
3.27 2 3
32.1 W
296
1. (a)
Graph of Activity (A) vs Time (t)
297
(b) (i) For activity A0 80, t0 0 hours
For half the activity, A1 40, ti 1.6 hours
Half life, t 1 1.6 hours
2
(d) The line is not perfectly smooth because of the random nature of decay.
(e) Atomic number is the number of protons in the atom of the element.
Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the atom of the element.
(f) The number ‘123’ represents a specific isotope of Iodine having a mass number
of 123.
2. (a)
Physical quantity S.I. unit
(b) (i) If a body A , exerts a force on body B, then body B will exert an equal and
opposite force on body A. i.e to every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
298
(ii)
As the plane engine expels the air with a force towards the tail end of the
plane, an equal and opposite force is exerted on the plane that propels it
forward. The weight of the plane is offset by the lift force caused by the
wing which keeps it flying horizontally.
(c) (i) Linear momentum is the product of mass and velocity of a moving body.
299
(iii) Heat lost by water Heat gained by ice
4 200 840 mi l f
4 200 840 10l f
l f 336 J g -1
(b) Using v f
v
f
For rattlesnakes:
3 108
3.5 1014
8.6 10 7 m
For honeybee:
3 108
11015
3 10 7 m
Distance
Speed
Time
750
2.3
326 ms -1
5. (a) (i) The electric current in a metal is due to the free electrons as the only
charge carrier. The direction of flow of these electrons is opposite to the
conventional current direction. In electrolyte the electric current is due to
the flow of negative and positive ions. The conventional current direction
is the same as the direction of flow of positive ions and opposite to the
flow of negative ions.
(ii) The current flow in semiconductor is similar to that of electrolyte since the
semiconductor has both free electrons and positive holes a charge carriers.
300
(b) (i) Using Q It
Q
t
I
For 4320 C battery:
4320
t1
0.6
7 200 s
Time difference, t t2 t1
15000 7 200
7800 s
6. (a) The candle wax in the test tube was first melted to liquid state by placing it in the
hot water bath using a test tube holder. The tube was then placed on a rack and a
thermometer was inserted. While in liquid state it was stirred for even distribution
of heat. Starting from t = 0 s, the temperature was measured at regular time
intervals. A graph of temperature vs time was then plotted.
(b) (i) As the water drops from the top of a waterfall, its potential energy is
converted to kinetic energy. This energy is transferred to the rotating
blades of the turbine which is converted to electrical energy by the
generator.
(ii)
The presence of waterfall in Dominica ensures a renewable source of
energy.
Hydroelectricity produces no waste or greenhouse gases and therefore
does not affect global warming.
The long term cost of hydroelectricity production is cheaper than energy
from fossil fuel which makes it a viable alternative.
301
1. (a)
Graph of Electrical energy, E vs Temperature rise, T
302
(b) Points selected for slope: (2.0, 2.4), (13.4, 16.0)
y y
Slope, S 2 1
x2 x1
16.0 2.4
13.4 2.0
13.6
11.4
1.2 kJ K -1
C
(d) Specific heat capacity, c
m
1.2 1000
250
4.8 J g -1 K -1
(e) (i) The procedure will minimize the error since at 10º C below room
temperature heat is transferred from the environment to the liquid. But at
10º C above room temperature, heat is transferred from the liquid to the
environment, resulting in negligible net heat transfer.
(ii) The liquid should be stirred while heating to ensure equilibrium measured
temperature.
Energy, E
(f) Using power, P
Time, t
E
Time, t
P
18000
40
450 s
7.5 minutes
(b)
A primary cell cannot be recharged whereas a secondary cell can be recharged.
A primary cell has high internal resistance whereas a secondary cell has low
internal resistance.
303
The chemical reaction in a primary cell is irreversible whereas in a secondary cell
the chemical reaction is reversible.
(iii) The charging voltage for a solar module can be 12, 24 or 48 VDC in order
to handle the current (A) from the solar module.
3. (a) (i) The principle of moments states that when a body is in equilibrium, the
sum of the clockwise moments about any point (pivot) is equal to the sum
of the anticlockwise moments about the same point.
(ii)
A force applied to a spanner to rotate a nut.
A force applied to swing-open a door.
A force applied to push a swing.
A driver turning a steering wheel.
(ii)
304
At equilibrium:
Total upward force Total downward forces
R 500 300
800 N
4. (a) (i)
A swimming pool seemed shallow when viewed from above
A straight stick seemed to bend when dipped in water.
(ii)
(iii) The speed of light will decrease in travelling from air to water since water
is a denser transparent medium than air.
(ii)
305
5. (a) Ways of conserving existing energy sources:
Replace incandescent bulbs with CFL bulbs to conserve electrical energy.
Switch off lights and appliances when not in use to conserve electrical
energy.
Use car-pooling and more walking to save fuel or chemical energy.
Use energy efficient appliance to conserve electrical energy.
6. (a) (i) ‘Half-life’ is the time taken for half the number of radioactive atoms to
disintegrate.
t1
N t 12 N t 12 N t 12 N
(ii) N
2
2 4 8 16
5t 1 20 days
2
20
t1
2 5
4 days
276
(ii) A 1
B 1
C 1
(d) (i) The use of technology has improved transportation in land, air, sea and
space travel.
(ii) Gold foil was used because gold is very malleable and therefore very thin
sheets of gold foil can be produced.
(ii) p 222 4 q 76 2
218 74
(iii) 218
74 Y
218
75 Z 1 e
0
(iv) The particle’s mass is reduced in an alpha decay and almost unchanged in
a beta decay.
307
1. (a)
Graph of Induced E.m.f./V vs Time/ms
308
(c) (i)
(iii) The sensitive galvanometer can detect and measure the current flowing in
both directions.
(iv)
(vi) With the magnet stationary in the coil there would be no change in
magnetic flux and therefore no induced current.
(d) (i)
309
1
(ii) Using f
T
1
f
0.02
50 Hz
(iii)
2. (a) (i) A transverse wave is one in which the displacement of the particles is at
right angles to the direction of travel of the wave. A longitudinal wave is
one in which the displacement of the particles is parallel to the direction of
travel of the wave.
(iii) v f
(iv) v 10 250
2500 ms-1
(b) (i)
310
1
(iv) Frequency, f
T
1
4.0 10 3
250 Hz
3. (a) (i) Nuclear fission is the splitting of large unstable nucleus into smaller, more
stable nuclei with the release of energy.
(c) (i) P 92 36
56
311
Energy released, E mc2
9.83 10 27 3 108
2
8.85 1010 J
(v) This energy can be used to boil water to make steam which drives turbine
to generate electricity.
4. (a) (i) For carriage moving horizontally at a constant speed in a straight line:
Newton’s first law of motion applies: Everybody continues in a state of
rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled by an external
force to act differently.
18.0 0 10t a g
t 1.8 s
1
(ii) Using s ut at 2
2
1
s gt 2 u 0
2
1
s 10 1.82
2
16.2 m
312
(ii) The roof of a Caribbean home: needs to reflect radiation
Usually a shiny surface since it reflects radiation better than a dull
surface.
It is painted white since this colour is a poor absorber of heat
radiation.
(ii) If the coil of the immersion heater is not completely submerged it will
take a larger time to evaporate the same mass of water. If the same power
rating value (150 W) is used in calculation, the value of the specific latent
heat of vaporization will increase.
6. (a) (i)
313
(ii)
1 1 1
(b) (i) Using
f v u
1 1 1
v f u
1 1
12.0 18.0
3 2
36
1
36
v 36.0 cm
v
(ii) Magnification, m
u
36.0
18.0
2
314
1. (a) (i)
Angle of reflection, r̂ Angle of incidence, iˆ sin rˆ sin iˆ
10.0 6.5 0.174 0.113
30.0 19.0 0.500 0.326
50.0 30.0 0.766 0.500
70.0 38.0 0.940 0.616
90.0 41.0 1.000 0.656
315
(iii) Points selected for gradient
(0.60, 0.91), (0.10, 0.15)
y y
Gradient 2 1
x2 x1
0.91 0.15
0.60 0.10
1.52
(c) The critical angle is the angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction of
90º for light travelling from one medium to an optically less dense medium.
2. (a)
Shape Volume Movement of Intra-
molecules molecular
forces
Solid Definite/Fixed Definite/Fixed Vibrate Strong
Liquid Takes shape of Definite/Fixed Move amongst Very weak
container one another
Gas No fixed shape Full space Move freely Negligible
weak
316
(c) Assuming no heat loss:
Energy supplied by electric heater heat energy required to evaporate water
Pt mlv
Pt
lv
m
100 345
0.015
2.3106 J kg-1
(b) (i)
Forms of energy Example
Nuclear Energy Radioactive decay
Electromagnetic Radiation Energy Radio waves, X-rays
Kinetic Energy Objects in motion
(ii) Chemical energy stored in the battery is converted to light energy (and
some heat energy).
1
(c) (i) Maximum kinetic energy, Ek mv 2
2
1
0.5 1.82
2
0.81 J
317
4. (a) Arguments for nuclear fission reactors:
1) There is a reduction in environmental pollution as a result of little or no
carbon dioxide emission.
2) Produce high amounts of nuclear fission energy using relatively small
quantities of raw materials.
(c) 2
1 H 21 H
31 H 11 H
2.82 1012 J
5. (a) Newton supported the particle theory of light based on the evidence that light
travels in straight lines and can travel through a vacuum. It is also supported by
the phenomena of photo electric effect.
Huygens supported the wave nature of light based on the evidence that light can
undergo reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference.
(b) (i) Objects placed at a distance between f and 2f would produce a real
magnified image. The phone should therefore be placed at a distance
greater than 15.0 cm but less than 30.0 cm.
318
1 1 1
(ii) Using
f u v
1 1 1
v f u
1 1
15 20
1
60
v 60 cm
v
(iii) Magnification of image, m
u
60
20
3
(vi) The image can be made larger by moving the phone closer to the lens or
moving the screen further from the lens.
319
(ii) Resulting magnetic field when a current carrying conductor is placed
between the poles of the magnet.
(ii) When the switch is closed the current flows through the carbon brushes
and commutator into the coil. The current flows from D to C and B to A.
From Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, a downward force is exerted on DC
while an upward force is exerted on AB. This is due to the magnetic fields
produced by the coil and the magnet. The momentum of the coil allows it
to cross the vertical position. The commutator reverses the direction of the
current in the loop as the contact changes from one brush to the other. At
this point AB then moves down while DC moves up resulting in
continuous rotation in one direction.
320