CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB - 2

EXPERIMENT - 18

ABHISHEK KUMAR 2018A1PS0060P

APURVA CHAUHAN 2018A1PS0061P
ABHINAV ERNAM 2018A1PS0450P
SATWIK SASWAT MAHAPATRA 2018A1PS0015P

HARSHIT AWASTHI 2017B2A10952P

BITS PILANI
 1. Aim
Study of control valve characteristics.
2. Objective
1) To study inherent characteristics of different control valves.
2) To study installed characteristics of different control valves.
3) To study hysteresis of different control valves.

3. Observation Table
Installed / Hysteresis
1 Linear Valve
Set No Lift (cm) Water flow ∆P (manometer) Actuator P
rate (LPH) (mm H₂o) (kg/cm²)

1 0 0 0 0
2 4 228 77 0.67
3 8 296 67.6 0.76
4 12 330 58.8 0.9
5 16 380 56 1.01
6 20 420 41 1.15
7 24 440 37.4 1.12
8 20 430 46.8 1.1
9 16 370 52.4 0.95
10 12 320 60.4 0.8
11 8 260 70.2 0.7
12 4 180 78.2 0.5
13 0 0 0 0

Inherent -> ∆P = 115.2 cm H₂o

Set No Lift (cm) Water flow Actuator P (kg/cm²)
rate (LPH)
1 4 114 0.56
2 8 202 0.75
3 12 292 0.9
4 16 410 1.05

2 Quick Opening Valve :-

Installed / Hystersis
Set No Lift (cm) Water flow ∆P (manometer) Actuator P
rate (LPH) (mm H₂o) (kg/cm²)
 1 0 0 0 0
2 4 310 58 0.65
3 8 360 24 0.8
4 12 370 10 1
5 8 350 25.6 0.8
6 4 300 54.6 0.65
7 0 0 0 0

Inherent -> ∆P = 92 cm H₂o

Set No Lift (cm) Water flow Actuator P (kg/cm²)
rate (LPH)
1 4 370 0.65
2 8 470 0.8
3 12 600 0.9

3 Equal Percentage
Installed / Hystersis
Set No Lift (cm) Water flow ∆P (manometer) Actuator P
rate (LPH) (mm H₂o) (kg/cm²)
1 0 515 109.4 0
2 4 435 119.4 0.36
3 8 310 126.8 0.56
4 12 200 132.2 0.7
5 16 130 135.2 0.85
6 20 85 136.6 0.95
7 24 50 137.2 1.1
8 20 90 136.4 0.9
9 16 130 135.8 0.8
10 12 190 133.4 0.65
11 8 290 128 0.5
12 4 420 118.2 0.4
13 0 510 108.4 0

Inherent -> ∆P = 103 cm H₂o

Set No Lift (cm) Water flow Actuator P (kg/cm²)
rate (LPH)
1 0 510 0
2 4 410 0.36
3 8 280 0.55
4 12 200 0.7
5 16 110 0.85
 4. Sample Calculations (for Quick Opening Valve)

For quick opening valve; first we will convert the given data to SI units. For conversion of LPH
to 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟, divide by 1000. To convert mm 𝐻 𝑂 to bar, multiply
1.013
by 3 .
2 10.33×10

To find the valve coefficient, use the empirical equation 𝐶 𝐺

𝑣 = 1. 16×𝑄×∆𝑃
3
where Q = flow rate in ,
𝑚 /ℎ
G = specific gravity of water = 1
∆𝑃 = Pressure difference of manometer in bar.
For example, for quick opening valve;
Given is water flow rate (LPH) = 310 LPH and ∆P (manometer) in cm H₂O = 58 cm.
3 3
Therefore, flow rate in 𝑚 /ℎ𝑟 = 310/1000 = 0.31 𝑚 /ℎ and
∆P (manometer) in cm H₂O becomes 58× 1.013
3
= 0. 0057 𝑏𝑎𝑟.
10.33×10

Finally, valve coefficient becomes 1. 16×0. 1 0.0057

= 4. 77.
31×

Sample calculation table will be:

Set No Lift Water flow rate ∆P Actuator P Cv
(cm) (in m3/h) (manometer) (kg/cm²)
in bar
1 0 0 0 0 ~
2 4 0.31 0.0057 0.65 4.77
3 8 0.36 0.0024 0.8 8.61
4 12 0.37 0.0010 1 13.71
5 8 0.35 0.0025 0.8 8.10
6 4 0.3 0.0054 0.65 4.76
7 0 0 0 0 ~

(𝐶𝑣 (𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚)−𝐶𝑣 (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚))

To calculate hysteresis, use the equation 𝐶 𝑣 (𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚)
×100 for the same actuator

pressure.

For actuator pressure 0.65 kg/cm², we can see that maximum valve coefficient is 4.77

and minimum is 4.76. Therefore, hysteresis will 4.77

be 4.77−4.76 ×100 = 0. 26%

Sample calculation table will be:

 Hysteresis Calculations
Actuator P Cv Max Cv Min Hysteresis
(kg/cm²)
0 ~ ~ ~
0.65 4.77 4.76 0.26%
0.8 8.61 8.10 5.86%
1 13.71 13.71 0

5. Data Analysis and Discussions

● Equal Percentage Valve

Set No Lift (cm) Water ∆P Actuator ∆P

flow rate (manom P (manom
(LPH) eter) (kg/cm²) eter)
(mm (bar) Hysteresis
H₂o) Cv (max) Cv (min) (%)
1 0 515 109.4 0 0.010728 1.82388 1.814484 0.515165
2 4 435 119.4 0.36 0.011709 1.474636 1.430995 2.959442
3 8 310 126.8 0.56 0.012435 1.019764 0.949491 6.891104
4 12 200 132.2 0.7 0.012964 0.644335 0.609359 5.428232
5 16 130 135.2 0.85 0.013259 0.414145 0.413229 0.221179
6 20 85 136.6 0.95 0.013396 0.285452 0.269396 5.624764
7 24 50 137.2 1.1 0.013455 0.158121 0.158121 0
The inherent characteristic of a valve is the characteristic published by the manufacturer, based
on tests performed in a system where great care is taken to ensure that the pressure drop across
the test valve is held constant at all valve openings and flow rates. The inherent characteristic,
therefore, represents the relationship between valve flow capacity and valve opening when there
are no system effects involved. In the figure given above, it is observed that the valve coefficient
nonlinearly decreases with increasing lift. The highest valve coefficient (1.82) is seen at lift = 0
cm and the lowest (0.16) at lift = 24 cm.

The installed characteristic is the relationship between valve position and flow in the specific
system being considered, taking into account any changes in the pressure differential available to
the control valve due to the approximately flow squared relationship between flow and piping
pressure losses and/or a centrifugal pump head curve. In the graph above, the flow rate decreases
with lift in almost a similar shape to the inherent characteristic.

When related to a valve, hysteresis is the difference between the valve position on the upstroke
and its position on the downstroke at any given input signal. For it to be true hysteresis the valve
will be moving at all times. Hysteresis is most often caused by a high degree of static friction
within the valve. The graph above clearly is a hysteresis plot after calculating the valve
coefficients for upstroke and downstroke.

● Quick Opening Valve

Graphs of this type of valve are as follows.

We can see that as lift increases, valve coefficient increases in a linear fashion.

With the increase of flow rate, lift increases in a linear fashion starting from origin.
We can see that there is almost no hysteresis in this type of valve.

● Linear Valve

The graph shows a linear relationship between Cv and lift (in cm), which is in accordance with
what we expected in the case of a linear valve. The highest value of Cv is 4.47 corresponding to
the highest value of lift, which is 16 cm.
The graph between flow rate (in LPH) and Lift (in cm) also comes out to be fairly linear.

Finally, the hysteresis characteristics curve for the Linear Valve is shown above. The amount of
hysteresis increases with rising actuation pressure upto a point, then starts to decrease until it
almost reaches zero at max actuation pressure.

6. Conclusions
a. Three different types of control valves are studied: equal percentage, quick opening and
linear vale.
b. The hysteresis has been calculated and the hysteresis curve plotted keeping actuator
pressure as dependent variable and valve coefficient as dependent variable.
c. Installed and inherent characteristics are plotted and briefly explained.

**END**