Learning by Examples

S1296108
Passage Backgrounds
Checkboxes & Related Question Types
S1. 研究动物行为（动物类）
True / False / NG List of Headings
Summary Paragraph Matching
Matching Multiple Choices
Learning By Examples
A Learning theory is rooted in the work of Ivan Pavlov, the famous scientist who discover and documented the
principles governing how animals (humans included) learn in the 1900s. Two basic kinds of learning or
conditioning occur, one of which is famously known as the classical condition. Classical conditioning happens
when an animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus (signal) with a stimulus that has intrinsic meaning based
on how closely in time the two stimuli are presented. The classic example of classical conditioning is a dog's
ability to associate the sound of a bell (something that originally has no meaning to the dog) with the
presentation of food (something that has a lot of meaning for the dog) a few moments later. Dogs are able to
learn the association between bell and food, and will salivate immediately after hearing the bell once this
connection has been made. Years of learning research have led to the creation of a highly precise learning
theory that can be used to understand and predict how and under what circumstances most any animal will
learn, including human beings, and eventually help people figure out how to change their behaviors.
B Role models are a popular notion for guiding child development, but in recent years very interesting
research has been done on learning by example in other animals. If the subject of animal learning is taught
very much in terms of classical or operant conditioning, it places too much emphasis on how we allow animals
to learn and not enough on how they are equipped to learn. To teach a course of mine I have been dipping
profitably into a very interesting and accessible compilation of papers on social learning in mammals,
including chimps and human children, edited by Heyes and Galef.
C The research reported in one paper started with a school field trip to Israel to a pine forest where many pine
cones were discovered, stripped to the central core. So the investigation started with no weighty theoretical
intent, but was directed at finding out what was eating the nutritious pine seeds and how they managed to get
them out of the cones. The culprit proved to be the versatile and athletic black rat (Rattus) and the technique
was to bite each cone scale off at its base, in sequence from base to tip following the spiral growth pattern of
the cone.
D Urban black rats were found to lack the skill and were unable to learn it even if housed with experiences
cone strippers. However, infants of urban mothers cross fostered to stripper mothers acquired the skill,
whereas infants of stripper mothers fostered by an urban mother could not. Clearly the skill had to be learned
from the mother. Further elegant experiments showed that naive adults could develop the skill if they were
provided with cones from which the first complete spiral of scales had been removed, rather like our new
photocopier which you can word out how to use once someone has shown you how to switch it on. In case of
rats, the youngsters take cones away from the mother when she is still feeding on them, allowing them to
acquire the complete stripping skill.
E A good example of adaptive bearing we might conclude, but let's see the economies. This was determined by
measuring oxygen uptake of a rat stripping a cone in a metabolic chamber to calculate energetic cost and
comparing it with the benefit of the pine seeds measured by calorimeter. The cost proved to be less than 10%
of the energetic value of the cone. An acceptable profit margin.
F A paper in 1996 Animal Behavior by Bednekoff and Balda provides a different view of the adaptiveness of
social learning. It concerns the seed catching behavior of Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga Columbiana) and the
Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarine). The former is a specialist, catching 30,000 or so seeds in scattered
locations that it will recover over the months of winter, the Mexican jay will also cache food but is much less
dependent upon this than the nutcracker. The two species also differ in their social structure, the nutcracker
being rather solitary while the jay forages in social groups.
G The experiment is to discover not just whether a bird can remember where it hid a seed but also if it can
remember where it saw another bird hide a seed. The design is slightly comical with a cacher bird wandering
about a room with lots of holes in the floor hiding food in some of the holes, while watched by an observer
bird perched in a cage. Two days later cachers and observers are tested for their discovery rate against an
estimated random performance. In the role of cacher, not only nutcracker but also the less specialized jay
performed above chance; more surprisingly, however, jay observers were as successful as jay cachers whereas
nutcracker observers did no better than chance. It seems that, whereas the nutcracker is highly adapted at
remembering where it hid its own seeds, the social living Mexican jay is more adept at remembering, and so
exploiting, the caches of others.
Questions 1 - 4
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A - G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A - G, in boxes 1 - 4 on your answer sheet.
1 a comparison between rats，learning and human learning
2 a reference to the earliest study in animal learning
3 the discovery of who stripped the pine cone
4 a description of a cost-effectiveness experiment

Questions 5 - 8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 5 - 8 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
5 The field trip to Israel was to investigate how black rats learn to strip pine cones.
6 The pine cones were stripped from bottom to top by black rats.
7 It can be learned from other relevant experiences to use a photocopier.
8 Stripping the pine cones is an instinct of the black rats.

Questions 9 - 13
Complete the summary below using words from the box.
Write your answers in boxes 9 - 13 on your answer sheet.
While the Nutcracker is more able to cache see, the Jay relies 9........................on caching food and is thus less
specialized in this ability, but more 10......................... To study their behavior of caching and finding their caches,
an experiment was designed and carried out to test these two birds for their ability to remember where they hid
the seeds.
In the experiment, the cacher bird hid seeds in the ground while the other 11......................... As a result, the
Nutcracker and the Mexican Jay showed different performance in the role of 12........................ at finding the
seeds---the observing 13........................ didn't do as well as its counterpart.
A less B more C solitary D social
E cacher F observer G remembered H watched
I Jay J Nutcracker
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1 D 2 A 3 C 4 E
5 FALSE 6 TRUE 7 TRUE 8 FALSE
9 less 10 social 11 watched 12 observer
13 Nutcracker
S2297807
Passage Backgrounds
S2. 儿童活动（健康类）
Activities for Children
A Twenty-five years ago, children in London walked to school and played in parks and playing fields after school
and at the weekend. Today they are usually driven to school by parents anxious about safety and spend hours glued
to television screens or computer games. Meanwhile, community playing fields are being sold off to property
developers at an alarming rate. 'This change in lifestyle has, sadly, meant greater restrictions on children,' says Neil
Armstrong, Professor of Health and Exercise Science at the University of Exeter. 'If children continue to be this
inactive, they'll be storing up big problems for the future.'
B In 1985, Professor Armstrong headed a five-year research project into children's fitness. The results, published in
1990, were alarming. The survey, which monitored 700 11-16-year-olds, found that 48 per cent of girls and 41 per
cent of boys already exceeded safe cholesterol levels set for children by the American Heart Foundation. Armstrong
adds, "heart is a muscle and need exercise, or it loses its strength." It also found that 13 per cent of boys and 10 per
cent of girls were overweight. More disturbingly, the survey found that over a four-day period, half the girls and
one-third of the boys did less exercise than the equivalent of a brisk 10-minute walk. High levels of cholesterol,
excess body fat and inactivity are believed to increase the risk of coronary heart disease.
C Physical education is under pressure in the UK - most schools devote little more than 100 minutes a week to it in
curriculum time, which is less than many other European countries. Three European countries are giving children a
head start in PE, France, Austria and Switzerland - offer at least two hours in primary and secondary schools. These
findings, from the European Union of Physical Education Associations, prompted specialists in children's
physiology to call on European governments to give youngsters a daily PE programme. The survey shows that the
UK ranks 13th out of the 25 countries, with Ireland bottom, averaging under an hour a week for PE. From age six
to 18, British children received, on average, 106 minutes of PE a week. Professor Armstrong, who presented the
findings at the meeting, noted that since the introduction of the national curriculum there had been a marked fall in
the time devoted to PE in UK schools, with only a minority of pupils getting two hours a week.
D As a former junior football international, Professor Armstrong is a passionate advocate for sport. Although the
Government has poured millions into beefing up sport in the community, there is less commitment to it as part of
the crammed school curriculum. This means that many children never acquire the necessary skills to thrive in team
games. If they are no good at them, they lose interest and establish an inactive pattern of behaviour. When this is
coupled with a poor diet, it will lead inevitably to weight gain. Seventy per cent of British children give up all sport
when they leave school, compared with only 20 per cent of French teenagers. Professor Armstrong believes that
there is far too great an emphasis on team games at school. "We need to look at the time devoted to PE and balance
it between individual and pair activities, such as aerobics and badminton, as well as team sports." He added that
children need to have the opportunity to take part in a wide variety of individual, partner and team sports.
E The good news, however, is that a few small companies and children's activity groups have reacted positively and
creatively to the problem. 'Take That,' shouts Gloria Thomas, striking a disco pose astride her mini-space hopper.
'Take That,' echo a flock of toddlers, adopting outrageous postures astride their space hoppers. 'Michael Jackson,'
she shouts, and they all do a spoof fan-crazed shriek. During the wild and chaotic hopper race across the studio
floor, commands like this are issued and responded to with untrammelled glee. The sight of 15 bouncing
seven-year-olds who seem about to launch into orbit at every bounce brings tears to the eyes. Uncoordinated, loud,
excited and emotional, children provide raw comedy.

F Any cardiovascular exercise is a good option, and it doesn't necessarily have to be high intensity. It can be
anything that gets your heart rate up: such as walking the dog, swimming, running skipping, hiking. "Even walking
through the grocery store can be exercise," Samis-Smith said. What they don't know is that they're at a Fit Kids class,
and that the fun is a disguise for the serious exercise plan they're covertly being taken through. Fit Kids trains
parents to run fitness classes for children. 'Ninety per cent of children don't like team sports,' says company director,
Gillian Gale.
G A Prevention survey found that children whose parents keep in shape are much more likely to have healthy body
weights themselves. "There's nothing worse than telling a child what he needs to do and not doing it yourself," says
Elizabeth Ward, R.D., a Boston nutritional consultant and author of Healthy Foods, Healthy Kids. "Set a good
example and get your nutritional house in order first." In the 1930s and '40s, kids expended 800 calories a day just
walking, carrying water, and doing other chores,' notes Fima Lifshitz, M.D., a pediatric endocrinologist in Santa
Barbara. "Now, kids in obese families are expending only 200 calories a day in physical activity," says Lifshitz,
"incorporate more movement in your family's life - park farther away from the stores at the mall, take stairs instead
of the elevator, and walk to nearby friends' houses instead of driving."

Questions 14-17
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
14 health and living condition of children
15 health organization monitored physical activity
16 comparison of exercise time between UK and other countries
17 wrong approach for school activity
Questions 18-21
In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, write

18 According to American Heart Foundation, cholesterol levels of boys are higher than girls'.
19 British children generally do less exercise than some other European countries.
20 Skipping becomes more and more popular in schools of UK.
21 According to Healthy Kids, the first task is for parents to encourage their children to keep the same healthy
body weight.
Questions 22-26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
22 According to paragraph A, what does Professor Neil Armstrong concern about
A Spending more time on TV affect academic level
B Parents have less time stay with their children
C Future health of British children
D Increasing speed of property's development
23 What does Armstrong indicate in Paragraph B
A We need to take a 10 minute walk every day.
B We should do more activity to exercise heart.
C Girls' situation is better than boys.
D Exercise can cure many disease.
24 What is aim of First Kids' training
A Make profit by running several sessions.
B Only concentrate on one activity for each child.
C To guide parents how to organize activities for children.
D Spread the idea that team sport is better.

25 What did Lifshitz suggest in the end of this passage
A Create opportunities to exercise your body.
B Taking elevator saves your time.
C Kids should spend more than 200 calories each day.
D We should never drive but walk.
26 What is main idea of this passage
A health of the children who are overweight is at risk in the future
B children in UK need proper exercises
C government mistaken approach for children
D parents play the most important role in children's activity

14 A 15 B 16 C 17 D
18 NOT GIVEN 19 TRUE 20 NOT GIVEN 21 FALSE
22 C 23 B 24 C 25 A
26 B
S1293704
Passage Backgrounds
S1. 桥梁检测（科技类）
Keep a Watchful Eye on the Bridges
A Most road and rail bridges are only inspected visually, if at all. Every few months, engineers have to
clamber over the structure in an attempt to find problems before the bridge shows obvious signs of
damage. Technologies developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, and Texas A&M
University may replace these surveys with microwave sensors that constantly monitor the condition of
bridges.
B "The device uses microwaves to measure the distance between the sensor and the bridge, much like
radar does," says Albert Migliori, a Los Alamos physicist "Any load on the bridge - such as traffic -
induces displacements, which change that distance as the bridge moves up and down." By monitoring
these movements over several minutes, the researchers can find out how the bridge resonates. Changes in
its behaviour can give an early warning of damage.
C The Interstate 40 bridge over the Rio Grande river in Albuquerque provided the researchers with a
rare opportunity to text their ideas. Chuck Farrar, an engineer at Los Alamos, explains: "The New
Mexico authorities decided to raze this bridge and replace it. We were able to mount instruments on it,
test it under various load conditions and even inflict damage just before it was demolished." In the 1960s
and 1970s, 2500 similar bridges were built in the US. They have two steel girders supporting the load in
each section. Highway experts know that this design is "fracture critical" because a failure in either
girder would cause the bridge to fail.
D After setting up the microwave dish on the ground below the bridge, the Los Alamos team installed
conventional accelerometers at several points along the span to measure its motion. They then tested the
bridge while traffic roared across it and while subjecting it to pounding from a "shaker", which delivered
precise punches to a specific point on the road.
E "We then created damage that we hoped would simulate fatigue cracks that can occur in steel girders,"
says Farrar. They first cut a slot about 60 centimetres long in the middle of one girder. They then
extended the cut until it reached the bottom of the girder and finally they cut across the flange - the
bottom of the girder's "I" shape.
F The initial, crude analysis of the bridge's behaviour, based on the frequency at which the bridge
resonates, did not indicate that anything was wrong until the flange was damaged. But later the data were
reanalysed with algorithms that took into account changes in the mode shapes of the structure - shapes
that the structure takes on when excited at a particular frequency. These more sophisticated algorithms,
which were developed by Norris Stubbs at Texas A&M University, successfully identified and located the
damage caused by the initial cut.
G "When any structure vibrates, the energy is distributed throughout with some points not moving,
while others vibrate strongly at various frequencies," says Stubbs. "My algorithms use pattern
recognition to detect changes in the distribution of this energy." NASA already uses Stubbs' method to
check the behaviour of the body flap that slows space shuttles down after they land.
H A commercial system based on the Los Alamos hardware is now available, complete with the Stubbs
algorithms, from the Quatro Corporation in Albuquerque for about $100,000. Tim Darling, another Los
Alamos physicist working on the microwave interferometer with Migliori, says that as the electronics
become cheaper, a microwave inspection system will eventually be applied to most large bridges in the
US. "In a decade I would like to see a battery or solar-powered package mounted under each bridge,
scanning it every day to detect changes," he says.
Questions 1-4
1 How did the traditional way to prevent damage of the bridges before the invention of new monitoring
system
A Bridges has to be tested in every movement on two points.
B Bridges has to be closely monitored by microwave devices.
C Bridges has already been monitored by sensors.
D Bridges has to be frequently inspected by professional workers with naked eyes.
2 How does the new microwave monitors find out the problems of bridges
A by changeling the distance between the positions of devices
B by controlling the traffic flow on the bridges
C by monitoring the distance caused by traffic between two points
D by displacement of the several critical parts in the bridges

3 Why did the expert believe there is a problem for the design called "fracture critical"
A Engineers failed to apply the newly developed construction materials.
B There was not enough finance to repair the bridges.
C The supporting parts of the bridges may crack and cause the bridge to fail.
D There was bigger traffic load conditions than the designers had anticipated.
4 Defect was not recognized by a basic method in the beginning
A until the mid of faces of bridges has fractures.
B until the damage appears along and down to the flanges.
C until the points on the road have been punched.
D until the frequency of resonates appears disordered.

Questions 5-8
Filling the blanks in the diagram labels.
Write the correct answer in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
The diagram of monitoring a bridge
6........................
7........................
5........................
8........................
Questions 9-13
The reading Passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9 how is the pressure that they have many a great chance to test bridges
10 a ten-year positive change for microwave device
11 the chance they get a honorable contract
12 explanation of the mechanism for the new microwave monitoring to work
13 how is the damage deliberately created by the researchers

1 D 2 C 3 C 4 B
5 microwave dish 6 accelerometers 7 steel girders 8 flange
9 C 10 H 11 G 12 B
13 E
S1294106
Passage Backgrounds
S1. 过山车（历史类）
A 600 years ago, roller coaster pioneers never would have imagined the advancements that have been
made to create the roller coasters of today. The tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world is the Kingda
Ka, a coaster in New Jersey that launches its passengers from zero to 128 miles per hour in 3.5 seconds
(most sports cars take over four seconds to get to just 60 miles per hour). It then heaves its riders skyward
at a 90-degree angle (straight up) until it reaches a height of 456 feet, over one and a half football fields,
above the ground, before dropping another 418 feet (Coaster Grotto "Kingda Ka"). With that said, roller
coasters are about more than just speed and height, they are about the creativity of the designers that build
them, each coaster having its own unique way of producing intense thrills at a lesser risk than the average
car ride. Roller coasters have evolved drastically over the years, from their primitive beginnings as
Russian ice slides, to the metal monsters of today. Their combination of creativity and structural elements
make them one of the purest forms of architecture.
B At first glance, a roller coaster is something like a passenger train. It consists of a series of connected
cars that move on tracks. But unlike a passenger train, a roller coaster has no engine or power source of its
own. For most of the ride, the train is moved by gravity and momentum. To build up this momentum, you
need to get the train to the top of the first hill or give it a powerful launch. The traditional lifting
mechanism is a long length of chain running up the hill under the track. The chain is fastened in a loop,
which is wound around a gear at the top of the hill and another one at the bottom of the hill. The gear at
the bottom of the hill is turned by a simple motor. This turns the chain loop so that it continually moves up
the hill like a long conveyer belt. The coaster cars grip onto the chain with several chain dogs, sturdy
hinged hooks. When the train rolls to the bottom of the hill, the dogs catches onto the chain links. Once the
chain dog is hooked, the chain simply pulls the train to the top of the hill. At the summit, the chain dog is
released and the train starts its descent down the hill.
C Roller coasters have a long, fascinating history. The direct ancestors of roller coasters were monumental
ice slides - long, steep wooden-slides covered in ice, some as high as 70 feet - that were popular in Russia
in the 16th and 17th centuries. Riders shot down the slope in sleds made out of wood or blocks of ice,
crash-landing in a sand pile. Coaster historians diverge on the exact evolution of these ice slides into actual
rolling carts. The most widespread account is that a few entrepreneurial Frenchmen imported the ice slide
idea to France. The warmer climate of France tended to melt the ice, so the French started building waxed
slides instead, eventually adding wheels to the sleds. In 1817, the Russes a Belleville (Russian Mountains
of Belleville) became the first roller coaster where the train was attached to the track (in this case, the train
axle fit into a carved groove). The French continued to expand on this idea, coming up with more complex
track layouts, with multiple cars and all sorts of twists and turns.
D In comparison to the world's first roller coaster, there is perhaps an even greater debate over what was
America's first true coaster. Many will say that it is Pennsylvania's own Maunch Chunk-Summit Hill and
Switch Back Railroad. The Maunch Chunk-Summit Hill and Switch Back Railroad was originally
America's second railroad, and considered my many to be the greatest coaster of all time. Located in the
Lehigh valley, it was originally used to transport coal from the top of Mount Pisgah to the bottom of
Mount Jefferson, until Josiah White, a mining entrepreneur, had the idea of turning it into a part-time thrill
ride. Because of its immediate popularity, it soon became strictly a passenger train. A steam engine would
haul passengers to the top of the mountain, before letting them coast back down, with speeds rumored to
reach 100 miles per hour! The reason that it was called a switch back railroad, a switch back track was
located at the top - where the steam engine would let the riders coast back down. This type of track
featured a dead end where the steam engine would detach its cars, allowing riders to coast down
backwards. The railway went through a couple of minor track changes and name changes over the years,
but managed to last from 1829 to 1937, over 100 years.
E The coaster craze in America was just starting to build. The creation of the Switch Back Railway, by La
Marcus Thompson, gave roller coasters national attention. Originally built at New York's Coney Island in
1884, Switch Back Railways began popping up all over the country. The popularity of these rides may
puzzle the modern-day thrill seeker, due to the mild ride they gave in comparison to the modern-day roller
coaster. Guests would pay a nickel to wait in line up to five hours just to go down a pair of side-by-side
tracks with gradual hills that vehicles coasted down at a top speed around six miles per hour. Regardless,
Switchback Railways were very popular, and sparked many people, including Thompson, to design
coasters that were bigger and better.
F The 1910s and 1920s were probably the best decade that the roller coaster has ever seen. The new wave
of technology, such as the "unstop wheels", an arrangement that kept a coaster's wheels to its tracks by
resisted high gravitational forces, showed coasters a realm of possibilities that has never been seen before.
In 1919, North America alone had about 1,500 roller coasters, a number that was rising rampantly. Then,
the Great Depression gave a crushing blow to amusement parks all over America. As bad as it was,
amusement parks had an optimistic look on the future in the late 1930s. But, in 1942 roller coasters could
already feel the effects of World War Two, as they were forced into a shadow of neglect. Most, nearly all
of America's roller coasters were shut down. To this very day, the number of roller coaster in America is
just a very tiny fraction of the amount of roller coasters in the 1920s.
Questions 1 - 4
Answer the questions below.
A diagram that explains the mechanism and working principles of roller coaster.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Traditional lifting mechanism
Traditional roller coasters'

lifting force depends on a long
line of 1........................ for climbing
up, which is connected firmly to
a 2........................ shape track
There are both 3........................ on the

top and underneath the hill and it is
powered by a 4........................ when it
takes a turn.
Questions 5 - 10
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 5 - 10 on your answer sheet.
The first roller coaster was perhaps originated from Russia which is wrapped up by 5........................, which
was introduced into France, and it was modified to 6........................, because temperature there would
7........................the ice. This time 8........................ were installed on the board. In America, the first roller
coaster was said to appear in Pennsylvania, it was actually a railroad which was designed to send
9........................ between two mountains. Josiah White turned it into a thrill ride, it was also called switch
back track and a 10........................ there allowed riders to slide downward back again.
Questions 11 - 14
In boxes 11 - 14 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the view of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the view of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
11 The most exiting roller coaster in the world is in New Jersey.
12 French added more innovation on Russian ice slide including both cars and tracks.
13 Switch Back Railways began to gain popularity since its first construction in New York.
14 The Great Depression affected amusement parks yet did not shake the significant role of US roller
coasters in the world.

1 chain 2 loop 3 gear 4 (simple) moter
5 ice 6 waxed slides 7 melt 8 wheels
9 coal 10 steam engine 11 NOT GIVEN 12 YES
13 YES 14 NO
S1297109
Passage Backgrounds
S1. 脚踏泵灌溉（科技类）
Foot Pedal Irrigation
A Until now, governments and development agencies have tried to tackle the problem through
large-scale projects: gigantic dams, sprawling, irrigation canals and vast new fields of high-yield
crops introduced during the Green Revolution, the famous campaign to increase grain harvests in
developing nations. Traditional irrigation, however, has degraded the soil in many areas, and the
reservoirs behind dams can quickly fill up with silt, reducing their storage capacity and depriving
downstream farmers of fertile sediments. Furthermore, although the Green Revolution has greatly
expanded worldwide farm production since 1950, poverty stubbornly persists in Africa, Asia and Latin
America. Continued improvements in the productivity of large farms may play the main role in
boosting food supply, but local efforts to provide cheap, individual irrigation systems to small farms
may offer a better way to lift people out of poverty.
B The Green Revolution was designed to increase the overall food supply, not to raise the incomes of
the rural poor, so it should be no surprise that it did not eradicate poverty or hunger. India, for
example, has been self-sufficient in food for 15 years, and its granaries are full, but more than 200
million Indians - one fifth of the country's population - are malnourished because they cannot afford
the food they need and because the country's safety nets are deficient. In 2000, 189 nations
committed to the Millennium Development Goals, which called for cutting world poverty in half by
2015. With business as usual, however, we have little hope of achieving most of the Millennium goals,
no matter how much money rich countries contribute to poor ones.
C The supply-driven strategies of the Green Revolution, however, may not help subsistence farmers,
who must play to their strengths to compete in the global marketplace. The average size of a family
farm is less than four acres in India, 1.8 acres in Bangladesh and about half an acre in China.
Combines and other modern farming tools are too expensive to be used on such small areas. An
Indian farmer selling surplus wheat grown on his one-acre plot could not possibly compete with the
highly efficient and subsidized Canadian wheat farms that typically stretch over thousands of acres.
Instead subsistence farmers should exploit the fact that their labor costs are the lowest in the world,
giving them a comparative advantage in growing and selling high-value, intensely farmed crops.
D Paul Polak saw firsthand the need for a small-scale strategy in 1981 when he met Abdul Rahman, a
farmer in the Noakhali district of Bangladesh. From his three quarter-acre plots of rain-fed rice fields,
Abdul could grow only 700 kilograms of rice each year - 300 kilograms less than what he needed to
feed his family. During the three months before the October rice harvest came in, Abdul and his wife
had to watch silently while their three children survived on one meal a day or less. As Polak walked
with him through the scattered fields he had inherited from his father, Polak asked what he needed to
move out of poverty. "Control of water for my crops," he said, "at a price I can afford."
E Soon Polak learned about a simple device that could help Abdul achieve his goal: the treadle pump.
Developed in the late 1970s by Norwegian engineer Gunnar Barnes, the pump is operated by a person
walking in place on a pair of treadles and two handle arms made of bamboo. Properly adjusted and
maintained, it can be operated several hours a day without tiring the users. Each treadle pump has
two cylinders which are made of engineering plastic. The diameter of a cylinder is 100.5mm and the
height is 280mm. The pump is capable of working up to a maximum depth of 7 meters. Operation
beyond 7 meters is not recommended to preserve the integrity of the rubber components. The pump
mechanism has piston and foot valve assemblies. The treadle action creates alternate strokes in the
two pistons that lift the water in pulses.
F The human-powered pump can irrigate half an acre of vegetables and costs only $25 (including the
expense of drilling a tube well down to the groundwater). Abdul heard about the treadle pump from a
cousin and was one of the first farmers in Bangladesh to buy one. He borrowed the $25 from an uncle
and easily repaid the loan four months later. During the five-month dry season, when Bangladeshis
typically farm very little, Abdul used the treadle pump to grow a quarter-acre of chili peppers,
tomatoes, cabbage and eggplants. He also improved the yield of one of his rice plots by irrigating it.
His family ate some of the vegetables and sold the rest at the village market, earning a net profit of
$100. With his new income, Abdul was able to buy rice for his family to eat, keep his two sons in
school until they were 16 and set aside a little money for his daughter's dowry. When Polak visited him
again in 1984, he had doubled the size of his vegetable plot and replaced the thatched roof on his
house with corrugated tin. His family was raising a calf and some chickens. He told me that the treadle
pump was a gift from God.
G Bangladesh is particularly well suited for the treadle pump because a huge reservoir of groundwater
lies just a few meters below the farmers' feet. In the early 1980s IDE initiated a campaign to market
the pump, encouraging 75 small private-sector companies to manufacture the devices and several
thousand village dealers and tube-well drillers to sell and install them. Over the next 12 years one and
a half million farm families purchased treadle pumps, which increased the farmers' net income by a
total of $150 million a year. The cost of IDE's market-creation activities was only $12 million,
leveraged by the investment of $37.5 million from the farmers themselves. In contrast, the expense of
building a conventional dam and canal system to irrigate an equivalent area of farmland would be in
the range of $2,000 per acre, or $1.5 billion.

Questions 1 - 6
In boxes 1 - 6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the view of the writer

FALSE if the statement contradicts the view of the writer
1 It is more effective to resolve poverty or food problem in large scale rather than in small scale.
2 Construction of gigantic dams costs more time in developing countries.
3 Green revolution foiled to increase global crop production from the mid of 20th century.
4 Agricultural production in Bangladesh declined in last decade.
5 Farmer Abdul Rahman knew how to increase production himself.
6 Small pump spread into big project in Bangladesh in the past decade.
Questions 7 - 10
Filling the blanks in diagram of treadle pump's each parts.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Handles of pump's
materials is 7........................
PULLLEYS
TREADLES
Two 8........................
are made of Foot valves and
plastics. 9........................which
VALVE BOX connects pump
mechanism can
generate water pulse.
Treadle pump can
extract water
underneath up to
10........................ metre.
Questions 11 - 13
11 How large area can a treadle pump irrigate the field at a low level of expense?
12 What is Abdul's new roof made of?
13 How much did Bangladesh farmers invest by IDE's stimulation?

1 FALSE 2 NOT GIVEN 3 FALSE 4 NOT GIVEN
5 TRUE 6 TRUE 7 bamboo 8 cylinders
9 Piston 10 7 11 half an acre 12 corrugated tin
13 $37.5 million/37.5 million dollars

S2325508
Passage Backgrounds
S2. 碳素球（科技类）
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company
A The Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. made a product called the "smoke ball". It claimed to be a cure for
influenza and a number of other diseases, in the context of the 1889–1890 flu pandemic (estimated to
have killed 1 million people). The smoke ball was a rubber ball with a tube attached. It was filled with
carbolic acid (or phenol). The tube would be inserted into a user's nose and squeezed at the bottom
to release medicine powder (the vapours). The nose would run, ostensibly flushing out viral
infections.
B The Company published advertisements in the Pall Mall Gazette and other newspapers on
November 13, 1891, claiming that it would pay £100 to anyone who got sick with influenza after using
its product according to the instructions provided with it. "£100 reward will be paid by the Carbolic
Smoke Ball Company to any person who contracts the increasing epidemic influenza colds, or any
disease caused by taking cold, after having used the ball three times daily for two weeks, according
to the printed directions supplied with each ball. £1000 is deposited with the Alliance Bank, Regent
Street, showing our sincerity in the matter. During the last epidemic of influenza many thousand
carbolic smoke balls were sold as preventives against this disease, and in no ascertained case was
the disease contracted by those using the carbolic smoke ball. One carbolic smoke ball will last a
family several months, making it the cheapest remedy in the world at the price, 10s. post free. The
ball can be refilled at a cost of 5s. Address: "Carbolic Smoke Ball Company", 27, Princes Street,
Hanover Square, London."
C Mrs Louisa Elizabeth Carlill saw the advertisement, bought one of the balls and used it
three times daily for nearly two months until she contracted the flu on 17 January 1892. She
claimed £100 from the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. They ignored two letters from her
husband, a solicitor. On a third request for her reward, they replied with an anonymous
letter that if it is used properly the company had complete confidence in the smoke ball's
efficacy, but "to protect themselves against all fraudulent claims" they would need her to
come to their office to use the ball each day and be checked by the secretary. Mrs Carlill
brought a claim to court. The barristers representing her argued that the advertisement
and her reliance on it was a contract between her and the company, and so they ought to
pay. The company argued it was not a serious contract.
D The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, represented by HH Asquith, lost its argument at the Queen's
Bench. It appealed straight away. The Court of Appeal unanimously rejected the company's
arguments and held that there was a fully binding contract for £100 with Mrs Carlill. Among the
reasons given by the three judges were (1) that the advertisement was not a unilateral offer to all
the world but an offer restricted to those who acted upon the terms contained in the
advertisement (2) that satisfying conditions for using the smoke ball constituted acceptance of the
offer (3) that purchasing or merely using the smoke ball constituted good consideration, because it
was a distinct detriment incurred at the behest of the company and, furthermore, more people
buying smoke balls by relying on the advertisement was a clear benefit to Carbolic (4) that the
company's claim that £1000 was deposited at the Alliance Bank showed the serious intention to be
legally bound.
E Lindley LJ gave the first judgment on it, after running through the facts again. He makes short
shrift of the insurance and wagering contract arguments that were dealt with in the Queen's Bench.
He believed that the advert was intended to be issued to the public and to be read by the public. How
would an ordinary person reading this document construe it? It was intended unquestionably to
have some effect. He followed on with essentially five points. First, the advert was not "mere puff"
as had been alleged by the company, because the deposit of £1000 in the bank evidenced seriousness.
Second, the advertisement was an offer to the world. Third, communication of acceptance is not
necessary for a contract when people's conduct manifests an intention to contract. Fourth, that
the vagueness of the advert's terms was no insurmountable obstacle. And fifth, the nature of Mrs
Carlill1 s consideration (what she gave in return for the offer) was good, because there is both an
advantage in additional sales in reaction to the advertisement and a "distinct inconvenience" that
people go to use a smoke ball.
F Lord Justice Bowen LJ's opinion was more tightly structured in style and is frequently cited. Five
main steps in his reasoning can be identified. First, he says that the contract was not too vague to
be enforced, because it could be interpreted according to what ordinary people would understand
by it. He differed slightly from Lindley LJ on what time period one could contract flu and still have a
claim (Lindley LJ said a "reasonable time" after use, while Bowen LJ said "while the smoke ball is
used") but this was not a crucial point, because the fact was that Mrs Carlill got flu while using the
smoke ball. Second, like Lindley LJ, Bowen LJ says that the advert was not mere puff because
£1000 was deposited in the bank to pay rewards. Third, he said that although there was an offer to
the whole world, there was not a contract with the whole world. Therefore, it was not an absurd
basis for a contract, because only the people that used it would bind the company. Fourth, he says
that communication is not necessary to accept the terms of an offer; conduct is and should be
sufficient. Fifth, there was clearly good consideration given by Mrs Carlill because she went to the
"inconvenience" of using it, and the company got the benefit of extra sales.
G Carlill is frequently cited as a leading case in the common law of contract, particularly where
unilateral contracts are concerned. This is perhaps due to the strategy of Counsel for the
Defendant in running just about every available defence, requiring the court to deal with these
points in turn in the judgment. It provides an excellent study of the basic principles of contract and
how they relate to every day life. The case remains good law. It still binds the lower courts of
England and Wales and is cited by judges with approval. However, in addition to the contractual
remedy afforded to users, the same facts would give rise to a number of additional statutory
remedies and punishments were an individual to place an advert in the same terms today.
Questions 14-17
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contradicts the information
14 Influenza epidemic was more rampant in London city than in rural areas.
15 A letter has replied to Ms. Carlill bearing no signed name to claim the company's innocent.
16 The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company lost its law suit then the company accepted the sentence
straight away.
17 The new patented carbolic acid product can be poisonous and viral infections.
Questions 18-21
Look at the diagram and fill in the blank with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD.
18 the part of the ........................
19 a filtering ........................ embedded inside
20 the bottle was made of ........................
21 the ........................ form medicine inside the bottle

Questions 22-25
Look at the following statements and the list of people in the box below.
Match each statement with the correct person A-D.
Write the appropriate letter, A-D, in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.
22 The person who initiated a law suit against the company.
23 The contract effectiveness can be established because the advert was to be issued to the public
including ordinary persons rather than professionals.
24 The person who wrote complaints to the company and got no response again.
25 Vagueness of the advert's terms was no obstacle for people to enforce them.
Lists of people
A Lord Justice Lindley
B Lord Justice Bowen
C Mrs. Carlill
D Mr. Carlill (the husband)

Question 26
Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.
26 Why Carlill is frequently cited as a leading case in the common law of contract
A It was the first and one of the most famous unilateral contract cases to be concerned.
B It helped companies to develop a number of contractual remedy afforded to users.
C The case remains an excellent example that the basic principles and validity of unilateral
contract can be established.
D An individual to place an advert in the similar terms today can be free of the punishment.
S2325508 & Question Answers
14 NOT GIVEN 15 YES 16 NO 17 NOT GIVEN
18 nozzle 19 gauze 20 rubber 21 powder
22 C 23 A 24 D 25 B
26 C
S2325309
Passage Backgrounds
S2. 梦想（社会类）
What are Dreams?

A Thousands of years ago, dreams were seen as messages from the gods, and in many cultures, they are still
considered prophetic. In ancient Greece, sick people slept at the temples of Asclepius, the god of medicine, in
order to receive dreams that would heal them. Modern dream science really begins at the end of the 19th
century with Sigmund Freud, who theorized that dreams were the expression of unconscious desires often
stemming from childhood. He believed that exploring these hidden emotions through analysis could help cure
mental illness. The Freudian model of psychoanalysis dominated until the 1970s, when new research into the
chemistry of the brain showed that emotional problems could have biological or chemical roots, as well as
environmental ones. In other words, we weren't sick just because of something our mothers did (or didn't do),
but because of some imbalance that might be cured with medication.
B After Freud, the most important event in dream science was the discovery in the early 1950s of a phase of
sleep characterized by intense brain activity and rapid eye movement (REM). People awakened in the midst of
REM sleep reported vivid dreams, which led researchers to conclude that most dreaming took place during
REM. Using the electroencephalograph (EEG), researchers could see that brain activity during REM
resembled that of the waking brain. That told them that a lot more was going on at night than anyone had
suspected. But what, exactly?

C Scientists still don't know for sure, although they have lots of theories. On one side are scientists like Harvard's
Allan Hobson, who believes that dreams are essentially random. In the 1970s, Hobson and his colleague Robert
McCarley proposed what they called the "activation-synthesis hypothesis," which describes how dreams are formed by
nerve signals sent out during REM sleep from a small area at the base of the brain called the pons. These signals, the
researchers said, activate the images that we call dreams. That put a crimp in dream research; if dreams were
meaningless nocturnal firings, what was the point of studying them?
D Adult humans spend about a quarter of their sleep time in REM, much of it dreaming. During that time, the
body is essentially paralyzed but the brain is buzzing. Scientists using PET and fMRI technology to watch the
dreaming brain have found that one of the most active areas during REM is the limbic system, which controls
our emotions. Much less active is the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with logical thinking. That could
explain why dreams in REM sleep often lack a coherent story line. (Some researchers have also found that
people dream in non-REM sleep as well, although those dreams generally are less vivid.) Another active part of
the brain in REM sleep is the anterior cingulate cortex, which detects discrepancies. Eric Nofzinger, director of
the Sleep Neuroimaging Program at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, thinks that could be why
people often figure out thorny problems in their dreams. "It's as if the brain surveys the internal milieu and
tries to figure out what it should be doing, and whether our actions conflict with who we are," he says.
E These may seem like vital mental functions, but no one has yet been able to say that REM sleep or dreaming
is essential to life or even sanity. MAO inhibitors, an older class of antidepressants, essentially block REM sleep
without any detectable effects, although people do get a "REM rebound" - extra REM - if they stop the
medication. That's also true of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac, which reduce
dreaming by a third to a half. Even permanently losing the ability to dream doesn't have to be disabling. Israeli
researcher Peretz Lavie has been observing a patient named Yuval Chamtzani, who was injured by a fragment
of shrapnel that penetrated his brain when he was 19. As a result, he gets no REM sleep and doesn't remember
any dreams. But Lavie says that Chamtzani, now 55, "is probably the most normal person I know and one of
the most successful ones." (He's a lawyer, a painter and the editor of a puzzle column in a popular Israeli
newspaper.)
F The mystery of REM sleep is that even though it may not be essential, it is ubiquitous - at least in mammals
and birds. But that doesn't mean all mammals and birds dream (or if they do, they're certainly not - talking
about it). Some researchers think REM may have evolved for physiological reasons. "One thing that's unique
about mammals and birds is that they regulate body temperature," says neuroscientist Jerry Siegel, director of
UCLA's Center for Sleep Research. "There's no good evidence that any coldblooded animal has REM sleep."
REM sleep heats up the brain and non-REM cools it off, Siegel says, and that could mean that the changing
sleep cycles allow the brain to repair itself. "It seems likely that REM sleep is filling a basic physiological
function and that dreams are a kind of epiphenomenon," Siegel says - an extraneous byproduct, like foam on
beer.
G Whatever the function of dreams at night, they clearly can play a role in therapy during the day. The
University of Maryland's Clara Hill, who has studied the use of dreams in therapy, says that dreams are a "back
door" into a patient's thinking. "Dreams reveal stuff about you that you didn't know was there," she says. The
therapists she trains to work with patients' dreams are, in essence, heirs to Freud, using dream imagery to
uncover hidden emotions and feelings. Dreams provide clues to the nature of more serious mental illness.
Schizophrenics, for example, have poor-quality dreams, usually about objects rather than people. "If you're
going to understand human behavior," says Rosalind Cartwright, a chairman of psychology at Rush University
Medical Center in Chicago, "here's a big piece of it. Dreaming is our own storytelling time - to help us know
who we are, where we're going and how we're going to get there." Cartwright has been studying depression in
divorced men and women, and she is finding that "good dreamers," people who have vivid dreams with strong
story lines, are less likely to remain depressed. She thinks that dreaming helps diffuse strong emotions.
"Dreaming is a mental-health activity," she says.

Questions 27-31
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information
Write the correct number, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27 reference of an artist's dreams who has versatile talents
28 dream actually happens to many animals
29 dreams are related with benefit and happiness
30 advanced scientific technology applied in investigation of REM stage
31 questioning concern raised about usefulness of investigation on dreams

Questions 32-34
Write the correct letter in boxes 32-34 on your answer sheet.
32 What were dreams regarded as by ancient people
A superstitious and unreliable
B communication with gods and chance to predict the future
C medical relief for children with ill desire
D rules to follow as they fell asleep in a temple
33 According to Paragraph D, which part of brain controls reasoning
A anterior cingulate cortex
B internal cortext
C limbic system
D prefrontal cortex
34 What can we conclude when author cited reference on dreams in animals
A Brain temperature rises when REM pattern happens.
B The reason why mammals are warm blooded.
C Mammals are bound to appear with more frequent REM.
D REM makes people want to drink beer with more foam.

Questions 35-40
Look at the following people and the list of statements below..
Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.
35 Dreams sometimes come along with REM as no more than a trivial attachment.
36 Exploring parents' dreams would be beneficial for treatment as it reveals the unconscious thinking.
37 Dreams help people cope with difficulties they meet in daytime.
38 Decoding dreams would provide a remind to human desire in early days.
39 Dreams are a body function to control strong emotion.
40 Dreams seem to be as randomly occurring and have limited research significance.
Lists of people
A Sigmund Freud
B Allan Hobson (Harvard)
C Robert McCarley
D Eric Nofzinger
E Jerry Siegel
F Clara Hill
G Rosalind Cartwright
27 E 28 F 29 G 30 D
31 B 32 B 33 D 34 A
35 E 36 F 37 D 38 A
39 G 40 B
S2327715
Passage Backgrounds
S2. 新型交通工具（科技类）
New transport mode PRT RUF
A This is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few hours.
We can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities, we depend
on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler.
B In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the debate about
transport. The problem has even persuaded California that home of car culture to curb traffic growth.
But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities any faster.
And persuading people to use trains and buses will always be an uphill struggle. Cars, after all, are
popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping knows.
C A professor of mechanical engineering sits typing at a computer keyboard, conjuring up a scene on

his monitor that looks something like the classic computer game PacMan . White dots stream in from
the right of the screen, switch to red, and merge with green boxes, which swiftly change colour to
yellow and then red, while moving through a bewildering maze. But this is not a video game. J.
Edward Anderson of Boston University is testing an urban transit system that he believes could
revolutionise public transport worldwide.
D For the past quarter of a century, Anderson has been promoting his version of a personal rapid
transit (PRT). Other versions came and went in the 1970s, from Europe, Japan and elsewhere in the
US, but he was so convinced of the idea's potential that he stuck with it and, in 1983, founded the
Taxi 2000 Corporation to 'commercialise' the initiative. Although the University of Minnesota,
Anderson's employer until 1986, holds the patents to the technology, he is licensed to develop it and
to sub-license other developers. So politicians should be trying to lure alternatives. Perhaps the most
attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit (PRT), independently invented in the US
and Europe in the 1950s.
E The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car which can whisk
you to your destination along a network of guideways. You wouldn't have to share your space with
strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or parked cars to slow things down, PRT guideways
can carry far more traffic, nonstop, than any inner city road. It's a wonderful vision, but the odds are
stacked against PRT for a number of reasons. The first cars ran on existing roads, and it was only
after they became popular - and after governments started earning revenue from them - that a
road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was built. With PRT, the infrastructure would
have to come first - and that would cost megabucks.
F What's more, any transport system that threatened the car's dominance would be up against all
those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to manufacturers and oil
multinationals. Even if PRTs were spectacularly successful in trials, it might not make much
difference. Superior technology doesn't always triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and Windows
versus Apple Mac battles showed.
G But "dual-mode" systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The Danish RUF
system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with one key difference: vehicles
have wheels as well as a slot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off the rail onto
a normal road. Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF
vehicle - the term comes from a Danish saying meaning to "go fast" - would become an electric car.
H Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a strong incentive
not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle. Commuters could
drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they are chauffeured into the city. At work, they would
jump out, leaving their vehicles to park themselves. Unlike PRT, such a system could grow organically,
as each network would serve a large area around it and people nearby could buy into it. And a
dual-mode system might even win the support of car manufacturers, who could easily switch to
producing dual-mode vehicles.
I The RUF system can reduce the energy consumption from individual traffic. The main factor is the
reduction of air resistance due to close coupling of vehicles. The energy consumption per ruf can be
reduced to less than 1/3 at 100 km/h. Since RUF is an electric system, renewable sources can be
used without problems. A combination of windmills and a RUF rail could be used over water. Solar
cells can also be integrated into the system and ensure completely sustainable transportation.
J Of course, creating a new transport system will not be cheap or easy. But unlike adding a dedicated
bus lane here or extending the underground railway there, an innovative system such as Jensen's
could transform cities. The vehicles in a RUF system "rides" very safely on top of a triangular
monorail. This means that derailments are impossible and that the users will feel safe because it is
easy to understand that when the rail is actually inside the vehicle it is absolutely stable. The special
rail brake ensures that braking power is always available even during bad weather. The brake can
squeeze as hard against the rail as required in order to bring the vehicle to a safe stop. If a vehicle has
to be evacuated, a walkway between the two rails can be used.
K And it's not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day. According to the Red Cross, more than 30
million people have died in road accidents in the past century - three times the number killed in the
First World War - and the annual death toll is rising. And what's more, the Red Cross believes road
accidents will become the third biggest cause of death and disability by 2020, ahead of diseases such
as AIDS and tuberculosis. Surely we can find a better way to get around.
Questions 14-17
TURE if the statement agrees with the information

14 City transport developed slower than other means of communication.
15 Many states in the US consider to reduce cars growth.
16 Car pollution has been concerned these days.
17 Trains and buses are not suitable to drive on uphill road.

Questions 18-24
Use the information in the passage to match the category (listed A-C) with description below.
Write the appropriate letters, A-C, in boxes 18-24 on your answer sheet.
A A Only PRT B Only RUF C Both of them
18 Totally apply computer system
19 Opposition to system from companies
20 Reach destination fast
21 Not necessary to share with the public
22 Work on existing road
23 Individuals can buy the cars after all
24 Controlled both by computer and manual

Questions 25-27
Choose THREE correct letters from followings that are advantages of developing a NEW TRANSPORT
SYSTEM?
A Stimulating economy
B Successful application in Europe
C Safety consideration
D Less pollution to environment
E Economical budget
F Public popularity
G Fast speed
14 TRUE 15 NOT GIVEN 16 TRUE 17 NOT GIVEN
18 A 19 A 20 C 21 C
22 B 23 B 24 B 25 C
26 D 27 G
S2329911
Passage Backgrounds
S2. 管理者理论（社会类）
Development of
Public Management Theory
Bureaucracy management: The classic one
Several theorists bridged the gap between strictly private and public sector management. One
good example is Max Weber exploring sociologist, who explored the ideal bureaucracy in The
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Bureaucratic Theory was developed by a German
Sociologist and political economist Max Weber (1864-1920). According to him, bureaucracy is the
most efficient form of organisation. The organisation has a well-defined line of authority. It has
clear rules and regulations which are strictly followed. According to Max Weber, there are three
types of power in an organization: (1) Traditional Power, (2) Charismatic Power, and (3)
Bureaucratic Power or Legal Power.
The characteristics or features of Bureaucratic Organisation
Weber admired bureaucracy for its trustworthiness. The bureaucracy was constituted by a group
of professional, ethical public officials. These servants dedicate themselves to the public in return
for security of job tenure among the many advantages of public employment. There is a high
degree of Division of Labour and Specialisation as well as a defined Hierarchy of Authority. There
are well defined Rules and Regulations which follows the principle of Rationality, Objectively and
Consistency. There rules cover all the duties and rights of the employees. These rules must be
strictly followed. Selection and Promotion is based on Technical qualifications. There are Formal
and Impersonal relations among the member of the organisation. Interpersonal relations are based
on positions and not on personalities.
Bureaucratic organisation is criticised because of the following reasons: Bureaucratic
organisation is a very rigid type of organisation. Too much emphasis on rules and regulations
which are rigid and inflexible. It does not give importance to human relations. No importance is
also given to informal groups which nowadays play an important role in all business
organisations. Yet, too much importance is given to the technical qualifications of the
employees for promotion and transfers. Dedication and commitment of the employee is not
considered. It is suitable for government organisations. It is also suitable for organisations where
change is very slow. There will be unnecessary delay in decision-making due to formalities and
rules. It is appropriate for static organisations. There is difficulty in coordination and
communication.
Management: A consolidated discipline
Herbert Simon, Chester Barnard, and Charles Lindblom are among the first of those recognized as
early American public administrators. These men ushered in an area during which the field
gained recognition as independent and unique, despite its multidisciplinary nature. Simon
contributed theoretical separation to discern management, decisions based upon fact versus
those made based on values. Since one cannot make completely responsible decisions with
public resources based solely on personal values, one must attempt to upon objectively
determined facts. Simon developed other relevant theories as well. Similar to Lindblom's
subsequently discussed critique of comprehensive rationality, Simon also taught that a strictly
economic man, one who maximizes returns or values by making decisions based upon complete
information in unlimited time, is unrealistic. Instead, most public administrators use a sufficient
amount of information to make a satisfactory decision: they "satisfice".
In decision-making, Simon believed that agents face uncertainty about the future and costs in
acquiring information in the present. These factors limit the extent to which agents can make a
fully rational decision, thus they possess only "bounded rationality" and must make decisions by
"satisficing," or choosing that which might not be optimal but which will make them happy
enough. "Rational behavior, in economics, means that individuals maximizes his utility function
under the constraints they face (e.g., their budget constraint, limited choices, ...) in pursuit of their
self-interest.
Chester Barnard was also one of the watershed scholars. Barnard published "The Economy of
Incentives" (1938), in an attempt to explain individual participation in an organization. Barnard
explained organizations as systems of exchange. Low-level employees must have more incentive
to remain with the organization for which they exchange their labor and loyalty. The organization
(and higher level employees) must derive sufficient benefit from its employees to keep them.
The net pull of the organization is determined by material rewards, environmental conditions,
and other Intangibles like recognition. He gives great importance to persuasion, much more than
to economic incentives. He described four general and four specific incentives including Money
and other material inducements; Personal non-material opportunities for distinction; Desirable
physical conditions of work; Ideal benefactions, such as pride of workmanship etc.
A new humanist era: Rethinking powerand management
Humanists embrace a dynamic concept of an employee and management techniques. This
requires a theoretical shift away from the idea that an employee is a cog in the industrial
machine. Rather, employees are unique individuals with goals, needs, desires, etc.
The humanist era ushered in other possible interpretations of such topics as power and
management. One of the most significant was Douglas McGregor's "Theory X and Theory Y."
McGregor's work provided a basis for a management framework, a structure upon whose rungs
the classic and new-aged management might be hung. First, commonly held by early
management theorists, Theory X begins with the assumption that humans possess an inherent
aversion to work. Employees must therefore be coerced and controlled if management expects
to see results. Further, lazy humans prefer direction bordering micromanagement whenever
possible.
Theory Y is much more compatible with the humanist tradition. This begins with the assumption
that work is as natural for humans as rest or play. Further, employees will direct and control
themselves as they complete objectives. Humans learn naturally and seek responsibility.
Consequently, managers need only to steer employees in a cooperative manner toward goals
that serve the organization. There is room for many to create and share power.
The Z-Organization can be thought of as a complimentary third element to McGregor's dichotomy.
Z-organizations are a Japanese organizational model. Similar to Theory-Y management, Z
organizations place a large degree of responsibility upon the employees. Further, relatively
low-level employees are entrusted with the freedom to be creative, "wander around the
organization" and become truly unique, company-specific employees. However, employees
achieve only after "agreeing on a central set of objectives and ways of doing business" In Z
Organizations, decision-making is democratic and participatory. Despite the many advantages of
this organizational model, there are several draw-backs. These include the depredation of a large
professional distance - de-personalization is impossible in Z-organizations. Since, in reality, there
is high percentage of workers would like work for the financial return than the job objectives. A
high level of self-discipline is also necessary.

Questions 14-15
Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 14-15.
What are the features and advantages for Bureaucratic Management
A There are equal opportunities coming from little hierarchy of authority among companies.
B Employees' promotion can be much fairer which is based on job duties not on characters.
C Employees enjoy a greater freedom of duties than their strict right.
D Selection and Promotion is based on mastery of new technology.
E These employees can dedicate themselves to the public for stability of a long term job.
Questions 16-17
What are the limitations for the ideas of Bureaucratic Management
A Commitment of the employee is not taken into consideration enough.
B There is difficulty in decision-making based on formalities and rules.
C Employees are casually oragnised as no importance is given to formal groups.
D There is difficulty in enforcement of rules and regulations.
E It is not applicable to dynamic organisations where change is very fast.

Questions 18-19
What are the aims of management as Douglas McGregor's work of the "Theory Y".
A Employees must be coerced and controlled if management expects to see results.
B Employees has natural tendency for rest or play.
C Humans will not automatically seek responsibility.
D Managers may guide employees in a cooperative manner toward objectives.
E There is little room for manager to designate or share his power.
Questions 20-21
What are the limitations for the "Theory Z"
A Decision-making is democratic and participatory.
B Organization mode has inherent design fault.
C Not all employee set higher interest in the job than that of wages.
D Personalization remains un-eliminated in organization.
E Self-discipline is an unnecessary quality.

Question 22-26
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-E) with opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters, A-E, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
22 Employees like to follow professional, ethical public officials to secure a job.
23 Highly effective can be achieved only after "agreeing on a core of objectives and method of
doing things".
24 Managers need to take the employees, emotional feeling, besides the material rewards, into
incentives system.
25 Individuals can maximize their self-interest when all the budget and choices are utilised well.
26 The assumption that humans possess a natural dislike to work who ought to be forced and
controlled.
Lists of people
A Mark weber
B McGregor
C Herbert Simon
D Chester Barnard
E Charles Lindblom
S2329911& Question Answers
14 B 15 E 16 A 17 E
18 B 19 D 20 C 21 D
22 A 23 B 24 D 25 C
26 B
S1326814
Passage Backgrounds
S1. 吉尔伯特和磁场学（科技类）
Questions 1-7
Reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Early years of Gilbert 1 Paragraph A
ii What was new about his scientific research method 2 Paragraph B

iii The development of chemistry 3 Paragraph C
iv Questioning traditional astronomy 4 Paragraph D
v Pioneers of the early science
5 Paragraph E
vi Professional and social recognition 6 Paragraph F
vii Becoming the present of the Royal Science Society 7 Paragraph G
viii The great works of Gilbert
ix His discovery about magnetism
x His change of focus
William Gilbert and Magnetism
A 16th and 17th centuries saw two great pioneers of modern science: Galileo and Gilbert. The impact of their findings is eminent.
Gilbert was the first modern scientist, also the accredited father of the science of electricity and magnetism, an Englishman of
learning and a physician at the court of Elizabeth. Prior to him, all that was known of electricity and magnetism was what the
ancients knew, nothing more than that the: lodestone possessed magnetic properties and that amber and jet, when rubbed, would
attract bits of paper or other substances of small specific gravity. However, he is less well-known than he deserves.
B Gilbert's birth predated Galileo. Born in an eminent local family in Colchester county in the UK, on May 24, 1544, he went to
grammar school, and then studied medicine at St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1573. Later he traveled in the continent
and eventually settled down in London.
C He was a very successful and eminent doctor. All this culminated in his election to the president of the Royal Science Society.
He was also appointed the personal physician to the Queen (Elizabeth I), and later knighted by the Queen. He faithfully served her
until her death. However, he didn't outlive the Queen for long and died on December 10, 1603, only a few months after his
appointment as personal physician to King James.
D Gilbert was first interested in chemistry but later changed his focus due to the large portion of mysticism of alchemy involved
(such as the transmutation of metal). He gradually developed his interest in physics after the great minds of the ancient, particularly
about the knowledge the ancient Greeks had about lodestones, strange minerals with the power to attract iron. In the meantime,
Britain became a major seafaring nation in 1588 when the Spanish Armada was defeated, opening the way to British settlement of
America. British ships depended on the magnetic: compass, yet no one understood why it worked. Did the pole star attract it, as
Columbus once speculated; or was there a magnetic mountain at the pole, as described in Odyssey' which ships would never
approach, because the sailors thought its pull would yank out all their iron nails and fittings? For nearly 20 years William Gilbert
conducted ingenious experiments to understand magnetism. His works include On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, Great
Magnet of the Earth.

E Gilbert's discovery was so important to modern physics. He investigated the nature of magnetism and electricity. He
even coined the word "elec-trie". Though the early beliefs of magnetism were also largely entangled with superstitions
such as that rubbing garlic on lodestone can neutralize its magnetism, one example being that sailors even believed the
smell of garlic would even interfere with the action of compass, which is why helmsmen were forbidden to eat it near a
ship's compass. Gilbert also found that metals can be magnetized by rubbing materials such as fur, plastic or the like on
them. He named the ends of a magnet "north pole" and "south pole". The magnetic poles can attract or repel, depending
on polarity. In addition, however, ordinary iron is always attracted to a magnet. Though he started to study the
relationship between magnetism and electricity, sadly he didn't complete it. His research of static electricity using
amber and jet only demonstrated that objects with electrical charges can work like magnets attracting small pieces of
paper and stuff. It is a French guy named du Fay that discovered that there are actually two electrical charges, positive
and negative.
F He also questioned the traditional astronomical beliefs. Though a Copernican, he didn't express in his quintessential
beliefs whether the earth is at the center of the universe or in orbit around the sun. However he believed that stars are
not equidistant from the earth, but have their own earth-like planets orbiting around them. The earth is itself like a giant
magnet, which is also why compasses always point north. They spin on an axis that is aligned with the earth's polarity.
He even likened the polarity of the magnet to the polarity of the earth and built an entire magnetic philosophy on this
analogy. In his explanation, magnetism was the soul of the earth. Thus a perfectly spherical lodestone, when aligned
with the earth's poles, would wobble all by itself in 24 hours. Further, he also believed that suns and other stars wobble
just like the earth does around a crystal core, and speculated that the moon might also be a magnet caused to orbit by its
magnetic attraction to the earth. This was perhaps the first proposal that a force might cause a heavenly orbit.
G His research method was revolutionary in that he used experiments rather than pure logic and reasoning like the
ancient Greek philosophers did. It was a new attitude toward scientific investigation. Until then, scientific experiments
were not in fashion. It was because of this scientific attitude, together with his contribution to our knowledge of
magnetism, that a unit of magneto motive force, also known as magnetic potential, was named Gilbert in his honor. His
approach of careful observation and experimentation rather than the authoritative opinion or deductive philosophy of others had
laid the very foundation for modern science.

Questions 8-10
In boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet write
TURE if the statement agrees with the information

8 He is less famous than he should be.
9 He was famous as a doctor before he was employed by the Queen.
10 He lost faith in the medical theories of his time.
Questions 11-13
Choose THREE letters, A-F.
Which THREE of the following are parts of Gilbert's discovery?
A Metal can be transformed into another.
B Garlic can remove magnetism.
C Metals can be magnetized.
D Stars are at different distances from the earth.
E The earth wobbles on its axis.
F There are two charges of electricity.

1 v 2 i 3 vi 4 x
5 ix 6 iv 7 ii 8 TRUE
9 TRUE 10 NOT GIVEN 11 C 12 D
13 E
S1282203
Passage Backgrounds
S1.生态保护措施（自然类）
Eco-Resort Management Practices

A Ecotourism is often regarded as a form of nature-based tourism and has become an important alternative source of
tourists. In addition to providing the traditional resort-leisure product, it has been argued that ecotourism resort
management should have a particular focus on best-practice environmental management, an educational and
interpretive component, and direct and indirect contributions to the conservation of the natural and cultural
environment (Ayala, 1996).
B Couran Cove Island Resort is a large integrated ecotourism-based resort located south of Brisbane on the Gold
Coast, Queensland, Australia. As the world's population becomes increasingly urbanised, the demand for tourist
attractions which are environmentally friendly, serene and offer amenities of a unique nature, has grown rapidly.
Couran Cove Resort, which is one such tourist attractions, is located on South Stradbroke Island, occupying
approximately 150 hectares of the island. South Stradbroke Island is separated from the mainland by the Broadwater,
a stretch of sea 3 kilometers wide. More than a century ago, there was only one Stradbroke Island, and there were at
least four aboriginal tribes living and hunting on the island. Regrettably, most of the original island dwellers were
eventually killed by diseases such as tuberculosis, smallpox and influenza by the end of the 19th century. The second
ship wreak on the island in 1894, and the subsequent destruction of the ship (the Cambus Wallace) because it
contained dynamite, caused a large crater in the sandhills on Stradbroke Island. Eventually, the ocean broke through
the weakened land form and Stradbroke became two islands. Couran Cove Island Resort is built on one of the
world's few naturally-occurring sand lands, which is home to a wide range of plant communities and one of the
largest remaining remnants of the rare livistona rainforest left on the Gold Coast. Many mangrove and rainforest
areas, and Malaleuca Wetlands on South Stradbroke Island (and in Queensland), have been cleared, drained or filled
for residential, industrial, agricultural or urban development in the first half of the 20th century. Farmer and graziers
finally abandoned South Stradbroke Island in 1939 because the vegetation and the soil conditions there were not
suitable for agricultural activities.
SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES OF COURAN COVE RESORT
Being located on an offshore island, the resort is only accessible by means of water transportation. The resort
provides hourly ferry service from the marina on the mainland to and from the island. Within the resort, transport
modes include walking trails, bicycle tracks and the beach train. The reception area is the counter of the shop which
has not changed in 8 years at least. The accommodation is an octagonal "Bure". These are large rooms that are clean
but! The equipment is tired and in some cases just working. Our ceiling fan only worked on high speed for example.
Beds are hard but clean, there is television, radio, an old air conditioner and a small fridge. These "Bures" are right on
top of each other and night noises do carry so be careful what you say and do. The only thing is the mosquitos but if
you forget to bring mosquito repellant they sell some on the island.
As an ecotourism-based resort, most of the planning and development of the attraction has been concentrated on the
need to co-exist with the fragile natural environment of South Stradbroke Island to achieve sustainable
development.
WATER AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT
C South Stradbroke Island has groundwater at the centre of the island, which has a maximum height of 3 metres
above sea level. The water supply is recharged by rainfall and is commonly known as an unconfined freshwater
aquifer. Couran Cove Island Resort obtains its water supply by tapping into this aquifer and extracting it via a bore
system. Some of the problems which have threatened the island's freshwater supply include pollution, contamination
and over-consumption. In order to minimise some of these problems, all laundry activities are carried out on the
mainland. The resort considers washing machines as onerous to the island's freshwater supply, and that the
detergents contain a high level of phosphates which are a major source of water pollution. The resort uses
LPG-power generation rather than a diesel-powered plant for its energy supply, supplemented by wind turbine,
which has reduced greenhouse emissions by 70% of diesel-equivalent generation methods. Excess heat recovered
from the generator is used to heat the swimming pool. Hot water in the eco-cabins and for some of the resort's
vehicles are solar-powered. Water efficient fittings are also installed in showers and toilets. However, not all the
appliances used by the resort are energy efficient, such as refrigerators. Visitors who stay at the resort are encouraged
to monitor their water and energy usage via the in-house television system, and are rewarded with prizes (such as a
free return trip to the resort) accordingly if their usage level is low.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
D We examined a case study of good management practice and a pro-active sustainable tourism stance of an
eco-resort. In three years of operation, Couran Cove Island Resort has won 23 international and national awards,
including the 2001 Australian Tourism Award in the 4-Star Accommodation category. The resort has embraced and
has effectively implemented contemporary environmental management practices. It has been argued that the
successful implementation of the principles of sustainability should promote long-term social, economic and
environmental benefits, while ensuring and enhancing the prospects of continued viability for the tourism enterprise.
Couran Cove Island Resort does not conform to the characteristics of the Resort Development Spectrum, as
proposed by Prideaux (2000). According to Prideaux, the resort should be at least at Phase 3 of the model (the
National tourism phase), which describes an integrated resort providing 3-4 star hotel-type accommodation. The
primary tourist market in Phase 3 of the model consists mainly of interstate visitors. However, the number of
interstate and international tourists visiting the resort is small, with the principal visitor markets comprising locals and
residents from nearby towns and the Gold Coast region. The carrying capacity of Couran Cove does not seem to be
of any concern to the Resort management. Given that it is a private commercial ecotourist enterprise, regulating the
number of visitors to the resort to minimize damage done to the natural environment on South Stradbroke Island is
not a binding constraint. However, the Resort's growth will eventually be constrained by its carrying capacity, and
quantity control should be incorporated in the management strategy of the resort.

Questions 1-5
Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answers sheet.
1 The Stradbroke became two islands
A by an intended destruction of the ship of the Cambus Wallace
B by an explosion of dynamite on a ship and following nature erosion
C by the movement sandhills on Stradbroke Island
D by the volcanic eruption on island
2 Why are laundry activities for the resort carried out on the mainland
A In order to obtain its water supply via a bore system
B In order to preserve the water and anti-pollution
C In order to save the cost of installing onerous washing machines
D In order to reduce the level of phosphates in water around
3 What is the major water supplier in South Stradbroke Island is by
A desalinizing the sea water
B collecting the rainfall
C transporting from the mainland
D boring ground water

4 What is applied for heating water on Couran Cove Island Resort
A the LPG-power
B a diesel-powered plant
C the wind power
D the solar-power
5 What does, as the managers of resorts believe, the prospective future focus on
A more awards of for resort's accommodation
B sustainable administration and development in a long run
C Economic and environmental benefits for the tourism enterprise
D successful implementation the Resort Development Spectrum
Questions 6-10
Complete the following summary of the Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
Reading Passage for each answer.
Being located away from the mainland, tourists can attain the resort only by 6........................ in a regular service.
Within the resort, transports include trails for walking or tracks for both 7........................ and the beach train. The
on-island equipment is old-fashioned which is barely working such as the 8........................ overhead. There is
television, radio, an old 9........................ and a small fridge. And you can buy the repellant for 10........................ if you
forget to bring some.

Questions 11-13
Choose THREE correct letters among, A-E.
What is true as to the contemporary situation of Couran Cove Island R in the last paragraph
A Couran Cove Island Resort goes for more eco-friendly practices.
B The accommodation standard only conforms to the Resort Development Spectrum of Phase 3.
C Couran Cove Island Resort should raise the accommodation standard and build more facilities.
D The principal group visiting the resort is international tourists.
E Its carrying capacity will restrict the future business' expansion.

1 B 2 B 3 D 4 D
5 B 6 ferry 7 bicycle 8 fan/ceiling fan
9 air conditioner 10 mosquitos/mosquito 11 A 12 C
13 E
S1281913
Passage Backgrounds
S1. 成功的芬芳（社会类）
Scent of Success
A Innovation and entrepreneurship, in the right mix, can bring spectacular results and propel a business
ahead of the pack. Across a diverse range of commercial successes, from the Hills Hoist clothes line to the
Cochlear ear implant, it is hard to generalize beyond saying the creators tapped into something consumers
could not wait to get their hands on. However, most ideas never make it to the market. Some ideas that
innovators are spruiking to potential investors include new water-saving shower heads, a keyless locking
system, ping-pong balls that keep pollution out of rainwater tanks, making teeth grow from stem cells
inserted in the gum, and technology to stop LPG tanks from exploding. Grant Keamey, chief executive of
the Innovation Xchange, which connects businesses to innovation networks, says he hears of great business
ideas that he knows will never get on the market. "Ideas by themselves are absolutely useless," he says. "An
idea only becomes innovation when it is connected to the right resources and capabilities."
B One of Australia's latest innovation successes stems from a lemon-scented bath-room cleaner called
Shower Power, the formula for which was concocted in a factory in Yatala, Queensland. In 1995, Tom
Quinn and John Heron bought a struggling cleaning products business, OzKIeen, for 250,000. It was selling
100 different kinds of cleaning products, mainly in bulk. The business was in bad shape, the cleaning
formulas were ineffective and environmentally harsh, and there were few regular clients. Now Shower
Power is claimed to be the top-selling bathroom cleaning product in the country. In the past 12 months,
almost four million bottles of OzKleen's Power products have been sold and the company forecasts 2004
sales of 10 million bottles. The company's sales in 2003 reached $11 million, with 700k of business being
exports. In particular, Shower Power is making big inroads on the British market.
C OzKleen's turnaround began when Quinn and Heron hired an industrial chemist to revitalize the product
line. Market research showed that people were looking for a better cleaner for the bathroom, universally
regarded as the hardest room in the home to clean. The company also wanted to make the product formulas
more environmentally friendly. One of Tom Quinn's sons, Peter, aged 24 at the time, began working with
the chemist on the formulas, looking at the potential for citrus-based cleaning products. He detested all the
chlorine-based cleaning products that dominated the market. "We didn't want to use chlorine, simple as
that," he says. "It offers bad working conditions and there's no money in it." Peter looked at citrus
ingredients, such as orange peel, to replace the petroleum by-products in cleaners. He is credited with
finding the Shower Power formula. "The head," he says. The company is the recipe is in a vault somewhere
and in my sole owner of the intellectual property.
D To begin with, Shower Power was sold only in commercial quantities but Tom Quinn decided to sell it in
750ml bottles after the constant "raves" from customers at their retail store at Beenleigh, near Brisbane.
Customers were travelling long distances to buy supplies. Others began writing to OzKleen to say how
good Shower Power was. "We did a dummy label and went to see Woolworths," Tom Quinn says. The
Woolworths buyer took a bottle home and was able to remove a stain from her basin that had been
impossible to shift. From that point on, she championed the product and OzKleen had its first supermarket
order, for a palette of Shower Power worth $3000. "We were over the moon," says OzKleen's financial
controller, Belinda McDonnell.
E Shower Power was released in Australian supermarkets in 1997 and became the top-selling product in its
category within six months. It was all hands on deck at the factory, labeling and bottling Shower Power to
keep up with demand. OzKleen ditched all other products and rebuilt the business around Shower Power.
This stage, recalls McDonnell, was very tough. "It was hand-to-mouth, cash flow was very difficult," she
says. OzKleen had to pay new-line fees to supermarket chains, which also squeezed margins.
F OzKleen's next big break came when the daughter of a Coles Myer executive used the product while on
holidays in Queensland and convinced her father that Shower Power should be in Coles supermarkets.
Despite the product success, Peter Ouinn says the company was wary of how long the sales would last and
hesitate to spend money on upgrading the manufacturing process. As a result, he remembers long periods of
working around the clock to keep up with orders. Small tanks were still being used so batches were small
and bottles were labeled and filled manually. The privately owned OzKleen relied on cash-flow to expand.
"The equipment could not keep up with demand." Peter Quinn says. Eventually a new bottling machine was
bought for $50,000 in the hope of streamlining production, but he says: "We got ripped off." Since then he
has been developing a new automated bottling machine that can control the amount of foam produced in the
liquid, so that bottles can be filled more effectively - "I love coming up with new ideas." The machine is
being patented.
G Peter Quinn says OzKleen's approach to research and development is open slather. "If I need it, I get it. It
is about doing something simple that no one else is doing. Most of these things are just sitting in front of
people... it's just seeing the opportunities." With a tried and tested product, OzKleen is expanding overseas
and developing more Power-brand household products. Tom Quinn, who previously ran a real estate agency,
says: "We are competing with the same market all over the world; the (cleaning) products are sold
everywhere." Shower Power, known as Bath Power in Britain, was launched four years ago with the help of
an export development grand from the Federal Government. "We wanted to do it straight away because we
realized we had the same opportunities worldwide." OzKleen is already number three in the British market,
and the next stop is France. The Power range includes cleaning products for carpets, kitchens and pre-wash
stain removal. The Quinn and Heron families are still involved. OzKleen has been approached with offers to
buy the company, but Tom Quinn says he is happy with things as they are. "We're having too much fun."
Question 1-7
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
1 description of one family member persuading another of selling cleaning products
2 an account of the cooperation of all factory staff to cope with sales increase
3 an account of the creation of the formula of Shower Power
4 an account of buying the original OzKleen company
5 description of Shower Power's international expansion
6 the reason of changing the packaging size of Shower Power
7 an example of some innovative ideas

Questions 8-11
Look at the following people and list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.
8 Grant Keamey
9 Tom Quinn
10 Peter Quinn
11 Belinda McDonnell
List of Statement
A Described his story of selling his product to a chain store.
B Explained there was a shortage of money when sales suddenly increased.
C Believe innovations need support to succeed.
D Believes new products like Shower Power may incur risks.
E Says business won't succeed with innovations.

Questions 12-13
12 Tom Quinn changed the bottle size to 750ml to make Shower Power
A easier to package.
B appealing to individual customers.
C popular in foreign markets.
D attractive to supermarkets.
13 Why did Tom Quinn decide not to sell OzKleen
A No one wanted to buy OzKleen.
B New products were being developed in OzKleen.
C He couldn't make an agreement on the price with the buyer.
D He wanted to keep things unchanged.

1 F 2 E 3 C 4 B
5 G 6 D 7 A 8 C
9 A 10 D 11 B 12 B
13 D
S3280714
Passage Backgrounds
S3. 你能同时做多重任务吗？（科技类）
Multitasking Debate
Can you do them at the same time?
A Talking on the phone while driving isn't the only situation where we're worse at multitasking than
we might like to think we are. New studies have identified a bottleneck in our brains that some say
means we are fundamentally incapable of true multitasking. If experimental findings reflect
real-world performance, people who think they are multitasking are probably just underperforming
in all - or at best, all but one - of their parallel pursuits. Practice might improve your performance,
but you will never be as good as when focusing on one task at a time.
B The problem, according to Rene Marois, a psychologist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville,
Tennessee, is that there's a sticking point in the brain. To demonstrate this, Marois devised an
experiment to locate it. Volunteers watch a screen and when a particular image appears, a red circle,
say, they have to press a key with their index finger. Different coloured circles require presses from
different fingers. Typical response time is about half a second, and the volunteers quickly reach their
peak performance. Then they learn to listen to different recordings and respond by making a specific
sound. For instance, when they hear a bird chirp, they have to say "ba"; an electronic sound should
elicit a "ko", and so on. Again, no problem. A normal person can do that in about half a second, with
almost no effort.
C The trouble comes when Marois shows the volunteers an image and then almost immediately
plays them a sound. Now they're flummoxed. "If you show an image and play a sound at the same
time, one task is postponed," he says. In fact, if the second task is introduced within the half-second
or so it takes to process and react to the first, it will simply be delayed until the first one is done. The
largest dual-task delays occur when the two tasks are presented simultaneously; delays progressively
shorten as the interval between presenting the tasks lengthens.
D There are at least three points where we seem to get stuck, says Marois. The first is in simply
identifying what we're looking at. This can take a few tenths of a second, during which time we are
not able to see and recognise a second item. This limitation is known as the "attentional blink":
experiments have shown that if you are watching out for a particular event and a second one shows
up unexpectedly any time within this crucial window of concentration, it may register in your visual
cortex but you will be unable to act upon it. Interestingly, if you don't expect the first event, you have
no trouble responding to the second. What exactly causes the attentional blink is still a matter for
debate.
E A second limitation is in our short-term visual memory. It's estimated that we can keep track of
about four items at a time, fewer if they are complex. This capacity shortage is thought to explain, in
part, our astonishing inability to detect even huge changes in scenes that are otherwise identical,
so-called "change blindness". Show people pairs of near-identical photos - say, aircraft engines in
one picture have disappeared in the other - and they will fail to spot the differences. Here again,
though, there is disagreement about what the essential limiting factor really is. Does it come down
to a dearth of storage capacity, or is it about how much attention a viewer is paying?

F A third limitation is that choosing a response to a stimulus - braking when you see a child in the
road, for instance, or replying when your mother tells you over the phone that she's thinking of
leaving your dad - also takes brainpower. Selecting a response to one of these things will delay by
some tenths of a second your ability to respond to the other. This is called the "response selection
bottleneck" theory, first proposed in 1952.
G But David Meyer, a psychologist at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, doesn't buy the
bottleneck idea. He thinks dual-task interference is just evidence of a strategy used by the brain to
prioritise multiple activities. Meyer is known as something of an optimist by his peers. He has
written papers with titles like "Virtually perfect time-sharing in dual-task performance: Uncorking
the central cognitive bottleneck". His experiments have shown that with enough practice - at least
2000 tries - some people can execute two tasks simultaneously as competently as if they were doing
them one after the other. He suggests that there is a central cognitive processor that coordinates all
this and, what's more, he thinks it uses discretion: sometimes it chooses to delay one task while
completing another.
H Marois agrees that practice can sometimes erase interference effects. He has found that with just 1
hour of practice each day for two weeks, volunteers show a huge improvement at managing both his
tasks at once. Where he disagrees with Meyer is in what the brain is doing to achieve this. Marois
speculates that practice might give us the chance to find less congested circuits to execute a task -
rather like finding trusty back streets to avoid heavy traffic on main roads - effectively making our
response to the task subconscious. After all, there are plenty of examples of subconscious
multitasking that most of us routinely manage: walking and talking, eating and reading, watching
TV and folding the laundry.
I It probably comes as no surprise that, generally speaking, we get worse at multitasking as we age.
According to Art Kramer at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who studies how ageing
affects our cognitive abilities, we peak in our 20s. Though the decline is slow through our 30s and on
into our 50s, it is there; and after 55, it becomes more precipitous. In one study, he and his colleagues
had both young and old participants do a simulated driving task while carrying on a conversation.
He found that while young drivers tended to miss background changes, older drivers failed to notice
things that were highly relevant Likewise, older subjects had more trouble paying attention to the
more important parts of a scene than young drivers.
J It's not all bad news for over-55s, though. Kramer also found that older people can benefit from
practice. Not only did they learn to perform better, brain scans showed that underlying that
improvement was a change in the way their brains become active. While it's clear that practice can
often make a difference, especially as we age, the basic facts remain sobering. "We have this
impression of an almighty complex brain," says Marois, "and yet we have very humbling and
crippling limits." For most of our history, we probably never needed to do more than one thing at a
time, he says, and so we haven't evolved to be able to. Perhaps we will in future, though. We might
yet look back one day on people like Debbie and AIun as ancestors of a new breed of true
multitaskers.
Questions 28-32
The reading Passage has ten paragraphs, A-J.
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.
28 a theory explained delay happens when selecting one reaction
29 different age group responds to important things differently
30 conflicts happened when visual and audio element emerge simultaneously
31 an experiment designed to demonstrates the critical part in brain for multitasking
32 an viewpoint favors optimistic side of multitask performance

Questions 33-35
33 Which one is correct about experiment conducted by Rene Marois
A Participants performed poorly on listening task solely.
B Volunteers press different key on different color.
C Participants need use different fingers on different colored object.
D They did a better job on Mixed image and sound information.
34 Which statement is correct about the first limitation of Marois's experiment
A "Attentional blink" takes about ten seconds.
B Lag occurs if we concentrate on one object while second one appears.
C We always have trouble in reacting the second one.
D First limitation can be avoid by certain measures.
35 Which one is NOT correct about Meyer's experiments and statements
A Just after failure in several attempts can people execute dual-task.
B Practice can overcome dual-task interference.
C Meyer holds a different opinion on Marois's theory.
D An existing processor decides whether delay another task or not.

Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given Reading Passage?
YES if the statement agrees with the view of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the view of the writer
36 Longer gap between two presenting tasks means shorter delay toward the second one.
37 Incapable in human memory cause people sometimes miss the differences when presented two
similar images.
38 Marois has different opinion on the claim that training removes bottleneck effect.
39 Art Kramer proved there is a correlation between multitasking performance and genders.
40 The author doesn't believe that effect of practice could bring any variation.
28 F 29 I 30 C 31 B
32 G 33 C 34 B 35 A
36 YES 37 YES 38 NO 39 NOT GIVEN
40 NO
S2288604
Passage Backgrounds
S2.竹子（植物类）
The wonder plant with an uncertain future: more than a billion people rely on bamboo for either their shelter
or income, while many endangered species depend on it for their survival. Despite its apparent abundance, a
new report says that species of bamboo may be under serious threat.
Section A
Every year, during the rainy season, the mountain gorillas of Central Africa migrate to the foothills and lower
slopes of the Virunga Mountains to graze on bamboo. For the 650 or so that remain in the wild, its a vital
food source. Although they are almost 150 types of plant, as well as various insects and other invertebrates, at
this time of year bamboo accounts for up to 90 per cent of their diet. Without it, says Ian Redmond,
chairman of the Ape Alliance, their chances of survival would be reduced significantly. Gorillas aren't the only
locals keen on bamboo. For the people who live close to the Virungas, it's a valuable and versatile raw
material used for building houses and making household items such as mats and baskets. But in the past 100
years or so, resources have come under increasing pressure as populations have exploded and large areas of
bamboo forest have been cleared to make way for farms and commercial plantations.
Section B
Sadly, this isn't an isolated story. All over the world, the ranges of many bamboo species appear to be
shrinking, endangering the people and animals (that depend upon them). But despite bamboo's importance,
we know surprisingly little about it. A recent report published by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP)
and the Inter-national Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) has revealed just how profound is our
ignorance of global bamboo resources, particularly in relation to conservation. There are almost 1,600
recognised species of bamboo, but the report concentrated on the 1,200 or so woody varieties distinguished
by the strong stems, or culms, that most people associate with this versatile plant. Of these, only 38 'priority
species' identified for their commercial value have been the subject of any real scientific research, and this has
focused mostly on matters relating to their viability as a commodity. This problem isn't confined to bamboo.
Compared to the work carried out on animals, the science of assessing the conservation status of plants is still
in its infancy. "People have only started looking hard at this during the past 10-15 years, and only now are
they getting a handle on how to go about it systematically," says Dr. Valerie Kapos, one of the report's authors
and a senior adviser in forest ecology and conservation to the UNHP.
Section C
Bamboo is a type of grass. It comes in a wide variety of forms, ranging in height from 30 centimetres to more
than 40 metres. It is also the world's fastest-growing woody plant; some species can grow more than a metre
in a day. Bamboo's ecological rote extends beyond providing food and habitat for animals. Bamboo tends to
grow in stands made up of groups of individual plants that grow from root systems known as rhizomes. Its
extensive rhizome systems, which tie in the top layers of the soil, are crucial in preventing soil erosion. And
there is growing evidence that bamboo plays an important part in determining forest structure and dynamics.
"Bamboo's pattern of mass flowering and mass death leaves behind large areas of dry biomass that attract
wildfire," says Kapos. "When these burn, they create patches of open ground within the forest far bigger than
would be left by a fallen tree." Patchiness helps to preserve diversity because certain plant species do better
during the early stages of regeneration when there are gaps in the canopy.
Section D
However, bamboo's most immediate significance lies in its economic value. Modern processing techniques
mean that it can be used in a variety of ways, for example, as flooring and laminates. One of the fastest
growing bamboo products is paper - 25 per cent of paper produced in India is made from bamboo fiber, and
in Brazil, 100,000 hectares of bamboo are grown for its production. Of course, bamboo's main function has
always been in domestic applications, and as a locally traded commodity it's worth about US $4.5 billion
annually. Because of its versatility, flexibility and strength (its tensile strength compares to that of some steel),
it has traditionally been used in construction. Today, more than one billion people worldwide live in bamboo
houses. Bamboo is often the only readily available raw material for people in many developing countries, says
Chris Staple-ton, a research associate at the Royal Botanic Gardens. "Bamboo can be harvested from forest
areas or grown quickly elsewhere, and then converted simply without expensive machinery or facilities," he
says. "In this way, it contributes substantially to poverty alleviation and wealth creation."
Section E
Given bamboo's value in economic and ecological terms, the picture painted by the UNEP report is all the
more worrying. But keen horticulturists will spot an apparent contradiction here. Those who've followed the
recent vogue for cultivating exotic species in their gardens will point out that if it isn't kept in check, bamboo
can cause real problems. "In a lot of places, the people who live with bamboo don't perceive it as being
endangered in any way," says Kapos. "In fact, a lot of bamboo species are actually very invasive if they've been
introduced." So why are so many species endangered? There are two separate issues here, says Ray Townsend,
vice president of the British Bamboo Society and arboretum manager at the Royal Botanic Gardens. "Some
plants are threatened because they can't survive in the habitat - they aren't strong enough or there aren't
enough of them, perhaps. But bamboo can take care of itself - it is strong enough to survive if left alone.
What is under threat is its habitat." It is the physical disturbance that is the threat to bamboo, says Kapos.
"When forest goes, it is converted into something else: there isn't anywhere for forest plants such as bamboo
to grow if you create a cattle pasture."

Section F
Around the world, bamboo species are routinely protected as part of forest eco-systems in national parks and
reserves, but there is next to nothing that protects bamboo in the wild for its own sake. However, some small
steps are being taken to address this situation. The UNEP-INBAR report will help conservationists to
establish effective measures aimed at protecting valuable wild bamboo species. Towns end, too, sees the
UNEP report as an important step forward in promoting the cause of bamboo conservation. "Until now,
bamboo has been perceived as a second-class plant. When you talk about places such as the Amazon,
everyone always thinks about the hardwoods. Of course these are significant, but there is a tendency to
overlook the plants they are associated with, which are often bamboo species. In many ways, it is the most
important plant known to man. I can't think of another plant that is used so much and is so commercially
important in so many countries." He believes that the most important first step is to get scientists into the field.
"We need to go out there, look at these plants and see how they survive and then use that information to
conserve them for the future."

Questions 1-7
Reading Passage has six sections, A-F.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
1 limited extent of existing research
2 comparison of bamboo with other plant species
3 commercial application of bamboo
4 example of an animal which rely on bamboos for survival
5 human activity that damaged large areas of bamboo
6 the approaches used to study bamboo
7 bamboo helps the survival of a range of plants

Questions 8-11
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds below. Write
the appropriate letters, A-D , in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.
A Ian Redmond
B Valerie Kapos
C Ray Townsend
D Chris Stapleton
8 Destroying bamboo jeopardizes to wildlife.
9 People have very confined knowledge of bamboo.
10 Some people do not think that bamboo is endangered.
11 Bamboo has loads of commercial potentials.
Questions 12-13
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
12 What problem does the bamboo's root system prevent?
13 Which bamboo product is experiencing market expansion?

1 B 2 E 3 D 4 D
5 A 6 B 7 C 8 A
9 B 10 B 11 D 12 Soil erosion
13 paper
S2230101
Passage Backgrounds
S2. 意大利建筑学家（人物类）
Italian Architect
A new exhibition celebrates Palladio's architecture 500 years on.
A VICENZA is a pleasant, prosperous city in the Veneto, 60km west of Venice. Its grand families
settled and farmed the area from the 16th century. But its principal claim to fame is Andrea
Palladio, who is such an influential architect that a neoclassical style is known as Palladian. The
city is a permanent exhibition of some of his finest buildings, and as he was born - in Padua, to be
precise - 500 years ago, the International Centre for the Study of Palladio's Architecture has an
excellent excuse for mounting la grande mostra, the big show.
B The exhibition has the special advantage of being held in one of Palladio's buildings, Palazzo
Barbaran da Porto. Its bold façade is a mixture of rustication and decoration set between two
rows of elegant columns. On the second floor the pediments are alternately curved or pointed, a
Palladian trademark. The harmonious proportions of the atrium at the entrance lead through to a
dramatic interior of fine fireplaces and painted ceilings. Palladio's design is simple, clear and not
over-crowded. The show has been organised on the same principles, according to Howard Burns,
the architectural historian who co-curated it.
C Palladio's father was a miller who settled in Vicenza, where the young Andrea was apprenticed
to a skilled stonemason. How did a humble miller's son become a world renowned architect? The
answer in the exhibition is that, as a young man, Palladio excelled at carving decorative
stonework on columns, doorways and fireplaces. He was plainly intelligent, and lucky enough to
come across a rich patron, Gian Giorgio Trissino, a landowner and scholar, who organised his
education, taking him to Rome in the 1540s, where he studied the masterpieces of classical
Roman and Greek architecture and the work of other influential architects of the time, such as
Donato Bramante and Raphael.
D Mr Burns argues that social mobility was also important. Entrepreneurs, prosperous from
agriculture in the Veneto, commissioned the promising local architect to design their country
villas and their urban mansions. In Venice the aristocracy were anxious to co-opt talented artists,
and Palladio was given the chance to design the buildings that have made him famous - the
churches of San Giorgio Maggiore and the Redentore, both easy to admire because they can be
seen from the city's historical centre across a stretch of water.
E He tried his hand at bridges - his unbuilt version of the Rialto Bridge was decorated with the
large pediment and columns of a temple - and, after a fire at the Ducal Palace, he offered an
alternative design which bears an uncanny resemblance to the Banqueting House in Whitehall in
London. Since it was designed by Inigo Jones, Palladio's first foreign disciple, this is not as
surprising as it sounds.
F Jones, who visited Italy in 1614, bought a trunk full of the master's architectural drawings; they
passed through the hands of the Dukes of Burlington and Devonshire before settling at the Royal
Institute of British Architects in 1894. Many are now on display at Palazzo Barbaran. What they
show is how Palladio drew on the buildings of ancient Rome as models. The major theme of both
his rural and urban building was temple architecture, with a strong pointed pediment supported
by columns and approached by wide steps.
G Palladio's work for rich landowners alienates unreconstructed critics on the Italian left, but
among the papers in the show are designs for cheap housing in Venice. In the wider world,
Palladio's reputation has been nurtured by a text he wrote and illustrated, "Quattro Libri
dell'Architettura". His influence spread to St Petersburg and to Charlottesville in Virginia, where
Thomas Jefferson commissioned a Palladian villa he called Monticello.
H Vicenza's show contains detailed models of the major buildings and is leavened by portraits of
Palladio's teachers and clients by Titian, Veronese and Tintoretto; the paintings of his Venetian
buildings are all by Canaletto, no less. This is an uncompromising exhibition; many of the
drawings are small and faint, and there are no sideshows for children, but the impact of
harmonious lines and satisfying proportions is to impart in a viewer a feeling of benevolent calm.
Palladio is history's most therapeutic architect.
I "Palladio, 500 Anni: La Grande Mostra" is at Palazzo Barbaran da Porto, Vicenza, until January
6th 2009. The exhibition continues at the Royal Academy of Arts, London, from January 31st to
April 13th, and travels afterwards to Barcelona and Madrid.

Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? Write your answers in
boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet
TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
1 the building where the exhibition is staged has been newly renovated
2 Palazzo Barbaran da Porto typically represent the Palladio's design
3 Palladio's father worked as an architect
4 Palladio's family refused to pay for his architectural studies
5 Palladio's alternative design for the Ducal Palace in Venice was based on an English building
6 Palladio designed both wealthy and poor people
7 the exhibition includes painting of people by famous artists

Questions 8-13
Answer the question below
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
8 What job was Palladio's training for before he became an architect?
9 Who arranged Palladio's architectural studies?
10 Who was the first non-Italian architect influenced by Palladio?
11 What type of Ancient Roman building most heavily influenced Palladio's work?
12 What did Palladio write that strengthened his reputation?
13 In the writer's opinion, what feeling will visitors to the exhibition experience?
1 NOT GIVEN 2 TRUE 3 FALSE 4 NOT GIVEN
5 TRUE 6 TRUE 7 TRUE 8 Stonemason
9 Gian Giorgio 10 Inigo Jones 11 Temple 12 Quattro Libri
Trissino dell’ Architettura
13 Benevolent calm
S2230108
Passage Backgrounds
S2. 麋鹿的灭绝（动物类）
Extinct: the Giant Deer
Toothed cats, mastodons, giant sloths, woolly rhinos, and
many other big, shaggy mammals are widely thought to
have died out around the end of the last ice age, some
10,500 years ago.
The Irish elk is also known as the giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus). Analysis of ancient bones and
teeth by scientists based in Britain and Russia show the huge herbivore survived until about 5,000 B.C. -
more than three millennia later than previously believed. The research team says this suggests additional
factors, besides climate change, probably hastened the giant deer's eventual extinction. The factors could
include hunting or habitat destruction by humans.

B
The Irish elk, so-called because its well-preserved remains are often found in lake sediments under peat
bogs in Ireland, first appeared about 400,000 years ago in Europe and central Asia. Through a
combination of radiocarbon dating of skeletal remains and the mapping of locations where the remains
were unearthed, the team shows the Irish elk was widespread across Europe before the last "big freeze."
The deer's range later contracted to the Ural Mountains, in modern-day Russia, which separate Europe
from Asia.
The giant deer made its last stand in western Siberia, some 3,000 years after the ice sheets receded, said
the study’s co-author, Adrian Lister, professor of palaeobiology at University College London, England.
"The eastern foothills of the Urals became very densely forested about 8,000 years ago, which could
have pushed them on to the plain," he said. He added that pollen analysis indicates the region then
became very dry in response to further climactic change, leading to the loss of important food plants. "In
combination with human pressures, this could have finally snuffed them out." Lister said.
Hunting by humans has often been put forward as a contributory cause of extinctions of the Pleistocene
megafauna. The team, though, said their new date for the Irish elk's extinction hints at an additional
human-made problem - habitat destruction. Lister said, "We haven't got just hunting 7,000 years ago -
this was also about the time the first Neolithic people settled in the region. They were farmers who
would have cleared the land." The presence of humans may help explain why the Irish elk was unable to
tough out the latest of many climatic fluctuations - periods it had survived in the past.
Meanwhile, Lister cast doubt on another possible explanation for the deer's demise - the male's huge antlers. Some
scientists have suggested this exaggerated feature - the result of females preferring stags with the largest antlers,
possibly because they advertised a male's fitness - contributed to the mammal's downfall. They say such antlers
would have been a serious inconvenience in the dense forests that spread northward after the last ice age. But, Lister
said, "That's a hard argument to make, because the deer previously survived perfectly well through wooded
interglacials (warmer periods between ice ages)," Some research has suggested that a lack of sufficient high-quality
forage caused the extinction of the elk. High amounts of calcium and phosphate compounds are required to form
antlers, and therefore large quantities of these minerals are required for the massive structures of the Irish Elk. The
males (and male deer in general) met this requirement partly from their bones, replenishing them from food plants
after the antlers were grown or reclaiming the nutrients from discarded antlers (as has been observed in extant deer).
Thus, in the antler growth phase, Giant Deer were suffering from a condition similar to osteoporosis. When the
climate changed at the end of the last glacial period, the vegetation in the animal's habitat also changed towards
species that presumably could not deliver sufficient amounts of the required minerals, at least in the western part of
its range.
The extinction of megafauna around the world was almost completed by the end of the last ice age. It is
believed that megafauna initially came into existence in response to glacial conditions and became
extinct with the onset of warmer climates. Tropical and subtropical areas have experienced less radical
climatic change. The most dramatic of these changes was the transformation of a vast area of north
Africa into the world's largest desert. Significantly, Africa escaped major faunal extinction as did
tropical and sub-tropical Asia. The human exodus from Africa and our entrance into the Americas and
Australia were also accompanied by climate change. Australia's climate changed from cold-dry to
warm-dry. As a result, surface water became scarce. Most inland lakes became completely dry or dry in
the warmer seasons. Most large, predominantly browsing animals lost their habitat and retreated to a
narrow band in eastern Australia, where there was permanent water and better vegetation. Some animals
may have survived until about 7000 years ago. If people have been in Australia for up to 60000 years,
then megafauna must have co-existed with humans for at least 30000 years. Regularly hunted modern
kangaroos survived not only 10000 years of Aboriginal hunting, but also an onslaught of commercial
shooters.
G
The group of scientists led by A.J. Stuart focused on northern Eurasia, which he was taking as Europe,
plus Siberia, essentially, where they've got the best data that animals became extinct in Europe during
the Late Pleistocene. Some cold-adapted animals, go through into the last part of the cold stage, and then
become extinct up there. So you actually got two phases of extinction. Now, neither of these coincide -
these are Neanderthals here being replaced by modern humans. There's no obvious coincidence between
the arrival of humans or climatic change alone and these extinctions. There's a climatic change here, so
there's a double effect here. Again, as animals come through to the last part of the cold stage, here there's
a fundamental change in the climate, reorganization of vegetation, and the combination of the climatic
change and the presence of humans - of advanced Paleolithic humans - causes this wave of extinction.
There's a profound difference between the North American data and that of Europe, which summarize
that the extinctions in northern Eurasia, in Europe, are moderate and staggered, and in North America
severe and sudden. And these things relate to the differences in the timing of human arrival. The
extinctions follow from human predation, but only at times of fundamental changes in the environment.
Questions 28-32
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage.
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Having been preserved well in Europe and central Asia, the remains of the Irish elk was
initially found approximately 28…….… . Around 29……...…, they were driven to live in
the plain after being restricted to the Ural Mountains. Hunting was considered as one of the
important factors of Irish elk's extinction, people have not started hunting until 30………
when Irish elk used to get through under a variety of climatic fluctuations. The huge
antlers may possibly contribute to the reason why Irish elk extinct, which was highly
controversial as they live pleasantly over the span of 31………. . Generally, it is
well-known that, at the last maximum ice age, mammals become extinct about 32……… .
Questions 33-35
33 What kind of physical characteristics eventually contributed to the extinction of Irish elk?
34 What kind of nutrient substance needed in maintaining the huge size of Irish elk?
35 What geographical evidence suggested the advent of human resulted in the extinction of Irish elk?
Questions 36-39
Matching
Choose the letter A-D and fill in box 36-39.
A Eurasia B Australia C Asia D Africa
36 the continents where humans imposed little impact on large mammals extinction
37 the continents where the climatic change was mild and fauna remains
38 the continents where both humans and climatic change are the causes
39 the continents where the climatic change along caused a massive extinction
Questions 40
Write the correct letter in boxes 40 on your answer sheet.
40 Which statement is true according the Stuart team's finding?
A Neanderthals rather than modern humans caused the extinction in Europe
B Paleolithic humans in Europe along kill the big animals such as Giant deer
C Climatic change was not solely responsible for the mega fauna extinction in Europe
D Moderate and staggered extinction was mainly the result of fundamental climatic change
28 400,000 years ago 29 8000 years ago 30 7000 years ago 31 Wooded
interglacials
32 10500years ago 33 Male’s huge 34 minerals 35 Habitat
antlers destruction
36 B 37 D 38 A 39 C
40 C
S2242101
Passage Backgrounds
S2. 南极洲 - 寒冷的代表（地质类）
Antarctica - in from of the

cold?
A A little over a century ago, men of the ilk of Scott, Shackleton and Mawson battled against Antarctica's
blizzards, cold and deprivation. In the name of Empire and in an age of heroic deeds they created an image of
Antarctica that was to last well into the 20th century - an image of remoteness, hardship, bleakness and
isolation that was the province of only the most courageous of men. The image was one of a place removed
from everyday reality, of a place with no apparent value to anyone.
B As we enter the 21st century, our perception of Antarctica has changed. Although physically Antarctica is
no closer and probably no warmer, and to spend time there still demands a dedication not seen in ordinary
life, the continent and its surrounding ocean are increasingly seen to an integral part of Planet Earth, and a
key component in the Earth System. Is this because the world seems a little smaller these days, shrunk by TV
and tourism, or is it because Antarctica really does occupy a central spot on Earth's mantle? Scientific
research during the past half century has revealed - and continues to reveal - that Antarctica’s great mass
and low temperature exert a major influence on climate and ocean circulation, factors which influence the
lives of millions of people all over the globe.

C Antarctica was not always cold. the slow break-up of the super-continent Gondwana with the northward
movements of Africa, South America, India and Australia eventually created enough space around Antarctica
for the development of an Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), that flowed from west to east under the
influence of the prevailing westerly winds. Antarctica cooled, its vegetation perished, glaciations began and
the continent took on its present-day appearance. Today the ice that overlies the bedrock is up to 4km thick,
and surface temperatures as low as - 89.2deg C have been recorded. The icy blast that howls over the ice cap
and out to sea - the so-called katabatic wind - can reach 300 km/hr, creating fearsome wind-chill effects.
D Out of this extreme environment come some powerful forces that reverberate around the world. The
Earth's rotation, coupled to the generation of cells of low pressure off the Antarctic coast, would allow
Astronauts a view of Antarctica that is as beautiful as it is awesome. Spinning away to the northeast, the cells
grow and deepen, whipping up the Southern Ocean into the mountainous seas so respected by mariners.
Recent work is showing that the temperature of the ocean may be a better predictor of rainfall in Australia
than is the pressure difference between Darwin and Tahiti - the Southern Oscillation Index. By receiving more
accurate predictions, glaziers in northern Queensland are able to avoid overstocking in years when rainfall
will be poor. Not only does this limit their losses but it prevents serious pasture degradation that may take
decades to repair. CSIRO is developing this as a prototype forecasting system, but we can confidently predict
that as we know more about the Antarctic and Southern Ocean we will be able to enhance and extend our
predictive ability.
E The ocean's surface temperature results from the interplay between deep-water temperature, air
temperature and ice. Each winter between 4 and 19 million square km of sea ice form, locking up huge
quantities of heat close to the continent. Only now can we start to unravel the influence of sea ice on the
weather that is experienced in southern Australia. But in another way the extent of sea ice extends its
influence far beyond Antarctica. Antarctic krill - the small shrimp-like crustaceans that are the staple diet for
baleen whales, penguins, some seals, flighted sea birds and many fish - breed well in years when sea ice is
extensive, and poorly when it is not. Many species of baleen whales and flighted sea birds migrate between
the hemispheres and when the krill are less abundant they do not thrive.
F The circulatory system of the world's oceans is like a huge conveyor belt moving water and dissolved
minerals and nutrients from one hemisphere to the other, and from the ocean's abyssal depths to the
surface. The ACC is the longest current in the world, and has the largest flow. Through it, the deep flows of
the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans are joined to form part of a single global thermohaline circulation.
During winter, the howling katabatic sometimes scour the ice off patches of the sea's surface leaving large
ice-locked lagoons, or 'polynyas'. Recent research has shown that as fresh sea ice forms, it is continuously
stripped away by the wind and may be blown up to 90km in a single day. Since only fresh water freezes into
ice, the water that remains becomes increasingly salty and dense, sinking until it spills over the continental
shelf. Cold water carries more oxygen than warm water, so when it rises, well into the northern hemisphere,
it reoxygenates and revitalizes the ocean. The state of the northern oceans, and their biological productivity,
owe much to what happens in the Antarctic.
Questions 14-18
The reading Passage has six paragraphs A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information
Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 The example of research on weather prediction on agriculture.
15 Antarctic sea ice brings life back to the world oceans' vitality.
16 A food chain that influence the animals living pattern based on Antarctic fresh sea ice.
17 The explanation of how atmosphere pressure above Antarctica can impose effect on global climate
Change.
18 Antarctica was once thought to be a forgotten and insignificant continent.

Questions 19-21
Please match the natural phenomenon with correct determined factor.
Choose the correct answer from the box.
Write the correct letter in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet
19 Globally, mass Antarctica's size and ................ influence the climate change
20 .................. contributory to western wind
21 Southern Oscillation Index based on air pressure can predict ............... in Australia
List of options
A Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)
B katabatic winds
C rainfall
D temperature
E glaciers
F pressure
Questions 22-26
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
22 In the paragraph B, the author wants to tell which of the following truth about Antarctic
A To show Antarctica has been a central topic of global warming in Mass media.
B To illustrate its huge see ice brings food to million lives to places in the world.
C To show it is the heart and its significance to the global climate and current.
D To illustrate it locates in the central spot on Earth geographically.
23 Why do Australian farmers keep an eye on the Antarctic Ocean temperature
A Help farmers reduce their economic or ecological losses.
B Retrieve grassland decreased in the overgrazing process.
C Prevent animal from dying.
D A cell provides fertilizer for the grassland.
24 What is the final effect of katabatic winds
A Increase the moving speed of ocean current
B Increase salt level near ocean surface
C Bring fresh ice into southern oceans
D Pile up the mountainous ice cap respected by mariners

25 The break of the continental shelf is due to the
A salt and density increase
B salt and density decrease
C global warming resulting a rising temperature
D fresh ice melting into ocean water
26 The decrease in number of Whales and seabirds is due to
A killers whales are more active around.
B Sea birds are affected by high sea level salty.
C less sea ice reduces productivity of food source.
D seals fail to reproduce babies.

14 D 15 F 16 E 17 C
18 A 19 D 20 A 21 C
22 C 23 A 24 C 25 C
26 C
S1240205
Passage Backgrounds
S1. 非洲的传统农耕系统（科技类）
Traditional Farming System in Africa
A By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other parts of
Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex,
according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one ulupwa cannot take on
a very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of
the province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has
long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered
ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.
B Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula, as in the Bemba area to the east, is based
on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule,
entire trees are not felled, but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are
cut over an area of varying size early in the dry season, and stacked to dry over a rough
circle about a fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area. The wood is fired before the rains and
in the first year planted with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusine coracana).
C During the second season, and possibly for a few seasons more the area is planted to
variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize, pumpkins (Telflria occidentalis)
and other cucurbits, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, Phaseolus beans and various leafy
vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with
vegetable cassava, which is often planted into the developing last-but-one crop as a
relay.
D Richards (1969) observed that the practice of citemene entails a definite division of
labour between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an unobtrusive manner,
since it is considered provocative towards one's neighbours to mark boundaries in an
explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is the men's province, and involves
much pride. Branches are stacked by the women, and fired by the men. Formerly women
and men cooperated in the planting work, but the harvesting was always done by the
women. At the beginning of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the
branches effectively destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and
nutrients eventually become depleted to a point where further effort with annual crops is
judged to be not worthwhile: at this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a
crop on nearly exhausted soil. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area
pollarded for the next citemene cycle.

E When forest is not available - this is increasingly the case nowadays - various ridging
systems (ibala) are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of maize, beans,
groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These plots are usually
tended by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots have year-round access to
water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees often grow around houses, forming a
traditional agroforestry system. In season some of the fruit is sold by the roadside or in
local markets.
F The margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of rice during the rainy
season, and areas adjacent to vegetables irrigated with water from the dambo during the
dry season. The extent of cultivation is very limited, no doubt because the growing of
crops under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of skill. Near towns some of the
vegetable produce is sold in local markets.
G Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the diet of Luapulans,
as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas
away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main
areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is also exploited during the latter part
of the dry season. Several previously abundant and desirable species, such as the
Luapula salmon or mpumbu (Labeo activelis) and pale (Sarotherodon machochir) have
all but disappeared from Lake Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement.

H Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula that crop
husbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a bean or maize grower in a
whole season. I sometimes heard claims that the relatively high earnings to be obtained
from fishing induced an 'easy come, easy go' outlook among Luapulan men. On the other
hand, someone who secures good but erratic earnings may feel that their investment in
an economically productive activity is not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate
well in such activities. Besides, a fisherman with spare cash will find little in the way of
working equipment to spend his money on. Better spend one's money in the bars and
have a good time!
I Only small numbers of cattle or oxen are kept in the province owing to the prevalence
of the tse-tse fly. For the few herds, the dambos provide subsistence grazing during the
dry season. The absence of animal draft power greatly limits peoples' ability to plough
and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare by hand-hoeing. Most
people keep freely roaming chickens and goats. These act as a reserve for bartering, but
may also be occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies or for entertaining important
visitors. These animals are not a regular part of most peoples' diet.
J Citemene has been an ingenious system for providing people with seasonal production
of high quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily leached soils.
Nutritionally, the most serious deficiency was that of protein. This could at times be
alleviated when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the Valley and
could find the means of bartering for dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well
adapted to the ecology of the miombo regions and sustainable for long periods, but only
as long as human population densities stayed at low levels. Although population densities
are still much lower than in several countries of South-East Asia, neither the fisheries nor
the forests and woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodified traditional practices,
of supporting the people in a sustainable manner.
K Overall, people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive systems while yet
ensuring that these systems will remain productive in the future, when even more people
will need food. Increasing overall production of food, though a vast challenge in itself, will
not be enough, however. At the same time storage and distribution systems must allow
everyone access to at least a moderate share of the total.
Questions 1-4
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1 In Luapula land allocation is in accordance with .......................
2 The citemene system provides the land with ....................... crops are planted.
3 During the second season, the last planted crop is .......................
4 Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near .......................

Questions 5-8
Classify the following items with the correct description.
A fish
B oxen
C goats
5 be used in some unusual occasions, such as celebrations.
6 cannot thrive for being affected by the pests.
7 be the largest part of creating profit.
8 be sold beyond the local area.
Questions 9-12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage ?

9 People rarely use animals to cultivate land.
10 When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor force.
11 The local residents eat goats on a regular time.
12 Though citemene has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide enough protein
Question 13
Write the correct letter in the box 13 on your answer sheet.
What is the writer's opinion about the traditional ways of practices
A They can supply the nutrition that people need.
B They are not capable of providing adequate support to the population.
C They are productive systems that need no more improving.
D They will be easily modified in the future.

1 need 2 (the) ashes 3 (vegetable) cassava 4 houses
5 C 6 B 7 A 8 A
9 TRUE 10 NOT GIVEN 11 FALSE 12 TRUE
13 B
S2241109
Passage Backgrounds
S2. 化石的生物数据库（历史类）
Questions 14-19
The reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Potential error exists in the database 14 Paragraph A

ii Supporter of database recleared its value 15 Paragraph B
iii The purpose of this paleobiology data 16 Paragraph C
iv Reason why some certain species were not included in it 17 Paragraph D
v Duplication of breed but with different names 18 Paragraph E
vi Achievement of Paleobiology Databasesince 19 Paragraph F
vii Criticism on the project which is waste of fund
Fossil Files
"The Paleobiology Database"
A Are we now living through the sixth extinction as our own activities destroy
ecosystems and wipe out diversity? That's the doomsday scenario painted by many
ecologists, and they may well be right. The trouble is we don't know for sure because
we don't have a clear picture of how life changes between extinction events or what
has happened in previous episodes. We don't even know how many species are alive
today, let alone the rate at which they are becoming extinct. A new project aims to
fill some of the gaps. The Paleobiology Database aspires to be an online repository of
information about every fossil ever dug up. It is a huge undertaking that has been
described as biodiversity's equivalent of the Human Genome Project. Its organizers
hope that by recording the history of biodiversity they will gain an insight into how
environmental changes have shaped life on Earth in the past and how they might do
so in the future. The database may even indicate whether life can rebound no matter
what we throw at it, or whether a human induced extinction could be without
parallel, changing the rules that have applied throughout the rest of the planet's
history.
B But already the project is attracting harsh criticism. Some experts believe it to be
seriously flawed. They point out that a database is only as good as the data fed into
it, and that even if all the current fossil finds were catalogued, they would provide
an incomplete inventory of life because we are far from discovering every fossilized
species. They say that researehers should get up from their computers and get back
into the dirt to dig up new fossils. Others are more skeptical still, arguing that we can
never get the full picture because the fossil record is riddled with holes and biases.
C Fans of the Paleobiology Database acknowledge that the fossil record will always be
incomplete. But they see value in looking for global patterns that show relative
change in biodivesity. "The fossil record is the best tool we have for understanding
how diversity and extinction work in normal time." says John Alroy from the
National Carter for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis in Santa Barbara. "Having a
background extinction estimate gives us a benchmark for understanding the mass
extinction that's currently under way. It allows us to say just how bad it is in relative
terms."
D To this end, the Paleobiology Database aims to be the most thorough attempt yet
to come up with good global diversity curves. Every day between 10 and 15 scientists
around the world add information about fossil finds to the database. Since it got up
and running in 1998, scientists have entered almost 340,000 specimens, ranging
from plants to whales to insects to dinosaurs to sea urchins. Overall totals are
updated hourly at www.paleodb.org. Anyone can download data from the public
part of the site and play with the numbers to their heart's content. Already, the
database has thrown up some surprising result. Looking at the big picture, Alroy and
his colleagues believe they have found evidence that biodiversity reached a plateau
long ago, contrary to the received wisdom that species numbers have increased
continuously between extinction events. "The traditional view is that diversity has
gone up and up and up," he says. "Our researeh is showing that diversity limits were
approached many tens of millions of years before the dinosaurs evolved, much less
suffered extinction." This suggests that only a certain number of species can live on
Earth at a time, filling a proscribed number of niches like spaces in a multi-storey
car park. Once it's full, no more new species can squeeze in, until extinctions free up
new spaces or something rare and catastrophic adds a new floor to the car park.
E Alroy has also used the database to reassess the accuracy of species names. His
findings suggest that irregularities in classification inflate the overall number of
species in the fossil record by between 32 and 44 per cent. Single species often end
up with several names, he says, due to misidentification or poor communication
between taxonomists in different countries. Repetition like this can distort diversity
curves. "If you have really bad taxonomy in one short interval, it will look like a
diversity spike - a big diversification followed by a big extinction - when all that has
happened is a change in the quality of names," says Alroy. For example, his statistical
analysis indicates that of the 4861 North American fossil mammal species
catalogued in the database, between 24 and 31 per cent will eventually prove to be
duplicates.
F Of course, the fossil record is undeniably patchy. Some places and times have left
behind more fossil-filled rocks than others. Some have been sampled more
thoroughly. And certain kinds of creatures - those with hard parts that lived in
oceans, for example - are more likely to leave a record behind, while others, like
jellyfish, will always remain a mystery. Alroy has also tried to account for this. He
estimates, for example, that only 41 per cent of North American mammals that
have ever lived are known from fossils, and he suspects that a similar proportion of
fossils are missing from other groups, such as fungi and insects.
G Not everyone is impressed with such mathematical wizardry. Jonathan Adrain
from the University of Iowa in Iowa City points out that statistical wrangling has been
known to create mass extinctions where none occurred. It is easy to misinterpret
data. For example, changes in sea level or inconsistent sampling methods can mimic
major changes in biodiversity. Indeed, a recent and thorough examination of the
literature on marine bivalve fossils has convinced David Jablonsky from the
University of Chicago and his colleagues that their diversity has increased steadily
over the past 5 million years .
H With an inventory of all living species, ecologists could start to put the current
biodiversity crisis in historical perspective. Although creating such a list would be a
task to rival even the Palaeobiology Database, it is exactly what the San
Francisco-based ALL Species Foundation hopes to achieve in the next 25 years. The
effort is essential, says Harvard biologist Edward O. Wilson, who is alarmed by
current rates of extinction. "There is a crisis. We've begun to measure it, and it's very
high," Wilson says. "We need this kind of information in much more detail to protect
all of biodiversity, not just the ones we know well." Let the counting continue.
Questions 20-22
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters, A-D, in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.
A Jonathan Adrain
B John Alroy
C David Jablonsky
D Edward O. Wilson
20 Creating the Database would help scientist to identify connections of all species.
21 Believed in contribution of detailed statistics should cover beyond the known species.
22 Reached a contradictory finding to the tremendous species die-out.
Questions 23-24
Choose the TWO correct letter following
Please choose TWO CORRECT descriptions about the The Paleobiology Database in this passage
A Almost all the experts welcome this project.
B Intrigues both positive and negative opinions from various experts.
C All different creature in the database have unique name.
D Aims to embrace all fossil information globally.
E Get more information from record rather than the field.

Questions 25-26
25 According to the passage, jellyfish belongs to which category of The Paleobiology Database
A repetition breed
B untraceable species
C specifically detailed species
D currently living creature
26 What is the author's suggestion according to the end of passage
A continue to complete counting the number of species in the Paleobiology Database
B stop contributing The Paleobiology Database
C try to create a database of living creature
D study more in the field rather than in the book

14 iii 15 i 16 ii 17 vi
18 v 19 iv 20 B 21 D
22 C 23 B 24 D 25 B
26 C
S3249612
Passage Backgrounds
S3. 交流的矛盾（研究类）
Questions 27-34
Reading Passage has eight sections, A-H.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x , in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Different personality types mentioned 27 Section A

ii Recommendation of combined styles for group 28 Section B
iii Historical explanation of understanding personality 29 Section C
iv A lively and positive attitude person depicted 30 Section D
v A personality likes challenge and direct communication 31 Section E
vi Different characters illustrated 32 Section F
vii Functions of understanding communication styles 33 Section G
viii Cautious and considerable person cited 34 Section H
ix Calm and Factual personality illustrated
x Self-assessment determines one's temperament
Communicating Conflict
Section A
As far back as Hippocrates' time (460-370 B.C.) people have tried to understand other
people by characterizing them according to personality type or temperament.
Hippocrates believed there were four different body fluids that influenced four basic
types of temperament. His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen. These
days there are any number of self-assessment tools that relate to the basic descriptions
developed by Galen, although we no longer believe the source to be the types of body
fluid that dominate our systems.
Section B
The values in self-assessments that help determine personality style. Learning styles,
communication styles, conflict-handling styles, or other aspects of individuals is that they
help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships. The depersonalization occurs
when you realize that others aren't trying to be difficult, but they need different or more
information than you do. They're not intending to be rude: they are so focused on the
task they forget about greeting people. They would like to work faster but not at the risk
of damaging the relationships needed to get the job done. They understand there is a job
to do. But it can only be done right with the appropriate information, which takes time to
collect. When used appropriately. understanding communication styles can help resolve
conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually they are issues
of style, information needs, or focus.

Section C
Hippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic temperaments: sanguine,
phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric. These descriptions were developed centuries ago
and are still somewhat apt, although you could update the wording. In today's world, they
translate into the four fairly common communication styles described below.
Section D
The sanguine person would be the expressive or spirited style of communication. These
people speak in pictures. They invest a lot of emotion and energy in their communication
and often speak quickly. Putting their whole body into it. They are easily sidetracked onto
a story that may or may not illustrate the point they are trying to make. Because of their
enthusiasm, they are great team motivators. They are concerned about people and
relationships. Their high levels of energy can come on strong at times and their focus is
usually on the bigger picture, which means they sometimes miss the details or the proper
order of things. These people find conflict or differences of opinion invigorating and love
to engage in a spirited discussion. They love change and are constantly looking for new
and exciting adventures.
Section E
Tile phlegmatic person - cool and persevering - translates into the technical or systematic
communication style. This style of communication is focused on facts and technical
details. Phlegmatic people have an orderly, methodical way of approaching tasks, and
their focus is very much on the task, not on the people, emotions, or concerns that the
task may evoke. The focus is also more on the details necessary to accomplish a task.
Sometimes the details overwhelm the big picture and focus needs to be brought back to
the context of the task. People with this style think the facts should speak for themselves,
and they are not as comfortable with conflict. They need time to adapt to change and
need to understand both the logic of it and the steps involved.

Section F
Tile melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others
translates into the considerate or sympathetic communication style. A person with this
communication style is focused on people and relationships. They are good listeners and
do things for other people - sometimes to the detriment of getting things done for
themselves. They want to solicit everyone's opinion and make sure everyone is
comfortable with whatever is required to get the job done. At times this focus on others
can distract from the task at hand. Because they are so concerned with the needs of
others and smoothing over issues, they do not like conflict. They believe that change
threatens the status quo and tends to make people feel uneasy, so people with this
communication style, like phlegmatic people need time to consider the changes in order
to adapt to them.
Section G
The choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication.
People with this style are brief in their communication - the fewer words the better. They
are big picture thinkers and love to be involved in many things at once. They are focused
on tasks and outcomes and often forget that the people involved in carrying out the tasks
have needs. They don't do detail work easily and as a result can often underestimate how
much time it takes to achieve the task. Because they are so direct, they often seem
forceful and can be very intimidating to others. They usually would welcome someone
challenging them. But most other styles are afraid to do so. They also thrive on change,
the more the better.
Section H
A well-functioning team should have all of these communication styles for true
effectiveness. All teams need to focus on the task, and they need to take care of
relationships in order to achieve those tasks. They need the big picture perspective or the
context of their work, and they need the details to be identified and taken care of for
success. We all have aspects of each style within us. Some of us can easily move from one
style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand - whether the
focus is on tasks or relationships. For others, a dominant style is very evident, and it is
more challenging to see the situation from the perspective of another style.
The work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work that
is required or by the predominance of one style reflected in that environment. Some
people use one style at work and another at home. The good news about communication
styles is that we all have the ability to develop flexibility in our styles. The greater the
flexibility we have, the more skilled we usually are at handling possible and actual
conflicts. Usually it has to be relevant to us to do so, either because we think it is
important or because there are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key is
that we have to want to become flexible with our communication style. As Henry Ford
said, "Whether you think you can or you can't, you're right!”
Questions 35-39

35 It is believed that sanguine people do not like variety.
36 Melancholic and phlegmatic people have similar characteristics.
37 It is the sanguine personality that needed most in the workplace.
38 It is possible for someone to change type of personality.
39 Work surrounding can affect which communication style is the most effective.
Question 40
Write your answers in box 40 on your answer sheet.
The author thinks self-assessment tools can be able to
A assist to develop one's personality in a certain scenario.
B help to understand colleagues and resolve problems.
C improve relationship with boss of company.
D change others' behaviour and personality.

27 iii 28 vii 29 i 30 iv
31 ix 32 viii 33 v 34 ii
35 FALSE 36 TRUE 37 NOT GIVEN 38 TRUE
39 TRUE 40 B

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S1296108

Summary Paragraph Matching

Matching Multiple Choices

including chimps and human children, edited by Heyes and Galef.

acquire the complete stripping skill.

of the energetic value of the cone. An acceptable profit margin.

being rather solitary while the jay forages in social groups.

exploiting, the caches of others.

Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A - G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A - G, in boxes 1 - 4 on your answer sheet.

1 a comparison between rats，learning and human learning

2 a reference to the earliest study in animal learning

3 the discovery of who stripped the pine cone

4 a description of a cost-effectiveness experiment

In boxes 5 - 8 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

7 It can be learned from other relevant experiences to use a photocopier.

8 Stripping the pine cones is an instinct of the black rats.

Complete the summary below using words from the box.

Write your answers in boxes 9 - 13 on your answer sheet.

seeds---the observing 13........................ didn't do as well as its counterpart.

A less B more C solitary D social

E cacher F observer G remembered H watched

S1296108 & Related Question Answers

5 FALSE 6 TRUE 7 TRUE 8 FALSE

9 less 10 social 11 watched 12 observer

Summary Paragraph Matching

Matching Multiple Choices

Activities for Children

inactive, they'll be storing up big problems for the future.'

excited and emotional, children provide raw comedy.

of the elevator, and walk to nearby friends' houses instead of driving."

The reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

14 health and living condition of children

15 health organization monitored physical activity

16 comparison of exercise time between UK and other countries

17 wrong approach for school activity

In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

20 Skipping becomes more and more popular in schools of UK.

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

22 According to paragraph A, what does Professor Neil Armstrong concern about

A Spending more time on TV affect academic level

B Parents have less time stay with their children

C Future health of British children

D Increasing speed of property's development

23 What does Armstrong indicate in Paragraph B

A We need to take a 10 minute walk every day.

B We should do more activity to exercise heart.

C Girls' situation is better than boys.

D Exercise can cure many disease.

24 What is aim of First Kids' training

A Make profit by running several sessions.

B Only concentrate on one activity for each child.

C To guide parents how to organize activities for children.

D Spread the idea that team sport is better.

A Create opportunities to exercise your body.

B Taking elevator saves your time.

C Kids should spend more than 200 calories each day.

D We should never drive but walk.