Lecture 3 - Buckling-of-Simple-Struts - PWPNT

School of Engineering
CIE6001: Advanced Structural Analysis & Design
Buckling of Columns
&
Design of Steel Columns to EC3
Dr A. Berrais
1
Content of this lecture:
1. Buckling of Perfect Struts:

Theoretical Background
2. Buckling of Real Struts with Initial Bend
3. Buckling of Perfect Strut: Example
4. Buckling & Steel Column Design to Eurocode 3
Dr A. Berrais 2
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lectures (over three weeks) you will be able to:
1. Differentiate between Stocky and Slender columns behaviour
2. Recognize the sources of imperfection in real slender columns
3. Calculate the non-dimensional slenderness of a column
4. Calculate the buckling resistance of a slender column under

compression force using the EC3 method
Dr A. Berrais 3
• Structural steel members in compression are
found in a wide variety of structures.
– Columns in buildings
– Towers in bridges
– Struts in trusses or lattice girders
– Arches
Dr A. Berrais 4
Example of column failure caused by buckling
Source: http://www.thestructuralmadness.com/2014/04/possible-types-of-failures-in-steel.html
5
Example of column failure caused by buckling
The Windsor Tower Fire, Madrid (2005)

Source: BBC News Online / World / Europe - UK Edition (13 Feb 2005)
6
Dr A. Berrais
1. Buckling of Perfect Struts
Theoretical Background
Assumptions P
• The strut is initially straight.
• The load is applied axially.
• The material is linear elastic.
. The material properties are uniform throughout the length
Critical Euler Buckling Load:
(Max load to cause buckling) Lcr = L
EI
 EI 2
PE  N cr  2
y
(in EC3 known as Ncr = critical
load) Lcr
x
Lcr : critical or effective length
P
Dr A. Berrais 7
Buckling of Perfect Struts
 2 EI
PE  N cr  2
Lcr
The analogy
Stable Equilibrium: P < PE
Neutral Equilibrium: P = PE
Unstable: P > PE
8
Dr A. Berrais
Other end conditions
 EI2
N cr  2
Ncr = critical load
L cr Lcr =Le = Effective Length
Le = 0.7h
Le = 0.5h h Le = h Le = 2h
Fixed ended Pin ended Fixed pinned Cantilever
9
Dr A. Berrais
N NCRIT
Pin
Lcr= 0.7L
EI L EI
Fixed
NCRIT = 2EI/Lcr2
NCRIT = 2.052EI/L2
Dr A. Berrais 10
N NCRIT
Fixed
EI L EI Lcr Lcr= 0.5L
Fixed
NCRIT = 2EI/Lcr2
NCRIT = 42EI/L2
Dr A. Berrais 11
N NCRIT
Free
EI L EI
Lcr= 2L
Fixed
NCRIT = 2EI/Lcr2
NCRIT = 0.252EI/L2
Dr A. Berrais 12
comparison with different end conditions
N N N N
EI L EI L EI L EI L
Lcr= L Lcr= 0.7L Lcr= 0.5L Lcr= 2L
PE=NCRIT = 2EI/L2 NCRIT = 2.05PE NCRIT = 4PE NCRIT = 0.25PE
13
Small Experimental Test: Small columns Under Compression
z
Section Length Modulus Test Theoretical Type of y y
(mm) Elasticity Load (g) Load (0.7L) Failure
E (N/mm2) (g)
Timber 200 mm 3500 > 4000 9160 Crushing z
λ = 231
3 x 9.5 mm
Timber 300 mm 3500 > 1900 > 1707 Crushing λ = 346
3 x 9.5 mm
Timber 600 mm 3500 438 427 Buckling λ = 693
3 x 9.5 mm
Slenderness ratio
Timber 1000 mm 3500 182 154 Buckling λ = 1155
3 x 9.5 mm
Timber 300 mm 3500 > 7406 Crushing λ = 216
4.8 x 4.8 mm
Timber 600 mm 3500 720 883 Buckling
4.8 x 4.8 mm λ = 433
Plastic 390 mm 1000 – > 1800 > 1751 Crushing

λ = 287
4.7x10 mm 1500
Plastic 600 mm 1000 - 1500 800 740 Buckling
λ = 442
4.7x10 mm
14
Theoretical Load:
 EI
2
Buckling
(slender column)
N cr  2
L cr
Lcr ≈ 0.7L
Crushing Ny  A fy
(short column)
f y  4.5 N
mm 2
100 g ≈ 0.98 N
15
Dr A. Berrais
16
Buckling of Perfect Struts: Average Stress
 2 EI N
N cr  2
L cr
Lcr : critical or effective length

N cr  EI 2
 cr   EI
Lcr = L
A AL2cr
y
I Lcr
As i  and   Slenderness ratio
x
A i
 E
2
i = radius of gyration
 cr  2
 Average critical stress N
17
Factors affecting buckling behaviour
• Buckling length or effective length

• End conditions
• Types of cross-sections
• Magnitude of load
• Eccentricity of applied loads
Dr A. Berrais 18
“Good” vs “Bad” Sections for Buckling
1 2 3
“Bad” Sections (buckle easily)
4 5 6
“Good” Sections
(buckle less easily)
19
Tutorial 1: Columns with different shape & size
π2EI
Using the perfect pin-ended strut Euler critical load Ncr  2
L cr
Find the size, mass and nominal (average) stress (Force/Area) for two
columns with different shape and a critical load of 100 kN over a critical length
of Lcr =4.0m
Perfect Column 4.0m long, Euler Critical Load = 100 kN

Material Form Required I value Size of Vol. of Mass of Nominal
(m4) section (m) material Material Stress
(m3) (kg) (N/mm2)
Steel Solid square section
d
E = 210 kN/mm2
 = 7850 kg/m3
0.773x10-6
d
One circular tube,

wall thickness t = D/40
t
D=0.096m
0.773x10-6
D
20
Tutorial 1: Columns with different shape & size
π2EI
Ncr  2
L cr
Hint: 2nd moment of Area
d
D
𝑑4 𝜋𝐷4
𝐼= 𝐼=
12 64
A= 𝑑 × 𝑑 𝜋𝐷 2
A=
4
MASS = DENSITY x VOLUME

21
Tutorial 1: Solution
Perfect Column 4.0m long, Euler Critical Load = 100 kN
Form Required Size of Vol. of Mass of Nominal

I section material Material Stress
Material value (m) (m3) (kg) (N/mm2)
(m4)
Solid square section
d 0.773x10-6 d = 0.055 0.012 95 33.06
Steel d
E = 210 kN/mm2
 = 7850 kg/m3 One circular tube,
wall thickness t = D/40
D = 0.096
t
0.773x10-6 0.0029 142.9
22.77
t= 0.0024
Question: Which section is more economical to use? Why?

Dr A. Berrais 22
2. Real Struts: Strut with Initial Bend
Zero P
y0 y
y = y0* Amp. Factor

1 PE = Ncr
Amp.Factor 
 P
1  P 
 E 23
Real Struts: Strut with Initial Bend
Zero P
y = y0* Amp. Factor

y0
1
Amp.Factor 
 P

 P 
1
 E
1
Amp. Factor  1
P = 0 -- >  0  -- > y = yo
1  P 
 E 
1 1
P = PE -- > Amp. Factor    Failure?
 PE  0 -- > y = ??
1  P 
 E  unstable?
Dr A. Berrais 24
Real Struts: Strut with Initial Bend
1
y = y0* Amp. Factor Amp.Factor 
 P
1  P 
 E
 = P/PE 0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0
Amp. factor. 1.00 1.11 1.25 2.00 3.33 10 

1/(1-)
Dr A. Berrais 25
Buckling of Simple Strut: Actual Stresses
P P
y y
M = Py
P
 = P/A  = Py/W
 = P/A + Py/W  = P/A - Py/W

W = Section modulus
26
Buckling of Simple Strut: Actual Stresses
P P
y y
M = Py
 = P/A + Py/W  = P/A - Py/W
This side This side

critical for critical for
steel masonry or
timber
27
3. Buckling of Perfect Strut: Example
P Steel Strip 20mm x 3mm

fy = 275 N/mm2, E = 205 kN/mm2
z
EI L Y Y 3mm
z
20mm
Area = 20*3 = 60mm2
Iy = 20*33/12 = 45mm4, ry = 0.866mm
W = 20*32/6 = 30mm3
Crushing force 275*60 = 16,500N = 16.5kN
28
Buckling of Perfect Strut: Example
P
Steel Strip 20mm x 3mm
X
Y Y 3mm
EI L X
20mm
I = 45mm4, E = 205 kN/mm2
Euler Buckling force PE=Ncr= 2EI/L2
= 2*205*45/L2
PE = 91,000/L2 kN
29
P
PE = 91,000/L2 kN
30
EI L
Force PE kN
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
L = 400mm, PE = 91,000/4002 = 0.57kN
30
P PE = 91,000/L2 kN
Force PE kN 30
EI L 20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
L = 300mm, PE = 91,000/3002 = 1.01kN
31
P PE = 91,000/L2 kN
Force PE kN 30
EI L 20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
L = 200mm, PE = 91,000/2002 = 2.28kN
32
P
PE = 91,000/L2 kN
30
Force PE kN
EI L 20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
L = 100mm, PE = 91,000/1002 = 9.1kN
33

PE = 91,000/L2 kN
EI L 30
Force PE kN
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
L = 50mm, PE = 91,000/502 = 36.4kN Length L mm
34
P PE = 91,000/L2 kN
EI L 30
Force PE kN
20
16.5 kN
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
35

Failure Force P kN Crushing Buckling
EI L 30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
36
Now replace L by Slenderness Ratio 
P
30
Failure Force P kN
20
EI L
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
Dr A. Berrais 37
P Now replace L by Slenderness Ratio 
Failure Force P kN
EI L 30
20
10
0
0 115 231 346 462
Slenderness Ratio 
Dr A. Berrais 38

Now replace force P by stress p = P/A
Failure Force P kN
EI L 30
20
10
0
0 115 231 346 462
Dr A. Berrais 39
P Now replace force P by stress p = P/A
Failure Stress p N/mm2
500
EI L
333
275
167
0
0 115 231 346 462
This curve is correct for any perfect strut made of the same steel
Dr A. Berrais 40
For steel with E = 205 kN/mm2 and py = 275 N/mm2
P
Failure Stress p N/mm2

500
EI L p = py
333
275
167
p = 2E/2
0
0 115 231 346 462
This curve is correct for any perfect strut made of this steel
Dr A. Berrais 41
For steel with E = 205 kN/mm2 and py = 355 N/mm2
P
Failure Stress p N/mm2 500

p = py
EI L
333
275
167
p = 2E/2
0
0 115 231 346 462
This curve is correct for any perfect strut made of this steel
Dr A. Berrais 42
Buckling of Perfect Strut
P
Depends on E, not on
Depends on py not on E py
Failure Force P kN
EI L
0
0
Length L mm
Dr A. Berrais 43
Buckling of Real Strut: Example
P
(Area = 60mm2, Z = 30mm2)
(Z = section modulus)
Length = 100mm
y Initial y0 = 0.5mm
PE = 91,000/1002 = 9.1 kN
Try P = 4.0 kN
P/PE = 4.0/9.1 = 0.44
Amp Factor = 1/(1- 0.44) = 1.79
y = 0.5*1.79 = 0.895mm
Stress = 4000/60 + 4000*0.895/30 = 186 N/mm2
(P*y/Z)
Dr A. Berrais 44
P
(Area = 60mm2, Z = 30mm2)
Length = 100mm
Initial y0 = 0.5mm
PE = 91,000/1002 = 9.1 kN
y
Try P = 5.0 kN
P/PE = 5.0/9.1 = 0.55

Amp Factor = 1/(1- 0.55) = 2.22
y = 0.5*2.22 = 1.11mm
Stress = 5000/60 + 5000*1.11/30 = 268 N/mm2
Dr A. Berrais 45
P
(Area = 60mm2, Z = 30mm2)
Length = 100mm
Initial y0 = 0.5mm
y PE = 91,000/1002 = 9.1 kN
Try P = 5.1 kN
P/PE = 5.1/9.1 = 0.56
Amp Factor = 1/(1- 0.56) = 2.27
y = 0.5*2.27 = 1.14mm
Stress = 5100/60 + 5100*1.14/30 = 279 N/mm2
Dr A. Berrais 46
(Area = 60mm2, Z = 30mm2)
Length = 100mm
Initial y0 = 0.5mm
PE = 91,000/1002 = 9.1 kN
y
Force kN Average Max. Stress
Stress N/mm2 N/mm2
4.0 67 186
5.0 83 268
5.1 85 279
Dr A. Berrais 47
P
Failure Force P kN
EI L 30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
Dr A. Berrais 48
P
Perfect Strut Real Strut Exact curve

depends on
Failure Force P kN
initial y0
EI L 30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
Dr A. Berrais 49

Real Strut with
Perfect Strut small initial
y0
Failure Force P kN
EI L 30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
Dr A. Berrais 50

Real Strut with
Perfect Strut large initial
y0
Failure Force P kN
EI L 30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
Dr A. Berrais 51

Different curves
Perfect Strut for different
y0
Failure Force P kN
EI L 30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
Dr A. Berrais 52

At very small or very large slenderness, changes in y0have
Failure Force P kN little effect.
EI L 30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Length L mm
Dr A. Berrais 53
Summary
Buckling of Perfect Strut
P
Critical Euler Buckling Load:
 EI 2
N cr  PE  2 Lcr : critical or effective length
Lcr
Lcr
y
EI
Critical Euler Buckling Stress:
 2E
 cr  2

I Lcr
i and   Slenderness ratio P
A i 54
Tutorial 2
203 x 203 x 52 kg/m UC Section
Yield strength of S275 steel, fy = 275 N/mm2
Length of column, L = 7.80m ( pinned at both ends)  2 EI
N cr 
Design axial load, Ned = 400 kN L2cr
Initial Out-of-Straight y0 = L/400
UC Section Properties, from Tables:
A = 66.4 cm2, Izz = 1770 cm4 , Wzz = 174 cm3, iz= 5.16 cm , E = 210 kN/mm2
Questions:
1. Assuming an amplification factor of 1/(1-), where  = Ned /N
cr
Find the maximum stress in the column.
2. Using the calculation method from Part 1, find the maximum stress
in the column if it carried a lateral load of 1.0 kN/m in addition
to the axial load.
Assume the lateral deflection due to a UDL is  = 5wL4/384EI
SOLUTION 55
4. Design of Steel Columns to EC3
• This lecture is concerned with compression members
subject to axial compression only with no bending
moment.
• In practice columns are subject to:

- eccentricity of axial load
- transverse force
• The treatment will distinguish between:

1. Stocky (short) columns, and
2. Slender columns
Dr A. Berrais 56
Failure modes of compression members
A slender member fails by

buckling.
Most steel compression

members are slender and
A stocky member fails by
therefore they are likely to fail
crushing/yielding.
by buckling.
In EC3 columns are stocky if   0.2
  0.2
 = Slenderness ratio 57
Dr A. Berrais
Stocky columns
The characteristics of stocky columns are
• very low slenderness ()
• unaffected by overall buckling
The compressive strength of stocky columns is

• dictated by the cross-section
• depends on section classification
• Yield strength
Dr A. Berrais 58
Cross-sections not prone to local
buckling
• Class 1, 2, 3 cross-sections are unaffected by

local buckling
• Design compression resistance Nc.Rd equals the

plastic resistance Npl.Rd
A fy
N pl ,Rd  5.4.4(1) a)
gM0
gM0  partial factor for material (=1)
Dr A. Berrais 59
Slender Columns
• Slender columns present a quasi elastic buckling
behaviour
 E 2
• Euler critical stress  cr  2


lcr
  , where i = radius of gyration
i lcr is the buckling length
I (critical or effective length)
i
A
60
Dr A. Berrais
Factors affecting buckling behaviour of slender columns
• Buckling length or critical length

• End conditions
• Types of cross-sections
• Magnitude of load
• Eccentricity of applied loads
Dr A. Berrais 61
Euler buckling curve and modes of failure
Limiting slenderness ratio
E
Failure by 1    93 .9
 yielding
fy
235

fy
Stress
fy Failure by
buckling
Euler
buckling
curve
 (ESDEP, 2002)
1 Slenderness
Limiting slenderness ratio

Dr A. Berrais 62
Non-dimensional Buckling Curve
Dr A. Berrais
63
Non-dimensional Slenderness
Dr A. Berrais
64
Limiting slenderness 1
• 1 defined for cr equal to fy - cl 5.5.1.2 (1)
E
1    93 .9
fy
235

fy
where
1 is equal to
93,9 for steel grade S235
Dr A. Berrais 65
Behaviour of real steel columns
• Inelastic buckling occurs before the Euler

buckling load due to various imperfections
– initial out-of-straightness
– residual stresses
– eccentricity of axial applied loads
– strain-hardening
• Columns of medium slenderness are very
sensitive to the effects of imperfections
Dr A. Berrais 66
Effect of imperfections in relation to
slenderness
•Columns of large slenderness
–largely unaffected by imperfections
–ultimate failure load  Euler load (Ncr)
–independent of the yield stress
•Columns of medium slenderness
–imperfections important
–failure load less than Euler load
–out-of-straightness and residual stresses are the
most significant imperfections
Dr A. Berrais 67
Residual stresses patterns
Typical residual stress pattern

Combined with axial stresses cause yielding
~ 0 , 3 fy
compression
~ 0 , 2 fy
tension
due to hot rolling
~ 0 , 2 fy fabrication
compression
Dr A. Berrais 68
Initial out-of-straightness eo
• Induces bending moments
eo

B
N
Dr A. Berrais 69
Combined effect of imperfections and axial
load
• maximum stress - combination of

– bending stress B
– residual stress, R
– applied axial stress, N/A
R B max
N/A
+ + =
Dr A. Berrais
70
Non-Dimensional Slenderness 
Af y Cl. 5.5.1.2.(1)
 A A = 1
N cr for class 1, 2, and 3 sections
(Eq 6.50)

     A A = Aeff/A
 1  for class 4 sections

(Eq 6.51)
Dr A. Berrais 71
European Buckling Curves (ECCS)
•Based on experiment
–more than 1000 tests
–(I H T    ) sections
–range of slenderness ratios between 55 and 160
•Supported by analysis
Dr A. Berrais
72
European buckling curves
• Column strength is defined by a reduction factor

 applied to the yield strength fy
•  is related to the reference slenderness
•Buckling curves plotted as  versus reference

slenderness ratio
Dr A. Berrais 73
European buckling curves
4 curves apply to different cross-section types corresponding to
different values of the imperfection factor a
Source: Steel Building Design: Concice Eurocodes, P362, SCI, 2009.

Dr A. Berrais 74
European Buckling Curves
• The curves can be expressed mathematically as:
1
 1
   
2
2
Where:
2
  0,5[1  a (  0,2)   ]
–5.5.1.2.(1)
Eq 6.49 (5.46)
Dr A. Berrais 75
Imperfection factor a
• a depends on
–the shape of the column cross-section
–the direction of buckling (y or z axis)
–the fabrication process (hot-rolled, welded or cold-
formed
• imperfection factors given in Table 1 (EC 3 Table 6.1)
Buckling curve a0 a b c d
Imperfection factor α 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
Dr A. Berrais 76
Selection of appropriate buckling curve
Dr A. Berrais 77
EC3 Figure 6.4 Buckling curves
Dr A. Berrais 78
Design steps for buckling resistance of column section
using EC3 method (see Page 9)
1. Design axial load given or calculated, NEd
2. Calculate the critical (effective) length Lcr of the column in both axes
based on length between restraints and end conditions
3. Determine the elastic critical buckling load in

both axes of the section
 2 EI
N cr  2
l cr
4. Calculate the non-dimensional slenderness ratio
Af y
 for class 1,2, and 3 sections
N cr
Dr A. Berrais 79
Continue ….. Design steps for column under compression
5. From Table 2 (Ec3 – Table 6.2) select the correct value for α , taking
account of the forming process and section thickness.
6. Compute the buckling parameter   0,5[1  a (  0,2)   2 ]
7. Computer the reduction factor

1
 1
  2  
2
8. Compute the design buckling resistance of section
Af y
Nb. Rd  (for Class 1, 2, and 3)
g M1 g M1  1 (for class 4 also)
(Cl 6.1)
Dr A. Berrais 80
Continue ….. Design steps for column under compression
9. If NEd < Nb.Rd Column section is ok in buckling

(Eq 6.47/6.48)
If NEd > Nb.Rd Colum fails

Repeat the design steps with a larger
cross-section or provide lateral restraint
until the column section is satisfied
Note:
For Step 3, and in case the column section is not given, it may be estimated
using:
N Ed
Ag  as a first approximation
(0.6 f y )
Dr A. Berrais 81
Comparison between Stocky columns and Slender columns.
Stocky columns:
• have very low slenderness.
• Unaffected by overall buckling.
Slender Columns:
• have medium to large slenderness
• imperfections important.
• ultimate failure load » Euler load (Ncr).
• independent of the yield stress
A column with  =< 0.2 can achieve the full plastic resistance
of the cross-section. Buckling does not need to be checked.
Design compression resistance Nc.Rd for Class 1, 2, 3 cross-

sections equals the plastic resistance Npl.Rd (Eq 6.6)
Dr A. Berrais 82
Continue ….. … Stocky columns and Slender columns.
• For  > 0,2 load resistance reduced because of buckling:
• Columns with medium slenderness fail by inelastic buckling
• Slender columns fail by elastic buckling.
Dr A. Berrais 83
Design Example (See teaching note, Page 10.)
buckling resistance
Determine the design compressive resistance of 203x203x52 kg/m UC section in S355
Effective length is 4.0 m.
z
Effective length Leff of the column is Leff = 4000 mm
From UC section tables: tf = 12.5 mm
y y
Iz = 1778 cm4
A = 66.3 cm2
E = 210 kN/mm2
z
The elastic critical buckling load about z-z
 2 EI  2 210000  1778  104

N cr , z  2
  2.30  106 N  2300kN
l cr 40002
tf = 12.5 mm --------------- > fy = 355 N/mm2 (design strength)
Plastic Axial Force Capacity of Column is A.fy = 66.3x102x355 = 2354 kN

Non-dimensional slenderness ratio
Af y 2354
   1.01
N cr 2300
Dr A. Berrais 84
From Table 2 (or Table 6.20 of EC3):
Select the correct value for α =0.49 (buckling curve c)
Buckling parameter
2
  0,5[1  a (  0,2)   ]  0.5(1  0.49(1.01  0.2)  1.012 )  1.21
Reduction factor
1 1
   0.533  1
  [   ]
2 2 0, 5
1.21  (1.21  1.01 )
2 2 0.5
Design buckling Resisstance

compression resistance
Nb.Rd  Af y  0.533 66.3 102  355  1254103  1254kN
Dr A. Berrais 85
Tutorial 1
1. A circular hollow section member is to be used as an internal column in a multi-
storey building.
The column has pinned boundary conditions at each end, and the inter-storey
height is 6m.
The critical combination of actions results in a design axial force of 1630 kN.
Assess the suitability of a hot-rolled 244.5×10 CHS in grade S 275 steel for this
application.
d = 244.5 mm
t
t = 10.0 mm
A = 7370 mm2
Wel,y = 415000 mm3
Wpl,y = 550000 mm3
I = 50730000 mm4
E = 210 kN/mm2 d
Dr A. Berrais 86
Tutorial 2 (Exam Question) (See P. 12 of the teaching note )
A 7 m long UKC 203x203x60 has a concentric load P.
The column is completely fixed at one end, while its other end is simply supported
about it minor axis (lcr = 0.7L) and free to deflect to its major axis (lcr = 2L).
The column section is shown in figure below.
a) Determine the buckling resistance of the column about both axes using EC3 method.
Comment on the results.
b) Calculate the axial load capacity using the Perry-Robertson formula.
Where
 c   y  1  0.003  cr    y  1  0.003  cr 2   y cr
1 1
2 4
 2E L
 y  235N / mm  cr  2
2
  cr
 r 205.8 mm
14.2 mm
z
Comments on the results from (a) and (b).
9.4 mm
UKC 203x203x60:
y y
209.6 mm
A = 7640 mm2 h = 209.6 mm b = 205.8 mm
Iy = 6120×104 mm4 tw = 9.4 mm tf = 14.2 mm
Iz = 2060×104 mm4 ry = 89.6 mm rz = 52 mm
E = 210 kN/mm2 fy = 235 N/mm2
Cross-section is Class 1 z
Dr SOLUTION
A. Berrais 87
Tutorial 3
z
203 x 203 x 52 kg/m UC Section
Yield strength of S275 steel, py = 275 N/mm2
Length of column, L = 7.80m ( pinned at both ends) y y
Design axial load, Ned = 400 kN

Initial Out-of-Straight = L/400
Section Properties, from sections tables z
Area A = 66.4 cm2, Izz = 1770 cm4 , Wzz = 174 cm3 , iz= 5.16 cm ,
E = 210 kN/mm2
Questions:
1. Assuming an amplification factor of 1/(1-), where  = NEd /Ncr
Find the maximum stress in the column using first principles.
2. Using the calculation method from Part 1, find the maximum stress
in the column if it carried a lateral load of 1.0 kN/m in addition to the axial
load. Assume the lateral deflection due to a UDL is  = 5wL4/384EI
3. Determine the compressive strength of the column using EC3 method,
and comment on the relation between this and the results from Part 1.
Solution
Dr A. Berrais 88
Tutorial 3
2. Repeat the same calculation if the column section is a hot-rolled
SHS 200x200x10 in grade S275.
h = 200 mm
t = 10.0 mm t
h
A = 74.9 cm2
Wpl,y = 531 cm3
I = 4470 cm4
h
Dr A. Berrais 89
Tutorial 4
A portable structure requires a strut which will carry a working compressive
load of 100kN over a distance of 10m between pinned ends.
Three alternatives are proposed:
i) A solid steel square section 100mm x 100mm
ii) A hollow steel box section, 200mm x 200mm outside size, 2mm wall
thickness, 196x196mm inside size.
iii) A solid square balsa wood section 300mm x 300mm
a) Find the Euler buckling loads for all three alternatives and comment on the
values found.
b) Find the mass of each of the alternatives.

Discuss which one would be most practical for the portable structure.
c) If the solid square steel 100mm x 100mm option was chosen, and if the strut
was accidentally bent with a deviation from straight of 125mm, find the
maximum stress in the steel when the strut carries its working load.
Comment on the value found. Dr A. Berrais
Solution Tutorial 4 90
End of Lecture
Thank you.
Dr. A. Berrais
Dr A. Berrais 91

Lecture 3 - Buckling-of-Simple-Struts - PWPNT

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School of Engineering

CIE6001: Advanced Structural Analysis & Design

1. Buckling of Perfect Struts:

2. Buckling of Real Struts with Initial Bend

3. Buckling of Perfect Strut: Example

4. Buckling & Steel Column Design to Eurocode 3

1. Differentiate between Stocky and Slender columns behaviour

2. Recognize the sources of imperfection in real slender columns

3. Calculate the non-dimensional slenderness of a column

4. Calculate the buckling resistance of a slender column under

The Windsor Tower Fire, Madrid (2005)

Stable Equilibrium: P < PE

L cr Lcr =Le = Effective Length

Fixed ended Pin ended Fixed pinned Cantilever

EI L EI Lcr Lcr= 0.5L

Lcr= L Lcr= 0.7L Lcr= 0.5L Lcr= 2L

PE=NCRIT = 2EI/L2 NCRIT = 2.05PE NCRIT = 4PE NCRIT = 0.25PE

Plastic 390 mm 1000 – > 1800 > 1751 Crushing

Lcr : critical or effective length

• Buckling length or effective length

Perfect Column 4.0m long, Euler Critical Load = 100 kN

One circular tube,

MASS = DENSITY x VOLUME

Form Required Size of Vol. of Mass of Nominal

d 0.773x10-6 d = 0.055 0.012 95 33.06

Question: Which section is more economical to use? Why?

y = y0* Amp. Factor

y = y0* Amp. Factor

 = P/PE 0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0

Amp. factor. 1.00 1.11 1.25 2.00 3.33 10 

 = P/A + Py/W  = P/A - Py/W

 = P/A + Py/W  = P/A - Py/W

This side This side

P Steel Strip 20mm x 3mm

Area = 20*3 = 60mm2

Iy = 20*33/12 = 45mm4, ry = 0.866mm

I = 45mm4, E = 205 kN/mm2

Euler Buckling force PE=Ncr= 2EI/L2

P Steel Strip 20mm x 3mm

P Steel Strip 20mm x 3mm

P Steel Strip 20mm x 3mm

Failure Stress p N/mm2

Failure Stress p N/mm2

Failure Stress p N/mm2 500

P/PE = 5.0/9.1 = 0.55

Stress = 5000/60 + 5000*1.11/30 = 268 N/mm2

Stress = 5100/60 + 5100*1.14/30 = 279 N/mm2

Perfect Strut Real Strut Exact curve

P Steel Strip 20mm x 3mm

P Steel Strip 20mm x 3mm

P Steel Strip 20mm x 3mm

P Steel Strip 20mm x 3mm

• In practice columns are subject to:

• The treatment will distinguish between:

A slender member fails by

Most steel compression

The compressive strength of stocky columns is

• Class 1, 2, 3 cross-sections are unaffected by

• Design compression resistance Nc.Rd equals the

• Euler critical stress  cr  2

• Buckling length or critical length

Limiting slenderness ratio