Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

Jose Fernando Robles Calderon

203058A_954

1096201986

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 23-11

Exercises development
Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line?

Transmission lines is defined as the path of carrying alternating electrical from

source to load. Example: the wire used between TV antenna and television set
or the wire used between transmitter antenna and transmitter are known as
transmission lines.
Unlike a conventional low-frequency circuit, the voltages and currents on a
transmission line vary with longitudinal position because they experience a
phase delay as the wave propagates from one end of the line to the other.
Some types are:
 Co-axial line
 Fiber Optic
 MicroStrip Line
 Parallel Wires Above a Ground Plane

2. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛: Impedance of a transmission line is the

relationship between the difference in potential applied and the current
absorbed by the line in the hypothetical case that it has an infinite
length, or when still being finite and there are no reflections.

Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅: The parameter VSWR is a measure that

numerically describes how well the antenna is impedance matched to the
radio or transmission line it is connected to. VSWR stands for Voltage
Standing Wave Ratio, and is also referred to as Standing Wave Ratio
(SWR). VSWR is a function of the reflection coefficient, which describes
the power reflected from the antenna.

Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length ι : An electrical length is a

length refered to the wavelength. For example, your frequency is
100MHz therefore your free wavelength is 3 meters. Mostly the
transmission line is built from dielectric material which causes the
wavelength to be shorter. The physical length is the length of the
medium from the beginning until the end of the transmission line.
3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of
waves?

It is a diagram that allows you to relate the change that occurs in a complex
impedance due to the length of the transmission line, which allows you to find
a series of transmission parameters without the need to perform operations
with complex numbers.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿ corresponds to the
group number and CCC to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: a=0.1 mm b=10 mm t=( ¿+10)μm
6
Conductor properties: (conductivity) σ c =4.3 x 10 Sm/m
−10
Properties of the insulator: σ d=1 x 10 Sm /m ϵ r =2.3 μr =1

Applied signal frequency: f =CCC KHz

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .
c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the
attenuation α dB / Km.

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

 Geometric parameters:
a=0.1 mm
b=10 mm

t=( 25+10 )( 35 ) μm=3.5 x 10−5

Conductor properties:

σ c =4.3 x 10 6 Sm/m
−7
μ0 =4 π x 10

Properties of the insulator:

−10
σ d=1 x 10 Sm/m
ϵ r =2.3

μr =1

Applied signal frequency

3
f =986 KHz =9.86 x 10 Hz

Penetration Depth:
1
δ p=
√ πf σ c μ0

1
δ p=
√ π ( 986 x 10 Hz )( 4.3 x 10
3 6
Sm/m ) ( 4 π x 10 )
−7

−4
δ p=2.44 42 m

Resistance Ratio
R AC a
2
=

| |
R DC a
−a
2 δ
2δp −1+e p

δp
 2
R AC ( 1 x 10−4 )
=

| |
R DC − (1 x 10 )
−4

2 ( 1 x 10−4 )
2 ( 2.44 42 m)
−4
−4 2.44 42 m
−1+ e
2.44 42−4 m

R AC
=1.290275
R DC

Resistance

( )
1
∗R AC
1 a2 1
R= +
π σc R DC 2bt

R=
1
( 1
π ( 4.3 x 10 Sm /m ) ( 1 x 10 )
6 −4 2
∗1.290275+
1
2∗(1 x 10 ) ( 3.5 x 10 )
−2 −5
)
R=2.4935 Ω
 Conductance
2π σd
G=
ln ( ba )
2 π ( 1 x 10 Sm/m )
−10
G=
ln
(( (1 x 10−2 )
1 x 10 )
−4 )
−10
G=1.606 x 10 Sm/m

Inductance

L=
μ0
4π | ( )|
1+2 ln
b
a

| (1 x 10−2 )
|
−7
4 π x 10
L= 1+2 ln
4π ( 1 x 10−4 )

H
L=8.824 x 10−7
m

Capacitance

2 πε
C=
ln
b
a()
2 π (2.3)
C=

(( )
−2
(1 x 10 )
ln
1 x 10 )
−4
 F
C=3.694
m

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .

γ=± √ ( R+ jωL ) ( G+ jωC )

f =9.86 x 105 Hz

γ=± √ (( 7.402 x 10 ) +( 2 π∗f ) ( 8.824 x 10

5 −6
) )∗( ( 1.606 x 10−10 ) +( 2 π∗f ) ( 3.694 x 10−11 ) )

γ=2490.059+11459.01 i
α =2490.059
β=11459.01
 Characteristic impedance

ZO =
√ R+ jωL
G+ jωC

ZO =
√ ( 7.402 x 105 ) + ( 2 π∗f ) ( 8.824 x 10−6 )
1.606 x 10−10 + ( 2 π∗f ) ( 3.694 x 10−11 )
ZO =0.00050070−0.0001088i ohm

c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the

attenuation α dB / Km.

Propagation speed

ω
V p=
β
ω
V p=
11.1852016332
V p=540.641m/s
 Attenuation
2π
λ=
β
2π
λ=
11.1852016332

λ=0.000548

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for V p, λ and α dB / Km.

We can understand that V p measures the speed which the wave propagates
through the medium and as λ is the loss of potential suffered by it by the
transit in a medium, taking this into account, we can see how the
propagation speed of the exercise is very close to the speed light
transmission in vacuum discounting the resistive value obtained from the
cable.

2. A Z o=75 Ω lossless transmission line has a Z L =35− j75 Ω. If it is ¿ m long and

the wavelength is CCC mm, Calculate:
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR.
 Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

Z o=75 Ω lossless transmission line has a Z L =35− j75 Ω. If it is 25 m long and

the wavelength is 986 mm

a. Input impedance Z¿ .

L
ι=
λ
25
ι=
0.986
ι=25.354 λ
Z L + j Z o tan ( 2 π l )
Z¿ =Z o
Z o+ J Z L tan ( 2 π l )

( 35− j75 ) + j 75 tan ( 2 π 25.354 )

Z¿ =75
75+ ( j 35− j75 ) tan ( 2 π 25.354 )
Z¿ =43.33916−87.5972 i ohm

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

Z L −Z o
Γ=
Z L +Z o

( 35− j 75 )−75
Γ=
( 35− j75 ) +75
Γ =0.069111−0.634696 i ohm
T =0.63844 ≯ −83.7856 °

c. VSWR.

1+| Γ|
VSWR=
1−|Γ|
1+|0.6384|
VSWR=
1−|0.6384|
 VSWR=4.53171

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for Z¿ , Γ and VSWR.

We can understand the input impedance of the line as the relationship

between the total voltage and the total current since the relationship
between the physical length of the line X and the wavelength is equivalent
to the electric length, meaning that the impedance of input varies
depending on the electrical length of the line, The reflection coefficient has
a relationship that is expressed in the equivalent impedance of the load the
 intrinsic impedance of the line and seeing what is demonstrated in the
project shows thar the signal has very little attenuation or losses.

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the

transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results
obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ .
c. VSWR.
 Application example

Example:

The cables are designed and constructed with a twisted pair or multiple twisted
pairs of cores with an overall foil tape shield wound around the assembly.
Twisting the cores together and covering with the foil shield helps to reduce
cross–talk and electromagnetic interference.

UTP CABLE AND STP CABLE

FTP cable also known as F/UTP cabling is one of the three main types of
twisted pair wiring. The other two types are UTP cable, where the twisted pairs
are unshielded, and STP cable with twisted pairs screened with a braid.

Video link

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References

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Berger R, Schmitt M. Estimating the Earth's magnetic field strength with an

extension cord. The Physics Teacher 41, may 2003, pp. 295-297.

Driver H. S. T. Angular momentum in static electric and magnetic fields: A

simple case. Am. J. Phys. 55 (8) August 1987. pp. 755-757

Mak S Y, Young K. Determination of the self-inductance of a metal ring. Phys.

Educ. 21 1986, pp. 111-11