Open-channel hydraulics

Sk Zeeshan Ali
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Telangana 502284, India
Email: zeeshan@ce.iith.ac.in
Rapidly-varied flow

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Hydraulic jump

Figure: Hydraulic jump

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Classification of hydraulic jump

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Properties of jump

Applying the principle of specific force,

Q2 Q2
M= + yc1 A1 = + yc 2 A2 (43)
gA1 gA2

Eq. (43) produces the depth ratio as

y2 1
= (−1 + 1 + 8Fr12 ) (44)
y1 2

where Fr1 is the upstream flow Froude number [= V1/(gy1)0.5].

Length of the hydraulic jump  7(y2 − y1).

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Hydraulic jump on E(y) diagram

y2

yc

y1
E
E2 E1
hL

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Head loss
Hydraulic jump dissipates energy. The energy equation gives

V12 V22
y1 + = y2 + + hL (45)
2g 2g
Eq. (45) produces the head loss as
( y2 − y1 )3
hL = (46)
4 y1 y2
Eq. (46) can also be expressed as
3
 y2 
 − 1
hL  y1 
= = f ( Fr1 ) (47)
y1 y2
4
y1 72
 (44)
(47)

Figure: y2/y1 versus Fr1 and hL/y1 versus Fr1

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Different situations

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Waves
An open-channel flow has a free surface, which deforms to
from waves: surface waves, tidal waves, storm surge,
Tsunamis

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The surface of a lake or an ocean is seldom smooth. It is
usually distorted into ever-changing patterns associated with
surface waves.
Such waves move across the surface at speeds that depend on
their size (e.g. height, length) and channel properties (e.g. flow
depth, velocity).
The character of an open-channel flow depends strongly on
how fast the fluid is flowing relative to how fast a typical wave
moves relative to the fluid.
This behavior is described by the Froude number.

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The Froude number is expressed as

V
Fr = (1)
gl
where V is the average flow velocity, g is the gravitational
acceleration and l is a characteristic length.

Supercritical flow

1 Critical flow

Subcritical flow

0
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Wave speed of an elementary wave

c − V
c

Figure: (a) A single elementary wave in a channel as seen by a

stationary observer. (b) Wave as seen by a moving observer
with a speed equal to the wave speed. 79
Continuity equation:
Mass rate of flow remains constant.

 cyb =  (c −  V )( y +  y)b (2)

where  is the mass density of fluid and b is the channel width.

For a small amplitude wave (y << y), Eq. (2) becomes
V
c= y (3)
y
Momentum equation:
Force = mass rate of flow  (Vout − Vin)

 y  y + y 
   yb −    ( y +  y )b =  cyb[(c −  V ) − c] (4)
 2  2 
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For a small amplitude wave (y << y), Eq. (4) becomes

V g
= (5)
y c

Combining Eqs. (3) and (5) produces

c = gy (6)

Eq. (6) is called the Lagrange celerity equation (Lagrange 1788).

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 Figure: Water strider
producing surface waves.
Eq. (6) is not valid for
such case.

Note that Eq. (6) can also be derived from continuity and energy
equations.

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Solitary wave

y c y
y c c y

Figure: (a) A solitary wave in a channel as seen by a stationary

observer. (b) Wave as seen by a moving observer with a speed
equal to the wave speed.

Continuity equation:
cy
 cyb =  c( y +  y)b  c = (7)
( y +  y)

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Energy equation:
c2 c2
y+ = y + y + (8)
2g 2g

Combining Eqs. (7) and (8) produces

2 g ( y +  y)2
c= (9)
2y + y

Eq. (9) is called the Saint-Venant celerity equation (Saint-Venant

1870).
For a small amplitude wave (y << y), Eq. (9) becomes

c = gy
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