BG49 Commissioning Air Systems

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Commissioning Air Systems
By Chris Parsloe
Up
for da BG 49/2015
20 ted
15
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first edition of Commissioning Air Systems (AG 3/89) was produced
by BSRIA as part of a research project in 1989, under the sponsorship of the
Department of Trade and Industry, and under the direction of an industry
steering group.
This 2015 edition provides the same guidance as the 2013 edition. It also
incorporates changes to some of the descriptions and detail made as a result of
comments on the 2013 edition received from BSRIA member companies.
BSRIA would like to thank the steering group, without whom this revised
guidance would not have been possible:
Roger Carlin Ashford Environmental Services Ltd.

Luke Collier Belimo Automation UK Ltd.
Ross Nield Belimo Automation UK Ltd.
Alan Gilbert BSRIA Instrument Solutions
Paul Blower Building Technology Systems Ltd.
Daniel Davies Cardiff Commissioning Ltd.
Neil White Commissioning Specialists Association
Iain Kinghorn Fläkt Woods UK Ltd.
Chris Parsloe Parsloe Consulting
Nick Ward Prime (ES) Ltd.
Rob Lambert Skanska Rashleigh Weatherfoil
Chris Johnston Sutton Services International Ltd.
Gary Nicholls Swiftclean UK Ltd.
Ron Hollis Taylor & Stapleton
Dave Richmond Taylor & Stapleton
Ian Thomas Trox UK Ltd.
Chris Davey JPS Commissioning Services Ltd.
BSRIA acknowledges the very significant contribution made by all the

steering group members, and especially the chair and author, Chris Parsloe of
Parsloe Consulting. The final editorial responsibility for this publication rested
with BSRIA. It was designed and produced by Joanna Smith of BSRIA.
BSRIA would like to thank DP Measurement, KIMO Instruments UK,
Swema AB, Testo Ltd.,Trox UK Ltd., and TSI Incorporated who kindly
provided photographs.
BSRIA acknowledges with thanks Ashford Environmental Services ltd.,
Balcomm Ltd., Crosscount Ltd., HVAC Plant Proving Ltd., Sutton Services
International Ltd. and Swegon Ltd., who provided financial support to this
publication by placing an advertisement.
The advertisements in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of
BSRIA. BSRIA does not endorse the products and services of advertisers and
the technical content has not been influenced by the presence of advertising.
The guidance given in this publication is correct to the best of BSRIA’s knowledge. However BSRIA
cannot guarantee that it is free of errors. Material in this publication does not constitute any warranty,
endorsement or guarantee by BSRIA. Risk associated with the use of material from this publication is
assumed entirely by the user.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or
otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher.
© BSRIA March 2015 978-0-86022-743-4 Printed by Lavenham Press
COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
PREFACE
Further to the publication of BG 49/2013 in July 2013, comments were

made by member companies of both BSRIA and the Commissioning
Specialist Association. This new, improved guide addresses their
comments along with incorporating some other minor amendments.
It has been almost 13 years since the last major update to BSRIA’s
guidance on Commissioning Air Systems (AG 3/89.3 in November
2001). Amendments to Part F and Part L of the Building Regulations
combined with Soft Landings and the recently issued BSRIA Guide to
Seasonal Commissioning (BG 44/2013) have elevated the importance of
commissioning.
Environmental assessment methods such as BREEAM, LEED and

DREAM have focused the minds of building owners, operators, developers
and designers on the benefits of a proficient, professional commissioning
process. Technological advances in plant and equipment and in particular
the measurement instrumentation utilised by the commissioning specialist
have also played their part in necessitating a full revision of the guide.
CIBSE Commissioning Code A Air Distribution Systems sets out the
normal standards of good practice which are generally accepted within
the building services industry. This BSRIA guide explains how to carry
out the commissioning procedure in a way that ensures these standards are
achieved.
This revised guide has been compiled with the assistance of an industry
steering group and it is heartening to see that the Commissioning
Specialists Association (CSA) has been so well represented by both
corporate and individual members. It is the ultimate aim of the CSA to
promote proficient, professional commissioning to the built environment
and to support this with training and career development.
Neil F. White
Chairman, Commissioning Specialists Association – April 2011 to April
2013
Managing Director, Crosscount Ltd.
September 2014

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
CONTENTS
DEFINITIONS 1
1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 Building regulations 3
1.2 Guide content 3
2. DESIGN FOR COMMISSIONABILITY 5

2.1 Commissioning specification 5
2.2 Duct system layout 6
2.3 Fan selection 7
2.4 Access space 8
2.5 Variable air volume (VAV) systems 8
2.6 Specifying flow rates and tolerances 10
3. COMMISSIONING FACILITIES 16
3.1 Flow regulating dampers 16
3.2 Flow measurement 18
4. THE INSTALLATION OF COMMISSIONABLE SYSTEMS 23

4.1 General 23
4.2 Organisation and planning 23
4.3 Installation issues affecting commissionability 24
4.4 Housekeeping 24
4.5 Duct system cleanliness 24
4.6 Duct workmanship 25
4.7 Duct air leakage testing 25
4.8 Installation inspections 25
4.9 Preparation for commissioning 26
5. SITE TEST INSTRUMENTS 27

5.1 Rotational speed measurement 27
5.2 Voltage and current measurement 28
5.3 Static pressure measurement 29
5.4 Air velocity and flow rate measurement 29
6 ON SITE FLOW MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 40

6.1 Air flow and velocity measurements in ducts 41
6.2 Measuring air velocity at supply and extract terminals 44
6.3 Correction factors for flow capture hoods 45
6.4 Flow measurements at supply and extract terminals 46

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
CONTENTS
7. COMMISSIONING PROCEDURES 47
7.1 Organisation and planning 47
7.2 Setting to work 48
7.3 Regulation method and system type 49
7.4 Proportional balancing 50
8. EXAMPLE METHODOLGIES 52
8.1 Proportional balancing with volume control dampers 52
8.2 Systems with constant volume dampers (CVDs) 56
8.3 Commissioning of variable air volume systems (VAVs) 59
9. DOCUMENTATION 64
9.1 Example pro-formas 64
REFERENCES 74

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this guide the following definitions apply:
Cleanliness quality class

A quantifiable level of duct cleanliness that should be achieved prior to
handover. It should be specified as high, medium or low prior to contract
commencement based on a British & European Standard.
Commissionable system
A system designed, installed and prepared to specified requirements in such
a manner as to enable commissioning to be carried out.
Commissionability
The ability of a system to be commissioned satisfactorily.
Commissioning
The advancement of an installation from the state of static completion to
full working order to specified requirements. For air systems, it includes
the setting to work of an installation and the regulation of flow rates.
Commissioning Management
The planning, organisation, co-ordination and control of commissioning
activities.
Commissioning Management Organisation

The firm (or person) appointed to manage the commissioning process,
being responsible for overall planning, supervision and witnessing of the
results of the integrated commissioning of all installed building services
systems.
Commissioning specialist
The firm (or person) appointed to carry out specified duties in connection
with the commissioning of the engineering services.
Note: The appointed person should have an appropriate level of

competence. One way of demonstrating competence is by individual
membership at an appropriate grade of the Commissioning Specialists
Association.
Commissioning specification
The document (or sub-section of the design specification) that prescribes
the detailed objectives and requirements for commissioning.
Note: the specification should refer to drawings, schedules and relevant

parts of the codes, manuals, guides and other standards.
Design criteria
The specified performance of the system expressed as a numerical quantity
together with allowable tolerances.
COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS 1

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
DEFINITIONS
Designer
The organisation (firm or persons) responsible for the design of the
air systems that are to be commissioned. Depending on the method of
procurement this may be one or more organisation. In many instances the
design intent of the air systems may be set out by one organisation, with
the final selection of some, or all, of the individual components (main
plant, fans, terminal equipment, control and regulating dampers etc.) by
another organisation. Where this is the case the final system flow rates
should be provided by the organisation that has selected the components,

however this responsibility should be clearly set out in the contract
documents.
Installation
A system placed in position as required by the design or specification.
Pre-commissioning
The systematic checking of a completed installation to confirm its state of
readiness for commissioning.
Note: Pre-commissioning is a post-installation completion activity.
Pressure and leakage testing
The measurement and recording of a specified pressure retention or loss
within a system or system component.
Proportional balancing
The process of bringing the fluid flow rates throughout a distribution
system into balance with one another, in their correct proportions and
within tolerances specified by the designer.
Regulating
The process of adjusting the flow rates of a fluid in a distribution system
to achieve the design flow rates within the tolerances specified by the
designer.
Setting to work
The process of setting a static system into operation.
Static completion
The state of a system when it is installed in accordance with the drawings
and specification, clean and ready for setting to work.
System
A set of connected components for heating, cooling, ventilation or air
conditioning consisting of plant, distribution ducting, piping and terminal
units and arrangements to control their operation.
Tolerance
The permissible range of variation from the specified design value.
Witnessing authority
The firm or person that may sometimes be appointed to witness the results
of commissioning, and to verify that results obtained comply with the
requirements of the design criteria and commissioning specification.
2 COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
INTRODUCTION 1
1 INTRODUCTION
This Guide explains how to commission ducted air distribution systems

in buildings. The commissioning process mainly comprises the setting to
work of the system fans and the regulation (or proportional balancing) of
system flow rates.
The procedures set out in this guide, if undertaken, should achieve

compliance with the requirements of CIBSE Code A Air Distribution
Systems[3]. In general, CIBSE Code A sets out the normal standards of
good practice which are generally accepted within the building services
industry. This guide explains how to carry out the commissioning
procedure in a way that ensures these standards are achieved.
This guide is equally applicable to new-build and retrofit large scale

commercial applications. The procedures are not generally applicable
to ventilation systems in dwellings. For domestic applications, reference
should be made to BSRIA publication BG 46/2015 Domestic ventilation
systems – a guide to measuring air flow rates[1].
1.1 BUILDING Throughout this guide, references are made to England Building
REGULATIONS
Regulations and Approved Documents. Separate Building Regulations
and guidance documents apply in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Newly installed ventilation systems must comply with the requirements of

the relevant Building Regulations. Approved Guidance for both England
and Wales can be found in Approved Document F, Ventilation, 2010.
Furthermore, Part L of the Building Regulations for both England
and Wales requires that, “Reasonable provision shall be made for the
conservation of fuel and power in buildings by… providing fixed building
services which… are commissioned by testing and adjusting as necessary
to ensure they use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the
circumstances.”
The approved procedure by which compliance with Part L can

be demonstrated is that set out in CIBSE Code M Commissioning
Management[2], and, for ductwork distribution systems, its sub-referenced
document CIBSE Code A Air Distribution Systems[3].
1.2 GUIDE CONTENT The technical guidance in this guide is divided into the following section
headings:
Section 2: Design for commissionability
Section 3: Commissioning facilities
Section 4: The installation of commissionable systems
Section 5: Site test instruments
Section 6: On-site flow measurement techniques
Section 7: Commissioning procedures

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
1 INTRODUCTION
Section 8: Example methodologies

Section 9: Documentation
Sections 2, 3 and 4 of the guide are aimed at system designers and

installers. Unless commissioning is properly considered during both the
design and installation stages of a project, it may not be possible to meet
the requirements of CIBSE Code A[3].
Section 3 provides a summary of the main commissioning facilities.
Sections 5 to 9 are intended as guidance for commissioning specialists

employed to undertake commissioning activities.
The pro-forma checklists in section 9 are available as an editable Excel

workbook. These can be used on projects, and can be edited or altered by
the user to suit the needs of their projects.
The workbook is attached to the pdf of this publication and can also be
downloaded from www.bsria.co.uk/goto/cas.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
DESIGN FOR COMMISSIONABILITY 2
2 DESIGN FOR COMMISSIONABILITY
Designers and project managers should address their attention to

commissioning and the effective management of the process as soon as
possible after embarking on a scheme design stage.
Guidance on the management of the commissioning process is provided in

the following publications:
• CIBSE Code M Commissioning Management[2]

• BSRIA Guide BG 6/2014 A Design Framework for Building Services[4]
• BSRIA Guide BG 1/2009 Building Services Job Book[5]
• BSRIA Guide BG 8/2009 Model Commissioning Plan[6]
All commissioning activities should be planned and managed following the

principles outlined in these guides.
It is important that all those responsible for the design and specification of
building services systems are aware of the need to ensure that the building
services systems are commissionable. The involvement of a commissioning
specialist at the design stage to assist with commissionability reviews is
recommended.
2.1 COMMISSIONING To enable an air distribution system to be successfully commissioned, the

SPECIFICATION
designer should provide adequate information, documented in the form
of drawings, schedules and specification clauses. These documents are
collectively known as the “commissioning specification”.
The commissioning specification for ductwork systems should be

developed by the designer to comprise:
The scope of the works i.e. the systems to be commissioned, their

function and intended operation, and an explanation of their inter-
relationships with other engineering systems.
The setting out of the responsibilities of the various parties (e.g.

client, design team, main or managing contractor, installation contractor
and commissioning specialist). BSRIA Guide BG 6/2014 A Design
Framework for Building Services[4] and BSRIA Guide BG 8/2009 Model
Commissioning Plan[6] give advice on the allocation of responsibilities for
commissioning activities.
The technical requirements of the commissioning work. For example:

• The standards with which the works should comply (e.g. CIBSE
Codes, BSRIA guides)
• the limiting flow measurement tolerances for flow measurement test
results (as advised in section 2.6 of this guide)
• the reporting procedures required for demonstrating the
commissioning results
• the witnessing procedures to be observed.
© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Design drawings showing the layout of duct systems in relation to the

building form and the other engineering services. The drawings should
also include any schematic diagrams that illustrate the design intent and
include all the design information required to commission the system. This
would include, for example:
• Flow rates in all duct branches and circuits
• the locations of all dampers and flow measurement devices, with
each unique type having its own specific drawing symbol
• a unique identification number for all dampers and terminal grilles

or diffusers that can be referenced to a separate damper schedule
(allocation of identification numbers may sometimes be completed
by the installing contractor or commissioning specialist)
• flow rates and manufacturers’ quoted pressure drops across heat
emitters, heat exchangers and other items of plant
• anticipated design pressure drops throughout the distribution system
covering, as a minimum, the whole of the index circuit, risers and
main branches.
Schedules of major plant, equipment and components cross-referenced

to the design drawings and schematic diagrams. These would include, for
example:
• air-handling units: components, duties and controls
• fans: duty, impeller size, speed and characteristic curves.
Additional design information required for commissioning (which

may not be available until after the appointment of the building services
installer) and which may include:
• Electrical wiring diagrams of associated plant and equipment
• control system diagrams for associated plant and equipment
• flow measurement devices: identification number, size, flow rate,
pressure drop
• volume control dampers: identification number, size, flow rate,
pressure drop
• terminal grilles and diffusers: identification number, design flow and
return temperatures; flow rates and pressure drops
• actuated dampers: identification number, design flow rate and
pressure loss
• heater batteries: identification number, flow rate and pressure drop,
primary and secondary flow and return temperatures.
2.2 DUCT SYSTEM The principal design aim should be the selection of ductwork components,
LAYOUT
configurations and layouts which will ensure that the system is as
inherently stable and self-balancing as possible.
The self-balancing characteristics of a ductwork distribution system may

be improved by considering the following design options:
• The sizing of ducts, where appropriate, by the principle of static
regain. This method will help to ensure that approximately the

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
same static pressure exists at the entrance to each terminal branch,

therefore simplifying the balancing procedure.
• The selection of duct sizes to roughly balance the pressure drops
across sub-branches or terminal branches.
• The avoidance of terminals with different characteristics on the
same run. This would include, for example, ceiling diffusers and
side-wall grilles, or ceiling diffusers and combined air/lighting
fittings. If the mixing of such terminals is unavoidable, provision
should be made for in-duct measurement on the sub-branches.

• The use of stub ducts to connect terminals to a main or principal
branch duct. If direct connection cannot be avoided, turning vanes
should be incorporated.
• The avoidance of splitter dampers to divide flow. These will
complicate the balancing procedure.
General guidance on good ductwork design is given in CIBSE Guide B3

Ductwork[7], and in the B&ES DW/144: Specification for sheet metal ductwork[8].
To minimise flow turbulence and the risk of noise:
• Avoid sudden changes of shape, flow restrictions (forming
high velocity regions) and square bends without turning vanes,
particularly near the fan.
• Avoid high pressure losses at the terminals which could cause noise
and flow measurement difficulties.
2.3 FAN SELECTION The design of a ductwork distribution system should include a calculation
of each branch’s resistance to the design airflow rate. The branch which is
predicted to present the greatest resistance is known as the index branch.
Usually, but not always, this is the branch serving the terminals located
furthest from the fan. The fan should be sized to give at least 110% of the
calculated maximum flow rate and (following the square law relationship
between flow rate and pressure loss) 121% of the calculated system pressure
loss.
The duty point should be selected on a stable part of the fan curve, well
away from reverse slopes on centrifugal fans and stall points on axial fans.
Instability in these areas can lead to noise and flow pulsations which are
undesirable, and may also make the reading of instruments during testing
and balancing erratic. In order to minimise noise, fans should be selected to
operate at a location on their curve which coincides as closely as possible
with the peak efficiency point.
Calculation of duct pressure losses gives the loss in “total pressure” through
the system, whereas the fan manufacturer’s selection chart may be based
on static pressure. If these are equated, the selection assumes no recovery
of velocity head at the fan discharge. If there is recovery then an oversize
margin is built in.
Fans should ideally be selected that permit the speed setting to be

electronically varied to suit the flow conditions. Even if the fan serves a
constant flow system, an energy saving will be achieved by varying fan

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
speed to achieve the design flow rate as opposed to the use of a regulating
damper. The Non-Domestic Building Services Compliance Guide[9], which
supports Part L of the Building Regulations, states that fans with a motor
size greater than 1.1 kW should be fitted with a variable speed drive.
This document gives the maximum specific fan power (SFP) for various
types of air distribution system. These should be calculated in accordance
with the procedure set out in annex D of BS EN 13779[10]. The designer
should indicate the calculated required SFP value so that this can be
verified during commissioning.
2.4 ACCESS SPACE Adequate space is needed around the fans, ductwork and the components
of the air distribution system for installation, testing commissioning and
maintenance.
General space requirements should be considered at an early stage in the

design, before the architectural details are finalised. In particular:
• Access to ductwork is needed in order to permit inspection for
cleanliness.
• Access space should be provided at fans for general inspection,
adjustment and rotational speed measurements.
• Access to test hole positions should be sufficient to allow the holes
to be drilled and a pitot tube inserted.
• Access to flow-regulating dampers should be such that scales and
locking devices are clearly visible and adjustable.
• The thickness of ductwork insulation and the support and
bracketing arrangements should be anticipated.
• The positions of access panels in false ceilings etc. should be
properly co-ordinated with flow regulating damper locations.
2.5 VARIABLE AIR In variable volume systems, the air flow rate delivered to a space is
VOLUME (VAV) dependent on the load within that space, and is generally adjusted by
SYSTEMS
means of duct-mounted dampers which open and close automatically
depending on the signal from a room sensor or thermostat. These damper
units come in different forms and are generically known as VAV units or
VAV terminals. VAV units fall into two categories, pressure dependent and
pressure independent.
A pressure dependent unit is one for which the airflow rate through the
unit is a function of upstream static pressure and damper plate position.
They are not equipped to measure and maintain the primary air discharge
flow rate.
Pressure dependent units are seldom used in modern systems.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Pressure independent units also operate over a wide range of inlet

static pressures but unlike pressure dependent units, they utilise flow
sensing devices to measure and control the flow rate. They still have a
minimum pressure required to overcome the resistance of the unit and
its downstream duct resistance, but have the advantage of incremental
control of flow rate. This uses sophisticated proportional or proportional
plus integral control technologies resulting in less “swing” and greater
system stability.
VAV units should be selected such that:

• The anticipated maximum pressure differential across the damper
will not exceed the maximum permissible value indicated by the
manufacturer
• the noise level generated by the damper at its anticipated
operating pressure differential is acceptable in the occupied areas
served (where acceptable noise levels might be exceeded, a noise
attenuator might be required between the damper and the occupied
space)
• there are facilities for accurate flow measurement, preferably built
in to the units
• there is a facility to over-ride pre-set volume controls to enable the
unit to be manually set to maximum or minimum duty
• there is access to the principal mechanical components
• there are provisions for the adjustment of fan duties in fan assisted
units.
Poor, turbulent entry conditions into a VAV unit caused by an inadequate

straight length of duct can reduce its control accuracy and stability. To
avoid problems, the manufacturer’s guidance on where to locate VAV
units relative to duct fittings that might cause turbulence should be
followed.
To facilitate commissioning, the designer should also provide clear

guidance on any anticipated diversity pattern that has been assumed
for the VAV system i.e. the anticipated peak flow from the fan and the
corresponding VAV units that will operate simultaneously during the peak
demand. The designer should specify how this diversity is to be simulated
during commissioning, taking into account the following issues:
• The pattern of terminals set at minimum flow (or closed) should
represent the thermal loading of the air conditioning system at peak
cooling time.
• Supply fan and system performance should be tested with the
terminal units closest to the fan at reduced capacity thereby forcing
the maximum flow rates to the most distant terminals. These most
distant terminal units will then have the least static pressure available
for their operation.
Finally, the designer should provide a clear explanation of how fan speed
is to be controlled during normal system operation so that this can be
tested and verified during commissioning.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
2.6 SPECIFYING A tolerance is the variation from the design flow rate that the designer
FLOW RATES AND
TOLERANCES
will accept. The specification of a variation from a precise flow rate makes
sense for two reasons:
• A small variation may make no detectable difference to the
performance of the system from the point of view of occupant
comfort or operating cost
• the inaccuracy of the balancing procedure will not allow precise
measurements to check against the design figure.
For these reasons, codes such as the CIBSE Commissioning Code A[3] and
this guide suggest tolerances for the designer.
Flow measurement accuracy

The accuracy of an airflow measurement will be influenced by a number
of factors:
• The accuracy of the measured duct cross-sectional area
• The effects of flow disturbances close to flow measurement points
• The accuracy of the velocity traversing technique used
• The accuracy of the final flow setting achieved by the
commissioning specialist.
• The accuracy of the measuring instrument
Because of these factors, it is not possible to achieve a high degree of

accuracy in balancing a system and much time can be wasted in trying to
meet fine tolerances. Table 1 summarises the CIBSE Commissioning
Code A[3] recommendations on tolerances acceptable in practice for
terminal-to-terminal, and branch-to-branch balance. Note that all the
tolerances are positive with respect to the flow at the reference or index
terminals. This means that regulation should take place within the upper
tolerance band only.
Code A[3] also recommends a final setting for the fan of between 100%
and 110% of the design rating. In specifying tolerances from Table 1, the
designer should recognise that a final setting within the tolerances does
not guarantee that the actual flow rate will lie within this range. To ensure
this, the designer should estimate the value of possible errors described
above, and allow for them in the specified flow rate.
Note: the tolerances given in Table 1 for terminals or branches are

suggested as the allowable increase over the lowest measured indicated
percentage: that is, if the lowest terminal on a low performance effect
system indicates 80% of design, then the highest terminal should be no
more than 80+(80×20%) = 96. Tolerances given for total flow rate are
suggested allowable deviations from definitive design flow rate.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Table 1: Cumulative tolerance limits for regulation of air flow

Type of system Performance effect Terminals Branches Total air flow
Mechanical ventilation Low +20% of +10% of −5% to +10%

Comfort cooling lowest terminal lowest branch
Air conditioning Medium +15% of +8% of 0 to +10%

Pressurisation of escape lowest terminal lowest branch
routes
Close control air High +10% of +5% of 0 to +5%

conditioning lowest terminal lowest branch
Checks at sub-branches and main branches

For measurement of flow rates from terminals such as grilles and circular
diffusers, an anemometer or air capture hood can be used, whereas the
sub-branch flows serving the terminals are normally measured by a pitot
tube traverse. Where necessary, a correction factor can be applied to flow
rates measured by amemometers or hoods as described in section 6.3
When branch flow rates are taken, it is good practice to take a main duct
pitot traverse to obtain the total flow rate, where possible. A comparison
of the two total flow rates (main duct and sum of branch) is then helpful
in confirming the data or in suggesting further investigations. In the
absence of a suitable station for a total flow traverse, a branch summation
method is the only possible means of producing an acceptable result.
Tolerances for flow rates from fans and VAV units in VAV systems
Table 2 summarises recommendations on the tolerances acceptable for
checking VAV units and fans on site.
Tolerance limits are wider than those indicated in Table 1. This reflects the
fact that flow rates controlled by VAV units are unlikely to be repeatable
within the same limits as manually set flow rates.
Table 2: Tolerances for regulation of air flow rates in VAV systems

Item Flow measurement tolerance
Multiple VAV units serving a room ±10% on room supply with individual
grilles/diffusers at ±15%
Single VAV unit serving a room ±10%
Supply and extract fans ±5%

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
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Water Treatment
• Pre-commission cleaning design appraisal
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• Automatic dosing equipment for filling and ongoing maintenance
• Inhibiting/biocide dosing of pressure test water
• Flushing to BSRIA BG29/2012
• Minimal discharge techniques Park House Oxford Street
• Precommission cleaning of closed systems
• Bio-wash processes
• Microbiological and chemical analysis
• Site survey and risk assessment
• Chlorination/disinfection to BS6700 & HSE ACOP L8
• L8 compliance and survey
• Closed system water quality monitoring and maintenance
Commissioning Services
• Commissionability appraisal
• Systems validation
• Commissioning advisory service
• Commissioning management and supervision
• Commissioning testing and balancing
• Commissioning documentation 20 Fenchurch Street
• Pre-commissioning checks and fault finding
• Plant functional analysis
• Environmental monitoring
• Plant operation
• Plant inspection and testing (site or works)
• Site supervision
• Staff instruction and training
General Services
• LEV compliance assessment
• Planning, procedures and specifications
• Installation co-ordination
• Quality assurance techniques
• Site surveys
• “Clerk of works” function
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DESIGN FOR COMMISSIONABILITY
Commissioning of air and water systems

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Commissioning Management
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Tel: 020 7515 1102

Fax: 020 7093 3333
Email: hvacplant@aol.com
hvacplant.co.uk
hvaccommissioning.co.uk
Commissioning Specialists Association

The HVAC and Building Services Commissioning Engineers Association
Member
Corporate Member
3 COMMISSIONING FACILITIES
A variety of ductwork components and instruments are available to

facilitate commissioning. The devices that are most likely to require
attention during commissioning are those providing a flow regulation or
flow measurement function. The following sections explain the various
flow regulation and measurement options, and the issues that need to be
considered at the design stage.
3.1 FLOW Having the necessary flow regulating dampers in the correct positions is
REGULATING
DAMPERS
one of the basic requirements for an effective system.
Volume Control Dampers (VCDs)

Where air flow rates are to be regulated by means of manually operated
volume control dampers, the main requirements for locating the dampers
are as follows:
• For fans greater than 1.1 kW motor size, guidance supporting Part L
of the Building Regulations states that the fan should have a variable
speed drive. This means that a damper is not required at the fan
outlet since flow can be adjusted by varying the fan speed. For
constant speed fans, a damper may be required although adjustable
inlet guide vanes or belt driven fans can also be adjusted without the
need for a damper.
• Away from the fan, dampers should be provided in all branches and
sub-branches throughout the system as illustrated in Figure 1.
• Terminals should have dampers in their connecting ducts. Only
where this is impossible should the terminal have a built-in damper
that can be set without having to remove the grille face.
• Dampers should be located at least 5 diameters away from open
spigot ends, where noise breakout is particularly difficult to control
and flow measurement may be hindered.
Figure 1: Recommended Volume Control Damper (VCD) locations
VCD VCD
Not required if fans VCD
are variable speed
VCD VCD
VCD
VCD VCD VCD VCD VCD VCD VCD VCD

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
COMMISSIONING FACILITIES 3
Dampers should be selected following the manufacturer’s

recommendations. The factors influencing damper selection are as follows:
• The noise level generated by the damper at its anticipated operating
pressure differential should be acceptable in the occupied area
served. Built-in terminal dampers are generally not suitable where
large pressure differences have to be accommodated since nearly
closed dampers both create noise and alter the throw pattern of the
terminal.
• For rectangular ducts, the multi-leaf opposed-blade damper gives

the best results because it produces the least downstream distortion
when partly closed and has a wider setting range than butterfly
dampers.
• For circular ducts, the variable iris damper is a good choice and can
sometimes be used for flow measurement (with appropriate straight
lengths in front and behind). Iris dampers have a minimum setting
and do not close. Alternatively, butterfly dampers are also effective
but are likely to generate more noise, particularly in high velocity
systems.
• All manually operated regulating dampers should have a means of
fixing them in their regulated positions and of marking the settings
so they can be recorded in the commissioning results.
Constant Volume Dampers (CVDs)

Constant Volume Dampers work by means of a damper pushing against
a pre-calibrated piston or spring device. The higher the velocity pressure
acting on the face of the damper, the more the damper closes to restrict
flow. The result is a constant flow rate provided that the pressure
differential across the device is within the manufacturer’s stated minimum
and maximum differential pressure limits. The required flow rate can be
set and locked using the dial provided.
Figure 2: Constant Volume Damper
Picture courtesy of TROX UK Ltd.
Constant Volume Dampers are only required in the branches they serve
– usually the terminal branches. Additional manually operated volume
control dampers might be required in main branches, as indicated in
Figure 3, if the anticipated pressure differential across the constant volume
damper exceeds the manufacturer’s recommended limit.
Figure 3 shows a typical layout for a system with Constant Volume

Dampers.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Figure 3: Recommended Constant Volume Damper (CVD) locations
Only required if maximum Only required if maximum

permissible pressure differentials permissible pressure differentials
across CVDs are exceeded across CVDs are exceeded
VCD CVD CVD CVD VCD CVD CVD CVD
VCD CVD CVD CVD VCD CVD CVD CVD
Constant Volume Dampers should be selected such that:

• A length of straight duct at least 1.5 duct diameters (or as
recommended by the manufacturer) is provided upstream of the
damper
• the anticipated maximum pressure differential across the damper
will not exceed the maximum permissible value indicated by the
supplier
• the noise level generated by the damper at its anticipated
operating pressure differential is acceptable in the occupied areas
served. Where acceptable noise levels might be exceeded, a noise
attenuator may be required between the damper and the occupied
space.
3.2 FLOW Pitot tube traverse

MEASUREMENT
Most flow measurements in main duct branches are likely to be measured
by the commissioning specialist taking multiple measurements across the
area of the duct using a pitot tube. This device can be inserted into the
duct via test holes drilled through the duct walls. The operation and
functions of a pitot tube are explained in section 5.4 of this guide.
Prior planning is required at the design stage to ensure that test hole
locations are properly identified so that they can be located away from
causes of flow disturbance.
The basic locations for positioning test holes are shown in Figure 4. Test
holes are not usually required in ducts serving terminal inlets/outlets since
these flows can usually be measured by anemometer scan or flow capture
hood.
Pitot tube traverses should only be made in regions of undisturbed flow

away from bends, contractions, fans, and dampers etc. Figure 5 shows the
minimum recommended distance of test holes upstream and downstream
of sources of turbulence.
© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Figure 4: Recommended test hole locations for pitot traverses
Test holes
VCD
VCD
VCD
VCD
Note: distances between test holes and dampers should be in accordance with Figure 5.
It is important that the designer (preferably with the help of a

commissioning specialist) identifies suitable locations for flow
measurement on the drawings and schematics, and ensures that suitable
access for pitot tube measurement is provided. Where thermal or acoustic
insulation is specified, care should be taken to make the insulation easy to
remove by the commissioning specialist, with clear marking of the access
points.
Whilst the recommended values in Figure 5 should be provided whenever

possible, there may be situations where, due to physical constraints,
they are impossible to achieve. In such cases the designer (and/or
commissioning specialist) should identify the best possible location for test
holes and the number of measurement readings increased as indicated in
section 6.1 of this guide.
Figure 5: Minimum upstream and downstream distances for test holes
d Battery or filter
D D
1.5D 10d
10D 1.5D 5D
1.5D
D
Extract cowl
Opposed blade damper 1.5D

Butterfly damper D d D
1.5D 10D 1.5D 10d

Battery or filter D
Extract 1.5D 3D
Supply D1 D D1
1.5D 10D1 1.5D2 1.5D1

10D Axial or centrif. fan D
10D2 D2
D2
4D 10D
Note: Duct diameters for rectangular ducts are defined as 2ab/(a+b), where a and b are the duct dimensions.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Anemometer scans and flow capture hoods

Most flow measurements at inlet grilles or outlet diffusers are likely to
be measured by the commissioning specialist either by taking multiple
measurements across the area of the grille or diffuser using an anemometer,
or by a single measurement using an air capture hood. These instruments
and how they should be used are explained in sections 5 and 6 of this
guide.
The following considerations should be taken into account at the design

stage:
• Access must be possible to the front of the grille or diffuser. Where
access is not feasible, an alternative method of flow measurement
should be anticipated.
• Where possible, grilles or diffusers fed from the same branch should
be identical in shape and size.
• Dampers should be located at least 5 diameters away from open
spigot ends to ensure there is no jetting of air that might distort
flow measurements.
Figure 6: Straight length provisions before spigot ends
5D
Flow measurement using iris dampers

Iris dampers can be used as a means of measuring flow rate in the same
way as orifice type flow measurement devices in pipework systems.
For each setting of the damper the manufacturer will issue a k-factor from
which flow rate can be determined. This calculation relies on the square
law relationship between pressure loss and flow rate, exactly the same as for
flow measurements in pipework systems.
The considerations outlined previously in section 3.1 should be

considered during damper selection. If the damper is to be used for
flow measurement, the following additional points should be taken into
account:
• The damper should be sized such that the pressure differential across
the damper at its intended design flow rate will be large enough to
measure using an electronic manometer.
• The damper will require straight lengths of duct both before
and after the damper, as recommended by the manufacturer, but
typically:
- one diameter before and one diameter after bends
- three diameters before and one diameter after tees
- three diameters before fans or air handling units.
© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Flow measurement grids

Permanent flow rate measuring grids can be provided within ductwork
components. These permit a single point measurement of flow rate that
can be fed back to a BMS. The measuring unit consists of an averaging
differential pressure sensor grid which (using pitot tube principles)
provides a mean velocity reading from which the flow rate is calculated.
A typical flow measuring unit is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Flow measuring unit
Picture courtesy of TROX UK Ltd.

Measurement accuracy will be as indicated by the manufacturer.
Accuracy is dependent on the device being located in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
The following points should be taken into account when considering the
selection of flow measuring units:
• Has the pressure loss across the unit has been included in system
pressure loss calculations?
• Is the flow to be measured within the measurement range of the
selected unit?
• Does the unit need to be calibrated by an on-site measurement of
flow in the same duct?
Static pressure measurement

Static pressure measurements are useful as a means of establishing the
pressure differential across ductwork components. For example, the
static pressure differential across a fan can be used to verify whether
the fan is delivering its required duty. They can also be used as a means
of calculating flow rate from grilles or diffusers (in conjunction with
manufacturer’s data).
For large fans, static pressure measurements can be achieved at the fan inlet
and outlet by means of a pressure “necklace”. Four separate static pressure
probes are installed at 90 degree intervals, and their combined signal is fed
to a manometer. This arrangement can be installed as a permanent feature
so that the performance of the fan can be easily checked. This is illustrated
in figure 8.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Figure 8: Pressure “necklace” for static pressure measurements

Airway
Picture courtesy of TSI Incorporated
Static pressure measurements can also be used to determine flow rates

from diffusers where the size and resistance of the diffusers is known.
Manufacturers of diffusers are able to indicate a static pressure value which,
if achieved, will ensure the correct design flow rate from the opening. This
technique is commonly used for air socks and chilled beams.
Static pressure at a point behind the opening can be measured by the

commissioning specialist using a pitot tube with the total pressure line
disconnected.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
THE INSTALLATION OF COMMISSIONABLE SYSTEMS 4
4 THE INSTALLATION OF COMMISSIONABLE SYSTEMS
4.1 GENERAL The installer’s objective is to provide a ductwork system that meets the
specified requirements. To achieve this, properly managed resources should
be allocated to the process of installing a commissionable system. The
tendering or appointed installer should carefully study the enquiry and
contract documents to determine precisely the project requirements.
Guidance on the management of the commissioning process is provided

in:
• CIBSE Code M Commissioning Management[2]
• BSRIA BG 1/2009 Building Services Job Book[5]
• BSRIA BG 6/2014 A Design Framework for Building Services[4]
• BSRIA BG 8/2009 Model Commissioning Plan[6]
• BSRIA BG 11/2010 Commissioning Job Book[11]
4.2 ORGANISATION Where the installer is responsible for commissioning, the commissioning
AND PLANNING
specialist should be selected and instructed at the earliest possible stage to
ensure that experience is available in the planning and programming of the
commissioning tasks.
Together, the designer and installer should:

• establish effective lines of communication between the
commissioning specialist and other parties involved
• produce a set of working drawings that show the detailed provisions
for incorporating the commissioning facilities. These drawings
should also show the details of temporary facilities required
• review the contract documents to determine the requirements for
commissioning, taking nothing for granted and seeking clarification
where necessary
• produce a realistic programme which incorporates the
commissioning activities phased with the installation programme
• regularly review the programme during installation to establish
the effect of modifications and delays on the planned static
completion and power-on dates and any other dates critical to the
commissioning activities
• acquire all the information specified in section 2.1 of this guide
from the designer
• obtain from equipment suppliers and manufacturers up-to-date
information for all items supplied. Standard details which are not
modified to suit the particular project should always be treated with
caution. Manufacturers’ literature should be checked for installation
requirements additional to those specified
• progressively record as-installed information on at least two sets of
drawings – one clean set to facilitate the production of the record
drawings and operating and maintenance documentation, and one
site set for use by the commissioning specialist

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
• establish systematic site control procedures to assist the progressive

monitoring of ductwork installation practices (see section 4.8)
• prepare co-ordinated ceiling and/or floor plans illustrating access
panel requirements
• establish an equipment and materials procurement procedure which
incorporates an effective means of checking each delivered item
against the specified requirements
• retain all documents and literature provided with each delivered
item of equipment for use by the commissioning engineer (and for

inclusion in the operating and maintenance manuals).
4.3 INSTALLATION Ductwork installation procedures can have a major influence upon the ease
ISSUES AFFECTING
COMMISSIONABILITY
and accuracy of flow measurement. The installer is responsible for ensuring
that operatives and supervisors are adequately trained and supplied with
appropriate instructions regarding good housekeeping, workmanship,
detailed ductwork arrangements, accessibility and inspection.
The following sections explain the main issues that need to be considered
during installation.
4.4 HOUSEKEEPING Good housekeeping practices are essential for achieving a commissionable
system. The following practices should be encouraged:
Where possible, materials and components should be delivered to site

in protective packaging. The packaging, including temporary protection
for specific components, should not be removed until the materials and
components are ready for installation or for inspection. After inspection,
the packaging should be replaced and/or made good immediately.
Incomplete work should be adequately protected, with temporary covers

used on all open ends.
4.5 DUCT SYSTEM When considering the required cleanliness of the ventilation system, B&ES
CLEANLINESS
publication TR/19 Internal cleanliness of ventilation systems[12] and
BS EN 15780 Ventilation for Buildings. Ductwork.Cleanliness of Ventilation
Systems[13] should be referred to at the beginning of the contract. The
installer should establish:
• the required cleanliness quality class for each ventilation system
being commissioned, (i.e. High, Medium or Low quality class with
reference to section A.2 of BS EN15780[13])
• whether any form of protection to ventilation ducts is required to
minimise the ingress of debris during the delivery and installation
and prior to commissioning (TR/19[12] section 2)
• the responsibility for pre-commission testing to verify the required
cleanliness quality class

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
THE INSTALLATION OF COMMISSIONABLE SYSTEMS 4
• a programme that allows cleaning to be completed in advance

of the system balancing operation (thereby ensuring that system
commissioning is not affected by the cleaning operation).
• the responsibility for cleanliness verification prior to commissioning.
Where a specialist ductwork cleaning company is employed, the

commissioning should not start until the ductwork has been inspected and
certified for cleanliness.
During commissioning, the following procedures should be adopted:

• Temporary filters should be used where building work is still in
progress during commissioning, and replaced with clean filters for
final measurement of flow rates.
• Computer room plant, in particular where underfloor air
distribution systems are used, should not be run before the rooms
have been cleaned.
• Extract systems should not be commissioned while building work is
in progress and dirt is present.
4.6 DUCT Care is needed at all junctions and seals are required to minimise leaks.
WORKMANSHIP
There should be close adherence to the principles of good workmanship
defined in B&ES publication DW/144 Specification for sheet metal ductwork[8].
4.7 DUCT AIR This is an iterative process carried out during system construction. The
LEAKAGE
TESTING
designer should specify limits for ductwork leakage appropriate to the
system design. Detailed guidance on air leakage testing procedures is given
in B&ES publication DW/143 A practical guide to ductwork leakage testing[14].
4.8 INSTALLATION During the course of the works, the installer should progressively and
INSPECTIONS systematically monitor the correctness and quality of the installation. The
installer should also ensure that any remedial work has been completed,
and that all the works comply with the specified requirements.
A planned system of continuous inspections will:

• reduce the build-up of defects to be rectified prior to
commissioning
• prevent defective work from being temporarily hidden, only to
surface again during the commissioning process
• help to maintain a consistently high standard of workmanship to the
end of the contract.
The methodical use of pro-forma sheets to register conformance to

requirements and monitor the progress of remedial action will result in a
substantially smoother start to the commissioning process.Various example
pro-formas are incorporated in section 9.1 of this guide.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
As part of the installation checks, the installer may wish to start up fan
motors briefly in order to check the wiring and control panel. If this is the
case, the contractual implications of responsibility should be clearly laid
down beforehand.
When the ductwork and all the major components of a system have been
installed, a final installation inspection should be formally undertaken
to verify that the system is complete and that preparations for the
commissioning can start.
4.9 PREPARATION FOR To be ready for commissioning, an installation should be:

COMMISSIONING
• seen to have been installed in accordance with the specification, i.e.
the final installation inspections have been completed, together with
all outstanding remedial works
• successfully tested for air leakage in accordance with the
specification and/or B&ES DW/143[14] (see section 4.7)
• successfully cleaned in accordance with the specification (see section
4.5)
• clean, with the spaces in the immediate vicinity of all system
equipment and components requiring safe access for commissioning
made free of all obstructions
• safe and ready to set to work.
An installation progressed to this state of readiness for commissioning is

said to be statically complete.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
SITE TEST INSTRUMENTS 5
5 SITE TEST INSTRUMENTS
A great deal of time can be wasted by using the wrong kind of instrument
or by trying to manage with too few instruments. In this section, guidance
is given on the suitability of instruments for commissioning.
Health and safety legislation requires that a suitable and sufficient risk
assessment should be carried out before any potentially hazardous site

measurement activity. This might include rotational speed measurements at
motors or voltage and current measurements. A copy of the risk assessment
should be lodged with the person responsible for safety on site before
measurement activity commences.
Although manufacturers’ detailed instructions should always be observed,

the following instructions will generally apply to all instruments used to
commission air systems.
• Select an instrument which has an operating range greater than the
maximum expected reading (if the approximate value of a particular
reading is unknown, the selected instrument should be set initially
to its maximum range).
• Read the operating instructions before using the instrument.
• Visually inspect the instrument to see that it is undamaged.
• Check that the instrument has a calibration certificate which is not
more than 12 months old.
• Record the reading on the relevant pro-forma together with the
range setting and the information which may be needed to correct
or interpret the results.
5.1 ROTATIONAL Optical tachometer

SPEED
MEASUREMENT
Optical tachometers should be used to measure fan and pump rotational
speeds in preference to mechanical tachometers since their use does not
involve contact with moving machine parts.
This instrument projects a narrow beam of light toward the rotating shaft
or pulley on which has been fixed a strip of reflecting tape. The reflected
light pulses from the tape are measured as frequency (rev/min) by the
meter. To be effective, the meter should be held in close proximity to the
shaft or pulley.
Mechanical tachometer
Mechanical tachometers can be used to measure rotational speeds where
the shaft of the fan or motor is accessible. Provision should be made for
the insertion of the tachometer spindle through an access aperture in the
guard, as measurements must never be made on an unguarded drive.
There are two basic types of mechanical tachometer; one gives a direct
reading of speed (rev/min) and the other reads the number of revolutions.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Inductive tachometer
The inductive style tachometer can often be used where both the
mechanical and optical instruments are not suitable. It uses an inductive
probe to count events above rotating metal objects. Typical applications
include shafts with slots or toothed gears where no reflection marks can be
fixed.
Stroboscope
The stroboscope is a source of variable frequency light pulses and its
technique is to match the source pulse frequency to the rotational speed.

A chalk mark (or similar) is made on the pulley and the stroboscope is
adjusted until the mark appears stationary. It is, however, possible to obtain
a stationary image with a sub-multiple (50%, 25% and 33% etc.) of the
actual shaft speed and such errors of harmonics need to be eliminated to
assess the correct speed. A convenient method is to start at high speeds
where multiple images are obtained. Due to this inherent problem and
the need for experience in its use, the stroboscope is only recommended
when it is impossible to use one of the other rotational speed measurement
instruments.
5.2 VOLTAGE It is important to check the fan motor current to ensure that it is within
AND CURRENT the design range.
MEASUREMENT
Fans with variable speed drives should provide a direct reading of running
current that can be recorded by the commissioning specialist.
Where a variable speed drive has not been provided, a measurement of

running current will be required.
Care should be taken that only competent persons carry out voltage and
current measurements, and that the system complies with:
• The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989
• The IET Wiring Regulations[16]
A clamp-on induction ammeter is frequently used for current

measurements. The instrument is easy to use, it does not have to be wired
into the circuit and it has a field measurement accuracy of about 3% of
the full scale range. The trigger operated jaws of the ammeter are closed
around the conductor at any convenient point and the induced current in
the ammeter is indicated as the actual flow of the conductor.
Insulation does not affect the reading but is important to remember that
the instrument will only work on a single conductor, not a twin cable, and
for alternating current only. It is important that the instrument is specified
for a true root mean square (rms) reading to take account of any harmonic
current.
In using the instrument, the following safety precautions apply:

• Do not touch an uninsulated electrical circuit.
• Never put your hands into a live electrical distribution box.
• Do not attempt to force the instrument jaws into position.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
• Do not attach the instrument before starting the motor. The start-up
current, which can be from three to five times the motor name-
plate current, could damage the instrument.
The same instrument may also be used to measure voltage, although in

practice measurements are often not needed as most plant instrument
panels incorporate a voltmeter.
To measure voltage and current a ‘Hall-effect’ clamp-on ammeter can be

used. More versatile than the induction ammeter, this semiconductor
based electronic instrument is suitable for direct current as well as
alternating current measurement and variable speed drive motors. More
lightweight than the transformer-based induction ammeter, it is easier
to carry and use on site. It is also capable of a better field measurement
accuracy, for example, ±1% of the full scale range.
5.3 STATIC Pressure reading instruments are used for measuring:

PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT • Total, static and velocity pressures in a ductwork system when used
with a pitot tube
• Static pressures in ductwork by the use of side-wall connections
• Differential pressures between one space and another.
The main type of instrument now used is an electronic micromanometer

which has largely superseded the traditional liquid-filled manometer test
sets.
5.4 AIR VELOCITY Pitot tube

AND FLOW RATE The pitot tube uses the relationship between velocity pressure, static
MEASUREMENT
pressure and total pressure to determine velocity.
Static pressure (SP) is the pressure exerted due to the compression of air
molecules by the fan. It exists even when the duct ends are closed and
there is no flow through the ductwork and acts in all directions within the
duct.
Velocity pressure (VP) is the pressure exerted due to the velocity of the air
travelling through the duct. Velocity pressure is directional and only acts in
the direction of air flow.
Total pressure (TP) is the sum of the static pressure and the velocity
pressure.
A pitot tube consists of two coaxial tubes. The centre one faces the
airstream and receives the total pressure of the airstream, i.e. the static
pressure plus the velocity pressure, while the outer tube has a ring of
holes around the wall near to the tip and measures the static pressure
only. Connecting the facing tube and the side tube tappings to the
micromanometer will indicate velocity pressure directly.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Figure 9: Pitot tube operating principle
Pitot tube
Duct wall
Static pressure
Total Micromanometer
ic
pressure
The velocity is easily derived from the velocity pressure as follows:

Velocity pressure (VP) = total pressure – static pressure
VP = ρv 2 / 2
where VP is the velocity pressure in Pascals, ρ is the density of air in kg/m3 and
v is velocity in m/s.
2VP
Hence, the air velocity: v =
ρ
For standard air at a density of 1.2 kg/m3,

corresponding to 20°C and 1013 mbar barometric pressure,
v = 1.29 VP
Micromanometers have scales calibrated directly in terms of velocity

using the above relationship and hence give direct air velocity readings
when used with pitot tubes. In practice, the formula can be used without
applying corrections provided the temperature is in the range 10 to 30ºC,
and the building is not at high altitude. No corrections need be made to
relative readings since the errors cancel out.
In the absence of a velocity scale, do not attempt to obtain the average

velocity by averaging the velocity pressure. It is important to calculate
each velocity from the pressure reading before taking the average.
The pitot tube should comply with BS ISO 3966:2008 Measurement of fluid
flow in closed conduits Velocity area method using Pitot static tubes.[15]
The following routine is suggested when using a pitot tube with a

micromanometer:
1. Mark the required measurement positions on the pitot tube using the
marking clips provided.
2. Insert the pitot tube in the duct test hole.
3. Connect the micromanometer to the pitot tube using flexible tubes.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
4. Switch on the micromanometer and select the desired function and

scale.
5. Align the head of the pitot tube as accurately as possible parallel to the
flow and record the necessary measurements.
Rotating vane anemometer

The main application of the rotating vane anemometer is the
measurement of flow rate at grilles, hoods and other relatively large
openings. Mini rotating vane anemometers have a miniaturised measuring

head, making them suitable for smaller openings such as slot diffusers.
Examples of vane anemometers are shown in Figures 10 and 11. Vane

anemometers give either a direct reading or average the readings over a
few seconds and display the final result. The typical operating range of a
vane anemometer is 0.25 to 30 m/s in the air velocity mode, or 4 to 70
l/s when fitted into a flow capture hood assembly.
All vane anemometers should be regularly checked and inspected. They

require calibration at least every year. However, they are susceptible
to damage and should be recalibrated if they are dropped, knocked or
badly mishandled. It is good practice to keep a separate, well-protected
and seldom-used anemometer to enable site checks to be made on those
anemometers in frequent use.
Figure 10: Rotating vane and mini rotating vane anemometers

Picture courtesy of KIMO Instruments UK
Picture courtesy of Testo
Figure 11: Hood mounted rotating vane anemometers

Picture courtesy of Testo

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Typical accuracies for vane anemometers are ±5% of the indicated value if
calibrated for volume flow, or ±2% of the indicated value and ±0.05 m/s
when calibrated for air velocity.
In general, vane anemometers used with proprietary flow capture hoods

should not be used to measure flow rates greater than 30 l/s due to the
back pressures they apply to the system. Site made hoods can measure
larger flow rates provided that the neck velocity is maintained in the
range 1 to 3 m/s. Furthermore, a rotating vane anemometer is normally

supplied calibrated for one flow direction only. It will therefore need to
be reversed in the flow hood when changing from measuring supply to
extract performance. This may also require a change of flow coefficients
within the instrument. Some proprietary hoods operate in both directions
without the need to reverse the vane head.
A flow rate measurement taken by anemometer scan will not be as

accurate as that taken by a pitot traverse in the connecting duct. The
measurements taken may therefore need to be compared with an
equivalent pitot traverse measurement and corrected by means of a
correction factor.
Measurement of fan performance should not be undertaken by using an

anemometer without a capture hood. Such an approach would involve
calculation of the free area of the air inlet or outlet grille and is very
unlikely to achieve an accurate measurement.
Differential pressure anemometer

A differential pressure anemometer has no rotating parts and is closer in
operating principle to the pitot tube than the rotating vane anemometer.
However, the instrument has a similar profile to a 100 mm rotating vane
anemometer and will fit into a similar proprietary plastic hood.
The accuracy of the device is often dependent on the associated

micromanometer used to display the readings, but typically it has an
equivalent accuracy to the rotating vane anemometer at ±5% of the
indicated value if calibrated for flow rate, or ±2% of the indicated value
and ± 0.05 m/s when calibrated for air velocity.
Figure 12: Differential pressure anemometer

Picture courtesy of DP Measurement

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Conversion of the pressure differential (the difference between total and

static pressure) is completed by the micromanometer and a direct reading
of velocity is displayed.
Air capture hood (thermal)

This instrument measures air flow by means of exposed thermal elements
housed inside a moulded rectangular section body over which the air
passes. The instrument has a measurement range of 2 to 65 l/s with a
typical accuracy of ±5% of the indicated value.
Figure 13: Air capture hood (thermal)
Picture courtesy of Swema AB
The unit is supplied with removable extension hoods for measurement of

supply and extract. Different hoods maybe required for supply and extract
and should be used as directed to obtain accurate results.
Air capture hood (Balometer)

These are lightweight collapsible assemblies used for the measurement of
flow rates at supply and extract diffusers.
Figure 14: Air capture hood (balometer)

An air flow hood captures the air from the diffuser and directs it past an
integral array of pressure sensing points which (working on pitot tube
principles) provide a direct measurement of flow rate. They give a direct
reading, usually in l/s. The typical range is between 25 and 950 l/s.
Typical instrument accuracies are in the range ± 3% of the indicated value.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Air capture hoods normally come as standard with a 600 x 600 mm square
hood assembly, with alternative hood sizes available in the form of kits.
The unit can be used with various fabric hoods. These hoods offer little
resistance to the flow, but are large and not easy to handle in confined
spaces.
Because the hood itself can add resistance to the system thereby causing
the flow from the diffuser to change, the measurements taken may need to
be corrected by means of a correction factor as explained in section 6.3.
Powered flow hood

Powered flow hoods are designed to minimise back pressure and
turbulent flow effects. The instrument incorporates a fan which rotates at
a controlled speed to achieve a zero pressure balance in the hood itself.
As soon as the zero pressure state is achieved the instrument displays the
corresponding flow rate.
With this type of device a more accurate measurement can be achieved

than with a conventional flow capture hood. Its use removes the need to
use measurement correction factors on site. The typical range of this air
flow measurement device is 3 to 110 l/s with an accuracy of ±3% of the
indicated value.
Figure 15: Powered flow hood
Thermal anemometer
A thermal anemometer (also known as a hot-wire anemometer) has a
thin wire sensing element, which is heated electrically. When the element
is exposed to the airstream, the electrical current or voltage needed to
maintain the element at a constant temperature is measured and calibrated
to give the velocity of the air.
Thermal anemometers can be highly sensitive and may be used at very

low air speeds. They are particularly useful for measurements of air velocity
and distribution in the occupied space, but can also be useful wherever low
velocities are important.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
They require careful calibration and, because they can be upset by dirt
deposited on the sensing element, frequent calibration is essential whenever
they are put to heavy use or are thought to be damaged.
When fitting a thermal anemometer into a capture hood, care needs to be

taken to position the measurement tip accurately in the centre of the hood
and in the direction of flow. Thermal anemometers used with proprietary
flow capture hoods typically have a measurement range of 3 to 70 l/s.
However, due to the resistance to air flow created by a hood assembly, it is

recommended that these instruments should not be used to measure flow
rates greater than 30 l/s. Site made hoods can measure larger flow rates
provided that the neck velocity is maintained in the range 1 to 3 m/s.
A thermal anemometer is normally supplied calibrated for one flow

direction only. It will need to be reversed in the flow hood when
changing from measuring supply to extract performance.
Figure 16: Hood mounted thermal anemometer
Picture courtesy of KIMO Instruments UK
Most thermal anemometers display velocity and flow rate at a standard

temperature and pressure as indicated by the manufacturer, so accuracy
may be affected by the density of the air in the ventilation system if
conditions differ.
Measurement of fan performance should not be undertaken using an

anemometer without a hood. This approach would involve calculation
of the “free area” of the air inlet or outlet grille and is very unlikely to
achieve an accurate measurement.
Typical accuracies for thermal anemometers are ±5% of the indicated value
if calibrated for flow rate, or ±1% of the indicated value and ± 0.02 m/s
when calibrated for air velocity. Accuracy will be dependent to some
extent on the orientation and positioning of the measurement tip.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
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Available now from BSRIA SITE TEST INSTRUMENTS
COMMISSIONING GUIDE SET (COMPAK3)

BSRIA’s set of 7 guides contain all the latest procedures for commissioning HVAC
systems and pre-commission cleaning of pipework. Save money when you buy these
guides as part of set. The set contains:
• BG 2/2010 Commissioning Water Systems

• BG 8/2009 Model Commissioning Plan
• BG 11/2010 Commissioning Job Book
• BG 29/2012 Pre-Commission Cleaning of Pipework Systems
• BG 49/2015 Commissioning Air Systems
• BG 44/2013 Seasonal Commissioning
• 'ϰϲͬϮϬϭϱŽŵĞƐƟĐsĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ
&ŝŶĚƚŚŝƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƟƚůĞƐĂƚ
www.bsria.co.uk/goto/commset
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Commissioning courses are run at BSRIA
several times a year. For more information
Visit: www.bsria.co.uk/training
6 ON SITE FLOW MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
An overview of the different flow measurement options, and the

applications for which they are suited is given in Table 3.
Table 3 : Flow measurement options

Position Measurement technique Instruments
Main duct Velocity traverse in duct Pitot tube with micromanometer

(Total flow at the fan)
Flow measuring unit Micromanometer
Branch ducts Velocity traverse in duct Pitot tube with micromanometer
Terminal connecting ducts Velocity traverse or single point reading in duct Pitot tube with micromanometer or
mini rotating vane anemometer
Grilles Velocity traverse across face Rotating vane or
differential pressure anemometer
Flow rate Air capture hood or powered flow hood
Ceiling diffusers Static pressure in connecting duct Pitot tube with micromanometer
Average peripheral velocity and area Rotating vane or

differential pressure anemometer
Velocity in connecting duct Pitot tube with micromanometer or mini
rotating vane anemometer
Slots and linear diffusers Face velocity (for slots of equal width and same Mini rotating vane anemometer or
louvre setting) thermal anemometer
Velocity in connecting duct Pitot tube with micromanometer or

Perforated ceiling Velocity in connecting duct to ceiling void Pitot tube with micromanometer or
Perforated panel diffuser Velocity in connecting duct Pitot tube with micromanometer,
Flow hood rotating vane anemometer, mini rotating
Face velocity (no deflection) vane anemometer or integral hood
assembly
Decorative terminals Velocity in connecting duct Pitot tube with micromanometer or
Induction units Static pressure in nozzle plenum Pitot tube with micromanometer
High velocity nozzles Jet velocity Pitot tube with micromanometer or

Static pressure in connecting duct plus previous mini rotating vane anemometer
calibration or maker’s data
Fan-coil units Velocity in connecting duct Pitot tube with micromanometer or
Extract openings - Grilles Face velocity Pitot tube with micromanometer or
Slots, perforated panels, decorative Velocity in connecting duct Pitot tube with micromanometer or
openings mini rotating vane anemometer
Combined lighting units, Manufacturer’s recommended technique Pitot tube with micromanometer or
adjustable exhaust valves Velocity in connecting duct mini rotating vane anemometer
Air socks Static pressure behind perforated opening Pitot tube with micromanometer

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
ON SITE FLOW MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 6
6.1 AIR FLOW Introduction

AND VELOCITY
MEASUREMENTS IN
Air velocity measurement in ducts and at terminals is the main activity of
DUCTS the commissioning specialist in balancing and commissioning air systems.
This section deals with measurements in ducts and begins with the
preparation of test holes.
Test hole specification

The main test hole locations in ducts are shown in Figure 4 in section
3.2. Usually the test holes themselves will not have been drilled by the
installer, although the installer and the designer will need to take account
of their location in the design and installation to ensure access.
Figure 5 in section 3.2 shows the minimum distance of test holes from
sources of turbulence in duct diameters and gives the minimum distances
from axial and centrifugal fans.
Figure 17: Test hole dimensions for pitot tubes
Insulation cut back

around test hole
Test hole 10 mm dia.
or to suit pitot tube
size
Air tight rubber
grommet or stopper to
be fitted after use
Figure 17 gives the dimensions of a standard test hole suitable for in-duct
measurements using a pitot tube. It is sometimes appropriate to provide
resealable test holes in the ductwork prior to installation. As explained
in the following section, for rectangular ducts the number of test holes
depends on the duct dimensions; for circular ducts, a single test hole is
required for ducts less than 150 mm diameter, while two holes spaced 90°
apart are required for larger ducts.
Flow measurement by pitot tube traverse

Flow in a duct is never uniform, with higher velocities in the central
regions and lower velocities near to the walls. The flow is likely to be
unsymmetrical and unsteady near to obstructions, bends and changes of
cross section. In order to measure average velocity it is necessary to make a
number of readings across the duct.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Tables 4 and 5 show recommended measurement points and averaging

grids for circular and rectangular ducts respectively. These tables indicate
normally acceptable numbers of measurement points under uniform
flow conditions or areas near known causes of turbulence. Where
flow measurements are found to be particularly unstable, additional
measurement points can be selected either on the same traverses or by
adding additional traverses.
Table 4 : Averaging grids for pitot tube velocity measurements in circular and flat oval ducts
Diameter range and Distance of pitot tube from duct wall as a percentage of duct diameter
application
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Test holes and
measurement points
Up to 150 mm diameter 50%*
* Multiply this single point reading by 0.8 to obtain an average velocity
Over 150 mm 3% 13% 32% 68% 87% 97%

diameter
All sizes of 3% 13% 32% 68% 87% 97%

flat oval duct
For ducts 300 mm to 2% 12% 18% 34% 66% 82% 88% 98%
1200 mm diameter when
measuring immediately
upstream or downstream
of a fan
Note: Where flows measurements are unstable, additional measurement points should be included
either on the same traverse or on additional traverses.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Table 5 : Averaging grids for pitot tube velocity measurements square or rectangular ducts
Dimensions and Distance of pitot tube from duct wall as a percentage of duct diameter
application
1 2 3 4 5 6 Test holes and
measurement points
Up to 200 mm 25% 75%
200-500 mm 17% 50% 83%

OR
when measuring immediately
upstream or downstream of
a fan where the duct area is
<0.1 m2
500-900 mm 13% 38% 63% 88%

OR
>0.1 and <0.4 m2
Over 900 mm 10% 30% 50% 70% 90%

OR
>0.4 and <2.5 m2
When measuring immediately 8% 25% 42% 58% 75% 92%

>2.5 m2
For rectangular ducts, numbers of test holes and measurement points depend on the width and height of the duct.
For example, for a duct 700mm wide by 400mm deep measure at 4 points across the width and 3 points across the depth.
Note: Where air flow rate measurements are unstable, additional measurement points should be included either on the same traverse
or on additional traverses.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Where it is not possible to find a suitable measuring position for total air
flow in the main or branch ducts, velocity can sometimes be measured
at the fan suction if there is sufficient space and the flow is steady – for
example, where the fan draws air from a suction box.
If the fan flow rate cannot be measured in either of the above ways, it can
be derived by summation of the flow rates in the principal branches.
Converting average velocity to flow rate

Air velocity measurements can be converted to flow rates provided that the
cross sectional area of the duct is known. The relationship between duct
average velocity and flow rate is given by the equation:
Q = vA
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A duct traverse test sheet should be prepared recording individual

measurements and the resulting average velocity value. An example pitot
traverse test sheet is included in section 9.1.
6.2 MEASURING Measurement by pitot tube

AIR VELOCITY
AT SUPPLY
Pitot tube traverses can be used to measure flow in connecting ducts to
AND EXTRACT terminals, provided the velocity exceeds 3 m/s, this being the practical limit
TERMINALS
of an accurately calibrated micromanometer with a resolution of 0.1 Pa or
better. Where the velocity is lower, it may be possible to use a mini-rotating
vane anemometer with the head entering through a hole drilled in the duct
wall.
Measurement by anemometer
The standard rotating vane anemometer is recommended for measuring the
velocity at inlet grilles and extract openings.
If the inlet grille has directional louvres, these should be set parallel to
flow (i.e. at right angles to the face of the grille) before taking readings.
The anemometer should be held steadily in each of the positions shown in
Table 6 and the reading noted.Visual averaging by moving the anemometer
continuously across the face of the grille can lead to serious errors.
For the purpose of proportional balancing through identical grilles, flow

rate may be considered as the average velocity multiplied by the grille
face area with no correction for the free area of the grille. Although each
measurement incurs an error, the error should be the same for all grilles
meaning that the proportional balance is still valid. Where grilles are non-
identical (for example different types or sizes), individual correction factors
should be applied.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Table 6 : Averaging grids for velocity measurements at grilles

Depth of Width of grille (mm) and number of readings
grille (mm)
up to 150 150-300 300-460 over 460
Down Across Down Across Down Across Down Across
up to 150 1 (Centre) - 2 - 3 - 4
150-300 2 - 2 2 2 3 2 4
300-460 3 - 3 2 3 3 3 4
Over 460 4 - 4 2 4 3 4 4
It should be noted that the vane anemometer only records accurately in

an air stream with a uniform velocity. If the velocity is non-uniform, for
example when the air is issuing from a bar type grille or perforated plate
or where the balancing damper behind the grille is partially closed, jetting
will occur causing the anemometer to give a reading that is higher than
the true value. It is possible that measured velocities will actually increase
as the damper is progressively closed even though the flow is actually
reducing. In all cases where flow is non-uniform, the use of a flow capture
hood becomes necessary.
Furthermore, it may not always be possible to obtain consistent and

meaningful readings from velocity measurements if the measurements vary
widely across the face of the grille. Erratic readings can be caused by a
partly open damper behind the grille or by instabilities originating further
upstream. The solution once again is to use a flow capture hood.
When using an anemometer on extract grilles, the anemometer head

should be turned round to face the inward flow. Flow into extract grilles
is best measured with a rotating vane anemometer.Velocity distribution is
generally more uniform than with discharge air.
6.3 CORRECTION When non-powered flow capture hoods are used to measure the air flow
FACTORS FOR
FLOW CAPTURE
rate at supply and extract terminals, the reading obtained usually contains
HOODS errors. These errors are usually caused by air turbulence within the hood
and the additional resistance the hood places on the system when the
measurement is taken. To overcome these errors, correction factors should
be established for each type of terminal and flow capture hood in use.
Correction factors should be established, ideally, at a single terminal or at
the smallest group of terminals possible. The installation should be visually
inspected to confirm that no leaks are visible and that a good pitot traverse
location is possible in the duct that serves the terminal(s). The correction
factor is then established by dividing the pitot traverse air flow rate by the
terminal air flow rate(s). This correction factor should then be applied to
the terminal air flow rates to bring them in line with the pitot traverse air
flow rate.
Correction factors in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 are generally considered

acceptable. Factors above 1.2 may indicate possible leakage between the
pitot traverse location and the terminal(s) and may require investigation.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
6.4 FLOW Slots and linear diffusers

MEASUREMENTS These are frequently difficult to measure because the flow can be uneven.
AT SUPPLY
AND EXTRACT Often the flow can only be measured by a pitot traverse in the connecting
TERMINALS duct or by a suitable flow capture hood. Sometimes a mini rotating vane
anemometer can be used for spot measurements at multiple points across
the opening.
Perforated ceilings
Measurements are generally only possible by pitot traverse in the
connecting duct. Hoods may be practicable on single, perforated ceiling

tile diffusers.
High pressure terminals

Flow from most high pressure terminals can be measured in terms of
the operating static pressure using manufacturers’ data. The most suitable
instrument is the pitot tube using the end probe (normally total pressure)
inserted into the nozzle. In induction units, the flexible tube from the
gauge can be held immediately over one of the nozzles. This will read
the pressure in the plenum box. Pressure in the connecting duct to high
pressure terminals can be read from duct static pressure tappings.
Fan coil units

Where fresh air is directly ducted to a fan coil unit or plenum box, it is
essential that the fan coil unit is running whilst the fresh air system is being
balanced.
The flow rate of air being supplied by each fan coil unit can be determined
in one of the following ways:
• pitot traverse of discharge ductwork
• anemometer scan of the fan coil unit inlet filter
• summation of flows from secondary distribution terminals as
measured using a flow capture hood
In practice, the majority of applications will require the secondary

distribution (i.e. feeding to the terminals) to be proportionally balanced.
Flow capture hoods can be used to balance flows from terminals. Final
flow rates should be corrected by means of a correction factor derived by
comparing the pitot traverse of a single terminal duct connection with its
equivalent hood measurement as described in section 6.3.
It is most important that the seating of plenum boxes on linear diffusers is

checked as leakage can lead to major reading errors and have a detrimental
effect on the space conditions.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
COMMISSIONING PROCEDURES 7
7 COMMISSIONING PROCEDURES
The commissioning specialist can only organise and plan their activities
from the time of their appointment. On a well-considered project, they
will be called upon to respond to the requirements of a commissioning
specification.
7.1 ORGANISATION Commissioning specialists will need to prepare for commissioning by

AND PLANNING
obtaining all the relevant information about the system, and carrying out
their own pre-commissioning checks on the completed system. They will
need to:
• Establish and agree channels of communication and liaison
procedures with all relevant parties connected with the contract, for
example the architect, services engineer, installer and the controls
manufacturer.
• Obtain the final installation report from the installer, certifying that
the system is complete.
• Obtain and study the parts of the specification and all other
documentation against which the commissioning service has been
quoted.
• Obtain and study the system schematic drawings, check that the
information is complete and check that sufficient flow measurement
points have been included.
• Obtain and study the latest installation drawings, and identify
potential difficulties in accessing dampers or flow measurement
points.
• Obtain and study the wiring diagrams for all the electrical supply
and control equipment associated with the air distribution systems,
including motor control circuit details and interlock arrangements.
• Obtain the manufacturers’ setting-to-work, operating and
maintenance instructions for all the air distribution system
components and associated electrical equipment.
• Prepare pro-forma test sheets, filling in design and manufacturers’
data where appropriate.
• Examine on site the basic system operating features relevant to
commissioning. A pre-commissioning checklist should be employed,
an example of which is included in section 9.1.
• Obtain from the installers a programme of work for the installation’s
completion if it is found to be incomplete or to require remedial
work.
• Obtain from the designer the latest “description of operation” and
ensure that the proposed commissioning methodology will achieve
the intended system operation under all stated operating modes.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Pre-commissioning
The purpose of pre-commissioning is to ensure that the system is
complete and in a satisfactory and safe condition to set to work.
Pre-commissioning is normally the responsibility of the installer. On large
complicated projects, it may be advantageous to involve the commissioning
specialist in pre-commissioning checking procedures.
Pre-commissioning advances the installation to the point of static

completion where it is ready and safe to set to work. The process

constitutes those activities described in preceding sections 4.8 and 4.9.
Verification of pre-commissioning
Checking that the pre-commissioning has been effectively completed is
of vital importance if the setting to work and balancing is to proceed to
programme.
It is therefore strongly recommended that the pre-commissioning checks

should be conducted by, or under the supervision of, the commissioning
specialist, who will be responsible for the balancing of the systems.
A record is required to confirm that pre-commissioning has been
completed. A pre-commissioning checklist is included in section 9.1.
7.2 SETTING TO WORK Simple plant items may be set to work by the project engineer and
commissioning specialist. The electrical sub-contractor, controls specialist
or manufacturer need only be involved if problems are found in their
respective areas.
Specialist plant or any items delivered in parts and assembled on site may
require the attendance of the manufacturer. Such items would only be set
to work following thorough electrical and controls interlock checks and
the establishment of satisfactory fluid flow rates.
A setting to work checklist pro-forma is included in section 9.1. Careful

pre-commissioning and defect clearance should have removed the majority
of problems that cause delay, but particular attention should still be paid to
the careful checking of the following:
• direction of fan rotation;
• absorbed current against full load current;
• star/delta run-up time;
• vibration;
• noise;
• bearing temperature;
• belt tension and alignment.
Should any of the above readings or observations be outside the design

or normally acceptable criteria, the cause should be investigated and
eliminated before proceeding to the balancing.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Immediately following the setting to work, the controls specialist should

bring the controls system to the state where all control valves and
automatic dampers can be manually controlled by the commissioning
specialist.
Pre-regulation checks
Pre-regulation checks should be carried out by the commissioning
specialist to satisfy themselves that the system is ready for flow regulation/
balancing.
7.3 REGULATION The method of regulation and balancing depends on the type of system to
METHOD AND
SYSTEM TYPE
be regulated. There are three principal types:
• low velocity systems
• Constant Air Volume (CAV) systems
• Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems.
Example commissioning methodologies for each of these system types

are provided in section 8 of this guide. The main characteristics of each
system and suitable regulation methods are described in the following sub-
sections.
Low velocity systems

A low velocity system distributes air by means of a branched ductwork
system in which each branch incorporates a manually adjustable volume
control damper. The only practicable way to balance and regulate low
velocity systems is by the systematic application of the proportional
balancing technique as described in section 7.4.
Constant Air Volume (CAV) systems

At points where the air is to be distributed to the occupied spaces, constant
volume dampers (as described in section 3.1) reduce the air pressure from
high/medium to low and have an inbuilt facility for delivering a constant
specified amount of air unaffected by a varying range of pressures at the
inlet to the box. Final air distribution to terminals is by a normal low
velocity system.
Constant volume dampers operate within a specified differential pressure

range. They are usually factory-set to deliver a constant specified flow rate
as long as the pressure drop across the box is within the specified range.
The main task in setting up the system is therefore to check that every
damper has a pressure drop across it that is within the minimum and
maximum values specified by the manufacturer, and that it delivers the
specified flow rate. Total, branch and box flow rates are measured by pitot
traverse to check the box performance. Fan speeds are adjusted in order
to ensure that the minimum necessary static pressure is present at the inlet
to each unit or to reduce the pressure if unduly high. Flows from the low
velocity sides of constant volume dampers are measured and (if feeding to
multiple terminals) balanced by the proportional balancing technique.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems

Pressure dependent and pressure independent VAV units are described in
section 2.5. To function properly, both types require a specified pressure
differential across them (and consequently, a minimum inlet static pressure)
as recommended by the manufacturer.
The main task in setting up a VAV system is therefore to check that every
VAV unit has a pressure drop that is within the minimum and maximum
values specified by the manufacturer, and that it achieves the specified flow
rate. Total, branch and unit flow rates can be measured by pitot traverse
in connecting ducts. Fan speeds can be adjusted in order to ensure the
minimum necessary static pressure is present at the inlet of each unit or to
reduce the pressure if unduly high. Flows from the low velocity sides of
VAV units are measured and (if feeding to multiple terminals) balanced by
the proportional balancing technique.
7.4 PROPORTIONAL The technique of proportional balancing is accepted as the most

BALANCING
appropriate method of effectively regulating distribution systems. The aim
of proportional balancing is to achieve flow rate values in each duct branch
that are within acceptable tolerance limits of the specified design flow rate.
Successful application of the technique depends on sufficient regulating

devices being suitably positioned in the ductwork. The balancing
procedure and the underlying basic principles described in this section
assume that such devices have been installed in all ductwork branches in
which flows are to be balanced.
Index terminal and index branch

The index terminal is the terminal which has the highest pressure drop
when supplied with its design flow rate and consequently, with the system
in an unbalanced condition, receives the lowest percentage of its specified
design flow rate value. The path from the fan to the index terminal
should have no regulated dampers.
The index terminal will define the index branch.
For each group of branches to be balanced, there will be an index branch.

In most cases the index will be the most remote branch (i.e. the one at
the end of the run) because this incurs the longest duct run and the most
resistance to flow. However, it may sometimes be the case that the index
branch is in the middle of the run, especially if one of the branches serves
a particularly long duct run or serves a high resistance terminal. The reason
for identifying the index branch at the outset is that for the proportional
balancing procedure to work, it is essential that balancing is conducted
working away from the index.
Once established, an index branch is known as such throughout the

balancing process. At the end of the process, the index branch should
always have a fully open regulating damper.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
The balancing process

Consider a branch duct as shown in Figure 18 serving several terminals.
The flow rate through each terminal represents a certain proportion of
the total flow in the branch. Unless the terminal regulating dampers are
altered, these proportions will remain approximately the same, whatever
the total flow rate in the duct.
To balance one terminal flow against another, it is therefore necessary to

adjust the regulating dampers so that the terminals share the flow in the
correct proportions. It does not matter what the actual flow rate is at the
time this balancing process takes place. When the main flow from the fan is
regulated to its design value, each terminal should then be passing close to
its correct design flow rate since each has been set to take its appropriate
share of the total.
Figure 18: The basis of proportional balancing
Before balancing
Design 1.25m3/s
Actual 1.13m3/s
% 90 Design 0.25m3/s 0.25m3/s 0.25m3/s 0.25m3/s 0.25m3/s
Actual 0.31m3/s 0.27m3/s 0.23m3/s 0.18m3/s 0.14m3/s
% 124 108 92 72 60
After balancing
Design 1.25 m3/s

Actual 1.13 m3/s
% 90 Design 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s
Actual 0.23 m3/s 0.23 m3/s 0.23 m3/s 0.23 m3/s 0.23 m3/s
% 90 90 90 90 90
After flow regulation
Design 0.25 m3/s

Actual 1.25 m3/s
% 100 Design 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s
Actual 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s 0.25 m3/s
% 100 100 100 100 100
In order to be successful, proportional balancing should be undertaken

following a standard procedure. This involves initially identifying the index
branch and then adjusting the flows through other branches until their
measured flow rates, expressed as a percentage of their specified design
flow rates, are approximately equal to that at the index. In other words the
aim is to achieve approximately the same “percentage of design flow rate”
(%DFR) value for each branch. It is important to start the process at the
branch closest to the index and then to work away from the index. Since
the index is usually the branch that is furthest from the fan this will involve
starting near the end branch and working back towards the fan. At the end
of the exercise all ducts between the fan and the system index terminal
should have fully open dampers.
A more detailed methodology for proportional balancing, as applied to an

example system is provided in section 8.1.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
8 EXAMPLE METHODOLOGIES
The following sections provide generalised methodologies applicable

to different systems. Specific method statements should take account of
particular circumstances.
8.1 PROPORTIONAL Figure 19 shows a typical air distribution system with manually operated
BALANCING volume control dampers (VCDs).
WITH VOLUME
CONTROL
DAMPERS One of the flow measurement techniques described in section 6 should
be employed. If flow capture hoods are used for balancing terminal flows,
suitable correction factors for flow measurements should be determined
in advance by comparing the measured flow through the hood with that
measured in the same duct by pitot traverse. Each diffuser or grille type
will require its own correction factor.
Figure 19: Duct system with manually operated VCDs
Not required if fan is Manually operated volume

variable speed control damper (VCD)
A B C
Fan
A1 B1 C1
A2 B2 C2
A3 B3 C3
A4 B4 C4
A5 B5 C5
The balancing procedure for such a system is as follows:
Fan checks
1. Open all duct and terminal branch dampers. Set the diffuser cones to
give full downward discharge and set adjustable grille louvres at right
angles to the grille face. Open central plant dampers to full fresh air or,
alternatively, to maximum recirculation.
2. Start up the supply fan. Increase the supply fan speed until its
projected maximum duty is reached i.e. 110% of the design value.
Monitor the motor current, fan speed and discharge duct pressure for
safe operation throughout this exercise.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
EXAMPLE METHODOLOGIES 8
3. Measure the total flow rate at the fan by a duct pitot traverse, and
also the fan static pressure differential. Plot this operating point on the
manufacturer’s fan curve. Confirm that the point measured lies on a
stable part of the published fan curve proving that the fan will deliver
a flow greater than the specified total design flow rate.
4. Carry out steps 1-3 for the return air fan.
5. Walk round the system checking that air is flowing from each supply
terminal or being extracted from each extract point. Investigate any
dead terminals or branches.
Proportional balancing of supply systems

First, each group of terminal branches should be balanced. The order in
which the groups are balanced is not important.
Figure 20: Terminal branches with VCDs
C2/1
C2/2 C2/3 C2/4 C2/5 C2/6
C2
Figure 20 shows the damper locations in the branch C2 taken from

Figure 19. The procedure for proportional balancing of flows between the
terminals is as follows:
6. Adjust the fan speed, or throttle dampers elsewhere in the system
until the flow rate to branch C2 (as measured in the duct adjacent to
damper C2/1) is approximately 110% of its specified design flow rate.
7. Measure the flow rates from each of the terminals to be balanced i.e.
terminals C2/2 to C2/6. Check that the measured flows summate
to the total flow measured in the connecting branch. If there is a
significant difference (e.g. greater than ±10%), check the accuracy of
the flow measurements, and any corrections factors being used. Also
investigate the possibility of duct leakage.
8. Record the measured flow rates from terminals as percentages of
their specified design flow rates (%DFRs). If the initial values are
significantly far apart, it may be decided to carry out a coarse balance
of the branches by throttling those with the highest %DFR values
to bring them within -0% to +30% of their design values. If, during
this process, the flow in the connecting branch drops below 110% of
design, adjust damper C2/1 until 110% is re-established.
9. Identify the branch with the lowest %DFR value. This will be the
index branch. Although the index branch is usually the one at the
end (i.e. furthest from the fan) this is not always the case.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
10. If the index is not the branch located furthest from the fan, there are
two options for achieving a balance:
a. Adjust the damper at the end terminal (furthest from the fan) until
it is the least favoured (i.e. create an artificial index). Then balance
the system working away from this index e.g. if C5/4 is the index,
then adjust the damper on C5/6 until its %DFR is equal to that at
C5/4. Then balance C5/5, C5/4 and C5/3 and C5/2 in turn.
b. Balance the system working away from the index branch, first
towards the most remote branch then towards those branches closer
to the fan e.g. if C5/4 is the index, then balance flows to terminals
C5/5 followed by C5/6 before returning to balance C5/3 and
C5/2.
11. To balance the flow to a particular branch, measure the %DFR in the
branch and compare with the %DFR in the index (or artificial index).
Adjust the damper until the two %DFR values are the same. Note: It
is an important principle that for each group of branches balanced, the
damper in the index branch remains fully open on completion of the
balancing process.
12. Record all flow rates indicating any correction factors attributed to
flow hoods and terminal grilles. Check that the summated terminal
flow rates are approximately equal to the total flow rate in the
connecting branch duct.
13. After flow rates to each group of terminals have been brought into
balance, bring flow rates to the connecting branches serving the
terminals (e.g. branches A1-A5, B1-B5 and C1-C5 in Figure 19) into
balance using the same technique as for the terminal branches.
Note: An essential principle in proportional balancing is to achieve a balanced
system with the least amount of resistance added to the branches and sub-
branches serving the system index terminal. All regulating dampers in these
ducts should remain fully open at the end of the exercise.
14. Take an initial pitot traverse flow measurement for each duct branch
in order to establish which one is the index branch. Subsequent flow
measurements in each branch during the balancing process can be
simplified by one of the following methods:
a. If the test holes for pitot traverses are located in accordance with
the recommendations of this guide, and a centre point reading of
static pressure is reasonable (i.e. measureable), then, using the square
law relationship between static pressure and flow rate, the flow rates
can be simply adjusted using static pressure measurements.
b. If the branches are small and each serve a similar pattern of
terminals, then flows can be measured at a single representative
terminal on each branch and these flows used to obtain a flow rate
value that is in proportion with the total flow in the connecting
duct.
Note: the two techniques described above should be used with great caution and
used only during the initial proportional balancing stages. Final proof of the
balance should be obtained by pitot traverse flow measurements.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Proportional balancing of return system

15. Repeat the proportional balancing exercise described above for the
return system.
Final correlation
16. When the entire duct network is balanced, measure the total flow
rate in the main duct from the supply fan using a pitot tube and
micromanometer. If the flow rate is higher than the design value,
reduce the fan speed until the design flow rate is achieved within an
acceptable tolerance as recommended in section 2.6.
17. If, with the fan running at maximum speed, the flow rate is less than
the design value, this indicates a fault in the installation of equipment
or an underestimate of system resistance in the design.
18. Repeat steps 16 and 17 for the extract fan.
19. Finally, re-check all branch, sub-branch and terminal %DFR values. If
a section is shown to be out of balance, previously regulated dampers
can be fine-tuned, provided that flow rates in adjacent sections are not
changed beyond the tolerance limits.
20. Once all fine tuning has been completed, make a final record of the
balanced system flow rates and terminals. This will be confirmation of
a successful proportional balance within allowable tolerances.
21. Lock and mark all dampers in their regulated positions.
22. Prepare a final record of the balanced system flow rates. This will be
confirmation of a successful balance within allowable tolerances.
23. Measure and record the operating characteristics of the supply and
extract fans or AHUs. This should include a pressure profile, which
is a diagram showing the changes in pressure across components of
an AHU, with as many points of measurement as possible. Enter the
recorded details on “fan performance” and “pressure profile” test sheets
such as those included in section 9.1.
Note: from this data the specific fan power may be calculated for verification of
compliance with Building Regulations as explained in section 2.3.
24. If the air handling unit has automatically operated components (e.g.
fresh air mixing, free-cooling modes) then the system’s performance
under specified operating modes should be recorded and confirmed
within acceptable tolerances.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
8.2 SYSTEMS WITH Figure 21 shows a ductwork layout with constant volume dampers in
CONSTANT terminal branches.
VOLUME
DAMPERS
(CVDS) One of the flow measurement techniques described in section 6 should
be employed. If flow capture hoods are used to measure terminal branch
flow rates, suitable correction factors for flow measurements should be
determined in advance by comparing the measured flow through the hood
with that measured in the same duct by pitot traverse. Each alternative
diffuser or grille type will require its own correction factor.
Figure 21: Constant flow system with CVDs

Not required if fan is Manually operated volume
Constant volume damper (CVD)
variable speed control damper (VCD)
A B C
Fan
A1 B1 C1
A2 B2 C2
A3 B3 C3
A4 B4 C4
A5 B5 C5
The commissioning procedure for such a system is as follows:
Fan checks
1. Where fitted, open all duct and terminal branch volume control
dampers. Set the diffuser cones to give full downward discharge and
set adjustable grille louvres at right angles to the grille face. Open
central plant dampers to full fresh air or, alternatively, to maximum
recirculation.
2. Pre-set all CVDs to their set-point design flow rate values. (This
may already have been completed as part of the pre-commissioning
exercise.)
also the fan static pressure differential. Plot this operating point on the

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
stable part of the published fan curve proving that the fan will deliver
a flow greater than the specified total design flow rate.
5. Carry out steps 1-4 for the return air fan.
6. Walk round the system checking that air is flowing from each supply
terminal or being extracted from each extract point. Investigate any
dead terminals or branches.
Supply system
7. Measure the differential pressure across the CVD located in the index
branch. This is likely to be the damper located furthest from the fan
e.g. the last branch from C5 in Figure 21.
8. Adjust the fan speed until the measured pressure differential across the
index CVD is equal to the manufacturer’s recommended minimum
operating value.
Note: If this cannot be achieved with the fan operating at maximum speed, this
is indicative of either excess resistance in the system or fan under-sizing and
should be investigated.
9. Measure the differential pressure across the CVD closest to the fan
i.e. located in the first branch of A1 in Figure 21. Check that the
measured differential pressure does not exceed the manufacturer’s
recommended maximum value for the damper.
Note: if the maximum differential pressure value is exceeded, it will be
necessary to carry out a proportional balance of the main branch dampers A,
B and C in Figure 21 in order to reduce the pressure differentials at constant
volume dampers.
10. In the case of CVDs with secondary distribution to terminals each
with their own manually operated volume control damper, secondary
flows should be proportionally balanced following the methodology
outlined in section 8.1. Where multiple grilles or diffusers are
connected to the outlet from a VAV unit, proportionally balance
the flows between the terminals following the principles previously
outlined in section 8.1.
11. To prove the accuracy of CVD flow settings, adopt one of the
following methods:
a. Measure flows from terminals by means of flow capture hoods or
anemometer scans using previously calculated correction factors
where necessary. Confirm that the measured values are within an
acceptable tolerance limit of the damper flow setting. If the values
do not match, investigate the cause and re-check the results using
option b below.
b. Measure the total flow rates in the main connecting ducts (e.g. in
branches A1-A5, B1-B5, C1-C5 in Figure 21) by pitot traverse.
Confirm that the values measured are within acceptable tolerance
limits of their summated downstream damper flow settings. If the
values do not match, investigate the cause and, if necessary, report
to the designer.
c. If fitted, check the flow rates by means of flow measurement grids
inside the CVD units.
© BSRIA BG 49/2015
12. Record all CVD unit details including size, model, unique references,
operating pressures, maximum flow rates, kv values and settings.
Extract system
13. If CVDs are installed in the extract system, balance flow rates in the
same way as described for the supply system. If manually operated
VCDs are installed, balance the extract system following the
methodology outlined in section 8.1.
Final correlation
14. When the entire supply duct network is balanced, measure the total
flow rate in the main duct from the supply fan using a pitot tube and
micromanometer. If the flow rate is higher than the design value,
reduce the fan speed until the design flow rate is achieved within
an acceptable tolerance. At this point the index CVD should retain
control of the air flow whilst being as open as possible but not fully
open, and still within the differential pressure range specified by the
manufacturer.
Note: An essential principle in regulating a system with CVDs is to achieve
control of flow rates at CVDs with the least amount of resistance added to the
overall system (i.e. the “index” route through the system should have fully
open branch and sub-branch dampers).The fan should be at its minimum
possible speed, that being the minimum required to generate sufficient
differential pressure at the index CVD.
15. If, with the fan running at maximum speed, the flow rate is less than
the design value, this indicates a fault in the installation of equipment
or an underestimate of system resistance in the design.
16. If applicable, measure the static pressure at the control sensor (usually
located approximately two thirds of the way between the fan and the
index terminal unit). Set the control system to automatically control
the fan speed so as to maintain the measured value at the sensor.
17. Repeat steps 14 and 15 for the extract fan.
18. Lock and mark all dampers in their regulated positions.
19. Prepare a final record of the balanced system flow rates. This will be
confirmation of a successful balance within allowable tolerances.
extract fans or AHUs. This should include a pressure profile with as
many points of measurement as possible. Enter the recorded details
on “fan performance” and “pressure profile” test sheets such as those
included in section 9.1.
21. If the air handling unit has automatically operated components (e.g.
fresh air mixing, free-cooling modes) then the system’s performance
under specified operating modes should be recorded and confirmed
within acceptable tolerances.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
8.3 COMMISSIONING The following procedure takes into account both pressure dependent and
OF VARIABLE AIR
VOLUME SYSTEMS pressure independent VAV units, as described in section 2.5 of this guide.
(VAVS) The commissioning method also should take into account any diversity
pattern specified by the designer as explained in section 2.5.
Figure 22 shows a ductwork layout with VAV units feeding multiple

terminal branches, each fitted with a manually operated volume control
damper.
The main fan speed is typically varied such that a constant static pressure
is maintained at a pressure sensor located approximately two thirds of the
way along the index branch or as decided by the designer. In some cases
multiple sensors are provided so that the control point can be varied. The
maintained static pressure allows each VAV unit to maintain the required
downstream pressure, thus maintaining the required terminal flow rates.
It is good practice to undertake the testing programme for the system in

one sequential exercise. However at the request of the installer/designer
and with the agreement of the commissioning specialist this testing may be
undertaken on a floor-by-floor or zone-by-zone basis.
Before starting the procedure, reference should be made to the VAV unit
manufacturer’s commissioning information.
Figure 22: Variable Air Volume (VAV) system
Only required if maximum

permissible static pressure at Volume control damper VAV unit Static pressure sensor
VAV units is exceeded
Fan
A1 B1 C1
A2 B2 C2
A3 B3 C3
A4 B4 C4
A5 B5 C5

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Fan checks
1. Where fitted, open all manually operated volume control dampers
located in main ducts or terminal branches. Set the terminal diffuser
cones to give full downward discharge and set adjustable grille louvres
at right angles to the grille face. Open plant dampers to full fresh air
or, alternatively, to maximum recirculation. Set VAV unit controllers to
their design set-point flow values and establish control from the BMS.
2. Using the BMS, open a sufficient number of VAV unit dampers to
simulate the anticipated maximum flow condition. Where the design

includes allowance for diversity, only open a sufficient number of VAV
unit dampers to achieve the maximum anticipated flow condition.
also the fan pressure differential. Plot this operating point on the
stable part of the published fan curve proving that the fan will deliver a
flow rate greater than the specified total design flow rate.
5. Start up the return air fan. Increase the return fan speed until its
6. Measure the total flow rate at the extract fan by a duct pitot traverse,
and also the fan pressure differential. Confirm that the point measured
lies on a stable part of the published fan curve proving that the fan will
deliver a flow greater than the specified total design flow rate.
Supply ducts and VAV units

7. Carry out any functional tests required on VAV units. Confirm that
the maximum and minimum flow rate settings for each unit have been
programmed into the controls and comply with the specified design
values.
8. Operate both supply and return fans simultaneously to avoid
unbalanced pressurisation of the system.
9. Set a sufficient number of VAV units to operate at their maximum
flow rate settings so as to simulate the anticipated maximum flow
condition. If a diversity factor has been applied to the system, then
this should be taken into account, requiring that some of the VAV
units will need to be closed or at their minimum flow rates whilst
others are at maximum flow. The designer should advise on the
maximum load diversity pattern.
10. Measure the differential pressure across the index unit. This is likely
to be the unit located furthest from the fan i.e. the unit at the end of
branch C5 in Figure 22.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
11. Reduce the fan speed until the pressure differential across the index
unit is approximately equal to the manufacturer’s recommended
minimum differential pressure value.
12. Measure the static pressure at the pressure sensor provided for fan
speed control (e.g. as shown between branches C2 and C3 in Figure
22). Set the fan speed controller to maintain the pressure at the sensor
constant at its measured value. During subsequent steps ensure that
the static pressure set-point value is maintained. This may involve
shutting off the dampers in some VAV units whilst others are opened
so that the diversified maximum flow rate is not exceeded.
13. For each VAV unit connected to the system, measure the flow rates at
the maximum and minimum flow rate settings to confirm that set-
point values are being achieved. This can be confirmed using one of
the following methods:
a. Where provided, use the flow measurement facility in the VAV unit,
if necessary using the manufacturer’s flow calibration data.
b. Measure the flow rate in the upstream duct by pitot traverse. Where
duct pitot traverse is not feasible, measure flow rates at the main
branches or grilles and diffusers connected to the unit and summate
to provide an inferred flow rate value.
14. Check the performance of the fans in fan assisted VAV units when
operating at both minimum and maximum flow settings. For series
fan units, this will involve measuring the unit discharge flow rate. For
parallel fan units, this will involve measuring the recirculation flow
rate. In each case, the flow rate measured should comply with the
manufacturer’s recommended value.
15. Where multiple grilles or diffusers are connected to the outlet from
a VAV unit, proportionally balance the flows between the terminals
following the principles outlined in section 8.1. This should be
carried out immediately after testing/checking of the parent VAV
unit. Confirm that the measured flow rates summate to the flow rate
recorded at the unit.
16. Measure the static pressures in the main branch ducts feeding to the
VAV units closest to the fan. Check that the recorded values do not
exceed duct static pressure limits or the VAV unit manufacturer’s
recommended inlet pressure.
17. Repeat the above procedure for all supply branches. If there are
significant differences in static pressures between different supply
branches, then if fitted, volume control dampers can be adjusted to
provide a more uniform balance of pressures.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Supply fan control

18. If a diversity factor has been applied, then this should be taken into
account when setting the supply fan. This will require that some of
the VAV units are closed or at their minimum flows whilst others are
at maximum flow to simulate the load. The designer should specify
how diversity is to be achieved.
19. When all VAV units have been validated, measure the total flow in
the main duct from the supply fan using a pitot tube and micro-
manometer. Adjust the pressure sensor set-point value until the index
VAV unit is controlling at the minimum differential pressure value
recommended by the manufacturer. At this point the index VAV unit
should retain control of the air flow whilst being as open as possible
but not fully open, and still within the control range specified by the
manufacturer.
Note: An essential principle in regulating a variable air volume system is to
achieve control of flow rates at VAV units with the least amount of resistance
added to the overall system (i.e. the “index” route through the system should
ideally have fully open branch and sub-branch dampers).The fan should be
at its minimum possible speed, that being the minimum required to generate
sufficient differential pressure at the index VAV unit.
Return air fan checks

The return air will normally be a low velocity system with an air flow
rate about 15% less than for the supply system. The commissioning of the
return air system should take place after that of the supply system.
20. Check that all the dampers are open. Run the return air fan at 110%
of the maximum design duty.
21. If the return air system is fitted with VAV extract terminals with
a return fan flow controller, then this configuration should be
commissioned in the same way as for the supply system including the
checking of any interlocking mechanisms between supply and return
terminal units. If manually operated VCDs are installed, proportionally
balance the flows following the procedure given in section 8.1.
Fresh air/recirculation/exhaust air dampers
22. Functionally check the operation of the damper units and their
control mechanisms.
23. Check that the minimum fresh air supply is achieved when the supply
and return fans are running at both maximum and minimum duties
when the dampers are set for maximum recirculation. The fresh air
flow rate should be measured as for a branch duct.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Completion
24. Check the operation of the tracking system (or volume control
system) for the control of the duty of the return air fan. This should
be done with the supply fan duty varied from maximum to minimum.
Ensure that the return fan duty follows the specified sequence of
the supply fan and that areas of the building are not under or over
pressurised.
25. Record the control value for the pressure sensor and co-ordinate with
the BMS supplier (or other parties).

26. Return all control settings to specified values, and the system to its
normal operating status.
27. Where applicable, lock and mark all dampers in their regulated
positions.
28. Prepare a final record of the balanced system maximum flow rates.
This will be confirmation of a successful balance within allowable
tolerances.
extract fans under the maximum flow condition. Enter the recorded
details on a “fan performance test sheet” such as that included in
section 9.1.
30. If the air handling unit has automatically operated components
(e.g. fresh air mixing, free-cooling modes etc.) then the system’s
performance under specified operating modes should be recorded and
confirmed within acceptable tolerances.
31. Record all VAV unit details including size, model, unique references,
operating pressures, maximum and minimum flow rates, kv values and
settings.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
9 DOCUMENTATION
9 DOCUMENTATION
An essential part of each report is the completed pro-forma checklists

utilised as aide-memoires for both implementation and supervision.
Potential disputes will be minimised substantially if report forms, including
the use of pro-formas, can be agreed as early as possible.
Commissioning specialists adopt their own test sheets to suit individual

projects. The example sheets included in this guide are indicative.
9.1 EXAMPLE The use of pro-formas can save time both in executing the necessary tasks
PRO-FORMAS and in providing an effective vehicle through which anomalies and/or
deficiencies may be communicated to other parties. Well thought out pro-
formas can:
• aid the efficient execution of the commissioning tasks
• help control the quality and progress of the commissioning tasks
• provide a convenient means of comparing test results with design
values
• serve as a permanent record of commissioning data to be included in
the building log book and maintenance manuals.
The following example pro-formas are provided in the following pages:

1. Design information checklist
2. Final inspection checklist
3. Pre-commissioning checklist
4. Co-ordination checklist
5. Setting-to-work checklist
6. Fan performance test sheet
7. Terminal summary
8. Duct traverse summary
The pro-forma checklists in this section are available as an editable Excel

workbook. These can be used on projects, and can be edited or altered by
the user to suit the needs of their projects.
The workbook is attached to the pdf of this publication and can also be
downloaded from www.bsria.co.uk/goto/cas.

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
DOCUMENTATION 9
1. AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – DESIGN INFORMATION CHECKLIST
Client:
Project:
System:
Check that the design documentation includes: P /! Comments / Follow-up references

System information
1. Description of system operation 1.

2. Drawing showing air distribution system layout 2.
3. Numbering system for all main ducts and terminals 3.
4. Location of dampers and flow measuring positions 4.
5. Fan characteristic curves for each fan duty 5.
6. Controls schematic and description of operation 6.
Schematic drawings incorporating:
Volumetric flow rates and cross sectional areas at:
7. * supply fan
7.
8. * extract fan
8.
9. * air handling units
9.
10. * main ducts
10.
11. * branch ducts
11.
12. * sub-branches
12.
Static pressure loss:
13. * filters 13.

14. * terminals 14.
15. * cooling batteries 15.
16. * heating batteries 16.
17. * air washers 17.
18. * silencers 18.
Wiring diagrams covering
19. System 19.
20. Method of operation 20.
21. Fans 21.
22. Controls 22.
23. Interlock arrangements 23.
24. Fuse ratings 24.
25. Design times for staged starting and motor run up control 25.
26. Voltages for electrostatic filters 26.
27. Design times for staged starting and motor run up control 27.
28. Design values for reduced voltage starting or speed control 28.
Filters
29. * Identity of filter media 29.
30. * Tolerances on air velocity distribution across electrostatic filters 30.
Fans
31. * Clearances for fan impeller 31.
32. Static deflection at vibration mountings 32.
33. Grade of lubricant for fan and fan motor bearings 33.
Date: Engineer: Approved by: Sheet:
* These items will sometimes be the installer’s responsibility

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
9 DOCUMENTATION
2. AIR DISTRIBUTIO N SYSTEM – FINAL INSPECTION CHECKLIST

Client:
Project:
System:
Check that: P/! Comments / Follow-up references

Major plant, intermediate heat exchangers and space terminal units are
installed in accordance with the specification and manufacturers ’
instructions
1. Air handling units 1.
2. Fans 2.
3. Ductwork 3.
4. Dampers 4.
5. Filter units 5.
6. Terminals 6.
7. Fire dampers 7.
8. Controls (These need only be completed in so far as 8.
they affect the mutual process of regulation
i.e. that they are correctly fitted ‘in link’)
9. There is adequate access to fans, dampers, filters, etc. 9.

10. Air leakage tests completed 10.
11. Local isolation of motor and control circuits is provided and 11.
operational
12. No unshrouded live components exist in the control panels 12.
13. Panels and switchgear are clean and undamaged 13.
14. Transit packing is removed from equipment 14.
15. Connections are tight on busbars and wiring 15.
16. Power and control wiring is complete and in accordance 16.
with circuit diagrams
17. Fuse rating correct 17.
18. Mechanical checks on fans complete 18.
19. Internal links on starters correct 19.
20. Starter overloads correctly set 20.
21. Dashpots correctly charged; time adjustments and levels identical 21.
22. Adjustable thermal cut-outs correctly set 22.
23. All cover plates fitted 23.
24. Declared voltage available on each phase 24.
25. Control circuit logic and starter operation is tested before 25.
motor is rotated
26. Operation of direct-on-line starters and simple control 26.
circuits is correct at the initial start-up
GENERAL COMMENTS

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
DOCUMENTATION 9
3. AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – PRE-COMMISSIONING CHECKLIST

Client:
Project:
System:
With electrical supply isolated, check that: P/! Comments / Follow-up references
Ductwork / System
1. All system components installed and correct as contract drawings 1.

2. Volume control dampers operate and are in the open position. 2.
Diffusers set to final positions
3. Fire dampers open 3.
4. All automatic dampers at initial setting (Inclusive of all 4.
components, including any bypass, i.e. Fresh air, Plate heat
exchangers, cooling coil bypass etc.)
5. Intake louvers, diffusers, grilles and louvers fitted, clean and free 5.
from obstruction
6. All access doors installed, sealed and secure 6.
7. Fan / Chamber / Air Handling Unit / Ductwork system internally 7.
clean
8. Air filters installed and clean (HEPA type filters to be advised) 8.
9. Air leakage tests completed with all test blanks removed 9.
10. Fan / AHU / Coil drains and traps complete 10.
11. Suitable commissioning test poin t positions available and accessible 11.
Electrical and Controls
12. Wiring system complete and tested (Inclusive of final connections) 12.
13. All applicable electrical panels point checked including safety circuits 13.
e.g. frost stat
14. Motor insulation tests complete 14.
15. Fitted fuse ratings, overloads correct and set 15.
16. Power, starter and control circuits correct 16.
17. Power available for main plant 17.
18. Inverters commissioned and protection settings inputted 18.
19. Power available for Distribution equipment (e.g. Motorised 19.
dampers, VAVs, CAVs etc.)
20. Control wiring for distribution control complete and tested (e.g. 20.
Motorised dampers, VAVs/CAVs etc.)
21. Controls point checked for distribution controls (Motorised 21.
dampers, VAVs / CAVs etc. can be driven to required positions)
Motor / Fans
22. Direction of rotation of fan/motor shafts correct 22.
23. Fans / motors lubricated and rotate freely 23.
24. Motor / Fans installation aligned, correct drives fitted, aligned and 24.
tensioned
25. Fan / Drive guards fitted and unit lockable 25.
26. Fan anti-vibration mountings removed and flexible connections 26.
fitted correctly
Building Fabric
27. Building suitably complete, dust free, doors and windows fitted 27.
(keys available)
28. Access available to commissioning items and suitable test positions 28.
(access hatches, removable ceilings etc.)
29. Any builders shafts, floor plenums are complete to contract 29.
standard and sealed
30. Correct size/position of recirc./ transfer openings 30.
31. Plant rooms, chambers and all areas clean 31.
GENERAL COMMENTS

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
9 DOCUMENTATION
4. AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – CO-ORDINATION CHECKLIST

Client:
Project:
System:
Item Report sheet Checked Approved Witnessed

references (Date) (Date) (Date)
Essential design information
Manufacturers’ essential data

Manufacturers’ off- site tests
Pressure/leakage tests
Continuous installation inspections
Final installation inspections
System cleanliness inspections
Pre-commissioning inspections
Setting-to-work of fans
System regulation
GENERAL COMMENTS

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
DOCUMENTATION 9
5. AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – SETTING-TO -WORK CHECKLIST

Client:
Project:
System:
Check that: P/! Comments / Follow - up references
Prior to fan start

1. All branch regulating dampers open 1.

2. Fan main damper 50% open 2.
3. All fire dampers open 3.
4. Automatic control dampers set for full fresh air or full recirculation 4.
5. Grille louvres set square to face 5.
6. Ceiling diffuser cones set for full downward 6.
7. Supply and extract fans running at same time 7.
8. All windows and doors in the building closed 8.
9. Installer ready to start system 9.
Initial start
10. Direction and rotation speed of motor shaft is correct 10.
11. Motor, fan and drive are free from vibration and undue noise 11.
12. Motor starting current is correct for sequence timing adjustments 12.
13. Motor running current is balanced between phases 13.
14. There is no sparking at the commutator or slip rings 14.
15. Motor and bearings are not ove rheating and water coolant is adequate 15.
16. There is no seepage of lubricant from the housing 16.
17. Reduced speed and motor running currents are correct on multi - 17.
speed motors
Initial run
18. Fuses, switchgear and motor are not overstressed 18.
19. Motor current reaches design value or full load current, whichever is 19.
the lower
20. Fan pressure developed does not exceed system design pressure 20.
Running-in period
21. Bearings and motor temperature remain steady 21.
22. Gland nuts are adjusted to give correct drip ra tes 22.
GENERAL COMMENTS

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
9 DOCUMENTATION
6. AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – FAN PERFORMANCE TEST SHEET

Client:
Project:
System: Fan
Location Drg. Ref:
Manufacturer: Type:
Fan
Serial No: Size:
Model No: Stages:
Manufacturer: Type:
Motor
Serial No: Output (kW):
Frame No: FLC (amps):
Manufacturer: Fan pulley diameter:
Type: Fan shaft dia meter:

Drive
Belt size: Motor pulley dia meter:
No. of belts: Motor shaft dia meter:
Manufacturer: O/L range:

Starter
Type: Timer setting:
O/L Setting: Fuse rating:
Design Test
Flow Rate m3/s m3/s
Pressure, suction Pa Pa
Fan
Pressure, discharge Pa Pa
Performance
Pressure, no flow Pa Pa
Speed rev/min rev/min
Voltage V V
Current FLC (amps) running amps
Motor
Speed rev/mìn rev/min
Power kW kW
INSTRUMENTS USED/ COMMENTS

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
DOCUMENTATION 9
7. AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – TERMINAL SUMMARY

Client:
Project:
System:
Terminal Terminal Design Actual % Final

number size Flow rate Flow rate design reading Comments
mm m3/s m3/s m/s
GENERAL COMMENTS

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
9 DOCUMENTATION
8. AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – DUCT TRAVERSE SUMMARY

Client:
Project:
System:
Design Traverse Actual
Traverse Duct size Duct m/s
Flow rate Flow rate % design
location mm area m 2
m3/s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Av m3/s
GENERAL COMMENTS

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
DOCUMENTATION 9
9. AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM - AHU PRESSURE PROFILE

Client:
Project:
System:
Plant Layout
Test Point Pressure Component Static

Pa Pressure
Differential
Pa
A 1 Fan
B 2 Pad Filters
C 3 Bag Filters
D 4 Final Filters
E 5 Heat Exchanger
F 6 Frost Coil
G 7 Cooling Coil
H 8 Heating Coil
INSTRUMENTS USED / GENERAL COMMENTS

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
1. BSRIA BG 46/2015 Domestic Ventilation Systems: A guide to measuring flow rates. This publication can
be downloaded for free from from www.bsria.co.uk/bookshop and a pdf is attached to the pdf of
this publication.
2. CIBSE Commissioning Code M Commissioning Management (2003)
3. CIBSE Commissioning Code A Air Distribution Systems (1996 confirmed 2006)

4. BSRIA BG 6/2014 Design framework for building services. 4th edition
5. BSRIA BG 1/2009 Building services job book
6. BSRIA BG 8/2009 Model commissioning plan
7. CIBSE Guide B Heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigeration (2005)
8. B&ES DW/144 Specification for Sheet Metal Ductwork (2013)
9. Non-Domestic Building Services Compliance Guide 2013
Free download from www.planningportal.gov.uk
10. BS EN 13779:2007 Ventilation for non-residential buildings. Performance requirements for Ventilation and
room-conditioning systems
11. BSRIA BG 11/2010 Commissioning Job Book
12. B&ES TR/19 Guide to good practice - Internal Cleanliness of Ventilation Systems (2013)
13. BS EN 15780:2011 Ventilation for Buildings. Ductwork. Cleanliness of Ventilation Systems
14. B&ES DW/143 Guide to good practice - Ductwork air leakage testing (2013)
15. BS ISO 3966:2008 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits.Velocity area method using Pitot static tubes
16. BS 7671: 2008+A1:2011 Requirements for Electrical Installations. IET Wiring Regulations 17th Edition

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
Commissioning EXAMPLE METHODOLOGIES 8
Training Courses
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Contact BSRIA Training

T: 01344 465ϱϮ7
E: training@bsria.co.uk
W: www.bsria.co.uk/training

© BSRIA BG 49/2015
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BG49 Commissioning Air Systems

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BG49 Commissioning Air Systems

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Licensed copy from CIS: hbreavis, H B REAVIS UK LIMITED, 15/07/2021, Uncontrolled Copy.

A single copy of this document is licensed to

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the

Commissioning Air Systems

guidance would not have been possible:

Roger Carlin Ashford Environmental Services Ltd.

BSRIA acknowledges the very significant contribution made by all the

COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS

Further to the publication of BG 49/2013 in July 2013, comments were

Environmental assessment methods such as BREEAM, LEED and

COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS

2. DESIGN FOR COMMISSIONABILITY 5

4. THE INSTALLATION OF COMMISSIONABLE SYSTEMS 23

5. SITE TEST INSTRUMENTS 27

6 ON SITE FLOW MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 40

COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS

COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS

For the purpose of this guide the following definitions apply:

Cleanliness quality class

commencement based on a British & European Standard.

Commissioning Management Organisation

Note: The appointed person should have an appropriate level of

Note: the specification should refer to drawings, schedules and relevant

COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS 1

should be provided by the organisation that has selected the components,

2 COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS

This Guide explains how to commission ducted air distribution systems

The procedures set out in this guide, if undertaken, should achieve

This guide is equally applicable to new-build and retrofit large scale

Newly installed ventilation systems must comply with the requirements of

The approved procedure by which compliance with Part L can

COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS 3

Section 8: Example methodologies

Sections 2, 3 and 4 of the guide are aimed at system designers and

Section 3 provides a summary of the main commissioning facilities.

Sections 5 to 9 are intended as guidance for commissioning specialists

The pro-forma checklists in section 9 are available as an editable Excel

4 COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS

2 DESIGN FOR COMMISSIONABILITY

Designers and project managers should address their attention to

Guidance on the management of the commissioning process is provided in

• CIBSE Code M Commissioning Management[2]

All commissioning activities should be planned and managed following the

2.1 COMMISSIONING To enable an air distribution system to be successfully commissioned, the

The commissioning specification for ductwork systems should be

The scope of the works i.e. the systems to be commissioned, their

The setting out of the responsibilities of the various parties (e.g.

The technical requirements of the commissioning work. For example:

Design drawings showing the layout of duct systems in relation to the

• a unique identification number for all dampers and terminal grilles

Schedules of major plant, equipment and components cross-referenced

Additional design information required for commissioning (which

The self-balancing characteristics of a ductwork distribution system may

6 COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS

same static pressure exists at the entrance to each terminal branch,

should be made for in-duct measurement on the sub-branches.

General guidance on good ductwork design is given in CIBSE Guide B3

Fans should ideally be selected that permit the speed setting to be

COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS 7

verified during commissioning.

General space requirements should be considered at an early stage in the

Pressure dependent units are seldom used in modern systems.

8 COMMISSIONING AIR SYSTEMS

Pressure independent units also operate over a wide range of inlet