CHAPTER I

Introduction and Background of the Study

Introduction

In doing something may it be tasks, organizing stuffs and other more, having

organizational materials makes the activity more interesting and fun, when we are at

school and we have a lot of pens and crayons those materials excites us a lot, because

these stuffs gave us motivation to do out work better and easier. Corkboards are one of

the best example in this situation, corkboard is a light-weight, fire-resistant material made

of compressed cork.

Cork boards are known for its beneficial purpose. They can convey a variety of

information from meeting announcements and parent news to curriculum overviews and

displays of student work. They can also make learning visible. Corkboards are made for

us to do our tasks easier and more organize that is why a lot of people are buying this

kind of stuff for their own use and we cannot blame them for it really plays an important

role in doing their tasks. But what people do not know about is corkboards are made of

saw dust, saw dust is a byproduct of woodworking or wood sawing, to make it simpler

sawdust is a product of cutting of trees. And now that we are in a generation where

cutting of trees are one of the biggest contributors of the environmental changes that we

are experiencing right now, we are starting to move and advocate the reduction i cutting

of trees. The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification,

soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and a

host of problems for indigenous people (Pachama.org, 2021). Trees that are cut requires a

1
lengthy of time to fully grow. In tropical climates with warm weather and a plentiful

supply of water, a tree can become fully grown in 30 years (Writer, 2016). Now that the

people are starting to realize the effects of cutting trees, we are now making moves and

hoping for the future where trees will be out from the eyes of the businessmen and

companies and to the future where we find alternative materials instead of trees in terms

of producing different products in the market. If that happens no large amount of trees

will be cut, a better and healthier environment, that also means no large amount of

corkboards will be produced in the market.

The researchers wanted to look for an additive material for corkboard to lessen the

amount of sawdust it needs and they came up to the idea of using snake plant fiber as an

additive material for corkboard.

In our country, snake plant is one of the most frequently seen in the yard even

indoors. It is an herbaceous, succulent, perennial plant, growing to a height of 90

centimeters. There are about 70 species of Snake plant and one of the most common is the

Future Robusta, an evergreen that has grayish-green leaves in striped patterns. The shorter

sword-shaped leaves grow in a dense clump and are identified by their twisted growth.

Many would not know but Snake plant contains fiber that is very useful in the industry.

The fiber that was extracted from it had a good strength and fineness with long elongation

according to Kant (2016). Dracaena trifasciata fiber is one such lignocellulosic fiber that

has likelihood for use in textile industry. This Dracaena variety is also called ‘viper’s

bowstring hemp’ because its fibers are strong enough to make bowstrings. Unlike trees,

snake plants are very much easier and faster to propagate. According to smart garden guide,

in just 6-8 weeks you can have a new reproduced snake plant.

2
 The researchers came up to the idea in testing the validity of snake plant using

Future Robusta as an additive material for corkboard, by doing this study we would see the

potential of the strength of the snake plant and would help lessen the cutting of trees in the

environment. Once this study proven feasible, this will generate a new cork board which

is more environmental friendly than before.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to produce cork board made from snake plant through its fiber

content.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. How may the control and different experimental treatments be describe in terms of:

1.1 Screw withdrawal test and;

1.2 Internal Bond Test

2. Are there any significant difference among control treatment and the different

experimental treatments in terms of screw withdrawal test?

3. Are there any significant difference among control treatment and the different

experimental treatments in terms of internal bond test.

3
Hypotheses

Based on the problems of this study, the following hypotheses were formulated:

1. There is no significant difference among control treatment and all experimental

treatments in terms of screw withdrawal test.

2. There is no significant difference among control treatment and experimental

treatments in terms of internal bond test.

Significance of the study

This research study of the validity of snake plant (Dracaena trifasciata) fibers as a

material for cork board would help us to introduce our own product made from snake

plants.

This study will also help:

Environment – This research study is beneficial for our environment because this would

help us to use alternative source of plant and fiber without cutting any trees.

Community – This could also help our community to understand more further and be

informed about the benefits and uses of snake plant which can be easily seen everywhere.

Researchers – The outcome of this study is beneficial to either present researcher or future

researchers. For this study may provide enough knowledge about the benefits of snake

plant fiber.

Business Industry- This research can help in the production of corkboards that can provide

income.

4
Conceptual Framework

The study of The Validity of Snake Plant (Dracaena trifasciata) Fibers as material

for Cork Board is attainable because it is widely used as raw material and can be seen as a

possible material in making cork boards because of its fiber content. It also a popular

houseplant native here in the Philippines. In an article, The International Journal of Science

and Research, ijsr.net, “Extraction of Fiber from Dracaena Trifasciata Plant and its

Properties” talked about environmental impacts caused by how use fabrics. The possibility

of discovering certain non-conventional sources for natural fibers is being explored.

Dracaena trifasciata fiber is one such lignocellulosic fiber that has likelihood for use in the

textile industry and it has also a unique property clearly capable to combat high temperature

without fiber degradation. Due to its greater strength, cost-effective and renewable source,

the fiber can be used to make products like sacks, ropes, handicrafts, mattresses for bedding

and other wider applications of textiles.” In 1993, the plant won the Royal Horticultural

Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Industrial Crop: Fiber. Founded in 1804, the Society is

the UK’s leading gardening charity

5
 Research Paradigm
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• Gathering of

materials
• Materials Corkboard made
• Extraction of fiber
from Snake Plant
• Snake Plant
• Mixing of the Fiber (Dracaena
(Dracaena
extraneous material trifasciata)
trifasciata)
• Molding
• Saw Dust Test Results
• Drying
• Wood Glue
• Internal Bond Test

• Screw Withdrawal

Test

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study.

The input is about the main material in making corkboard which includes Snake

plant fiber and other extraneous materials like saw dust and wood glue. These are the inputs

that will are needed in conducting the study and attaining the results.

The process contains the procedure on the experimental methods, how fiber will

be collected and how corkboard is made through the use of Dracaena trifasciata and other

extraneous variables. The produced corkboard will undergo Internal Bond Test and Screw

Withdrawal Test. These are the procedure required to obtain the results.

The output dictates the results of the study, and the conclusion regarding the

assessment of the validity of the input variables as material for corkboard.

6
 The snake plant was the independent variable used to conduct the study. The

researchers obtained its fiber by soaking it in water for a whole day before extracting the

snake plant. This was followed by manufacturing corkboard using wood glue and a

weighing scale to weigh and get the exact amount of components needed for the

experiment. After that, it will be molded to be a full corkboard.

Scope and Delimitations

This study is limited only to determine the validity of snake plant fiber as material

for cork board. This study will be conducted at Talavera Senior High School in Talavera,

Nueva Ecija from January to March 2021. The internal bond strength and screw withdrawal

test of produced cork boards will be conducted at Department of Science and Technology-

Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI) in Los Baños, Laguna.

7
Definition of Terms

Cork board- a lightweight, fire-resistant material made of compressed cork.

Fibers- are greatly elongated cells whose long, tapering ends interlock, thus providing

maximum support to a plant.

Herbaceous- are those plants that do not have woody stems.

Internal bond strength- refers to the strength of the bonding of these separate fibrous

layers, and the plybond strength refers to the force needed to "delaminate," or separate,

these layers

Lignocellulosic fiber- is a scientific name that refers to natural fiber, because all plant

fibers are constructed by few constituents (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin).

Mechanical property- reflect the relationship between its response or deformation to an

applied load or force.

Pollutants- are the contaminants that get introduced into the natural environment, beyond

permitted limits, and cause deleterious effects to the inhabitants in a visible way.

Textile- is a flexible material made by creating an interlocking network of yarns or threads,

which are produced by spinning raw fibers (from either natural or synthetic sources) into

long and twisted lengths.

Screw Withdrawal Test- tested in tension using withdrawal and pull-through tests and in

shear using lateral movement tests.

Snake plant- is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to tropical

West Africa from Nigeria east to the Congo.

Sustainable- meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own need.

8
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Review of the Related Literature and Studies is a brief summary and compilation

of various literatures and studies about this study’s variables like snake plant and

corkboards. This will focus on the past researches about the potential of the Snake plant in

making corkboards.

Snake Plant

The snake plant fiber had good strength and fineness with low elongation.

Dr. Kant R. et al.(2015) found that this is due to its greater strength, cost-effective and

renewable source, the fiber can be used to make products like sacks, ropes, handicrafts,

mattresses for bedding and other wider applications of textiles.

According to Max (2020) Snake plant yields fiber of high quality from its leaves

when they dry up. You can harvest the fiber by soaking the leaves in water for three weeks

and then pulling the leaves apart. People use the fiber for making craft jewelry, ropes, and

bowstrings.

Snake plants are also known for their ability to help remove toxic air pollutants.

Though in small contributions, snake plants can absorb cancer-causing pollutants,

including CO2, benzene, formaldehyde, xylene, and toluene according to Taylor C. et

al.(2019)

The air cleaning qualities of the snake plant are shown in the NASA Clean Air

Study, as said by Turner C. (2019). It demonstrates that sansevierias help remove toxins

from the air, in particular; benzene, formaldehyde, xylene and trichloroethylene.

9
 Snake plant is a member of the century plant family, and like other members of this

family, hails from desert regions, in this case southern Africa. Old plants occasionally

flower, usually in late winter or early spring, on three-foot long stems bearing small, tubular

fragrant, greenish-white flowers that are more interesting than beautiful, as said by The

University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture (n.d).

According to Karomo W. et al.(2016) the snake plant leaves tested positive for

flavanoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenols, steroids and saponins. The in-vitro assay showed

that different doses of the extract resulted to death ofthe parasites at different mean time.

Snake plant absorbs toxins and releases oxygen. The plant may releases moisture

in the air and lessens airborne allergens. The Sansevieria meets these conditions perfectly,

as stated at Rolling Nature.com(2018)

Berame J. et al.(2017) found out that the presence of the bioactive compounds are

in both the leaves and root parts of the snake plant. It's leaves and roots were also highly

active with alkaloids, tannins and anthraquinones and two bioactive compounds were

absent in the leaves and roots of plants were flavonoids and saponins.

The common leaves of snake plants appear as thin, green leaves with gray or silver

cross streaks. This plant can grow several feet tall and work well in low light areas, as

stated by Scott Frothingham., (2019).

Sansevieria is a new fiber in composite material research and exhibits promising

properties as a reinforcing material for polymer matrix composite materials. Strengthening

the fibers is important in reducing the tendency of hydrophilicity and improving the

compatibility with the matrix, as indicated by Pradipta et al., (2017).

10
 The possibility of finding non-traditional sources of natural fiber is being explored.

"Sansevaria triphasciata fiber is one such lignocellulose fiber that can be used in the textile

industry. It can be extracted from the leaves of Sansevaria trifoliata plants, one of which is

water as stated by Dr. Rita Kant and Preeti Alagh., (2013).

Senseveria trifaciata is capable of absorbing 107 types of toxins, including air

pollution, cigarette smoke (nicotine), so it will be very refreshing, as indicated by Berame

et al., (2017).

Sanseviaria trifasciata is an ornamental plant with proven anti-inflammatory,

thrombolytic, antipyretic, analgesic and anti-diabetic properties in the Philippines as

indicated by Lontoc et al., (2018).

The tongue of the Sansevieria trifasciata (snakeplant) plant or mother-in-law is very

common in every person's home. It is one of the most reckless houseplants that a person

can develop. This plant is very diverse in the Philippines as indicated by Sembrano et al.,

(2017).

Natural Fiber

Natural fibers are a renewable resource and have several advantages associated with

them, such as that they impart the composite high specific stiffness and strength, have a

desirable fiber aspect ratio, are biodegradable, are readily available from natural sources,

as said at Materials Science and Materials Engineering (2018)

11
 The natural fibers are derived from bio-based sources such as vegetables and

animal. Jatinder S.D. (2019) calimed that this also includes all natural cellulosic fibers and

protein-based fibers such as wool and silk.

The natural fiber is a durable material that is readily available in nature and has

advantages such as low cost, low weight, renewable, biodegradable and high specific

properties as indicated by Girijappa et al., (2019).

Natural fibers are gaining attention from researchers and scholars for their use in

polymer composites due to their eco-friendly properties and sustainability as indicated by

Jawaid et al., (2015).

Analyzed by Rainer R. Fiscal and Kristoffer Bryan V. Dandan., (2015) that the

acceptability of corn husks and snake vegetable fibers as raw materials for papermaking

varies widely in texture, color and thickness.

Saw Dust

According to Gupta et, al. (2016), stated that there is huge quantity of saw dust is

being generated worldwide due to the rapid urbanization. The disposal of saw dust in open

areas or landfills is not an environment friendly solution. Utilization of saw dust as ash in

geotechnical applications is likely provides a better solution. Keeping this in view, an

extensive experimental study was carried out to demonstrate the soil improvement

prospective of saw dust ash (SDA) by performing California bearing ratio (CBR) and

unconfined compression strength tests.

12
 According to Siddique et, al. (2020), stated that it is considerable decrease in

density of concrete with the use of saw dust as replacement of sand. And in addition of

sodium silicate treated saw dust resulted in ettringite formation in large quantity in

concrete.

According to Kumar et, al. (2017), stated that a systematic study of non-catalytic

pyrolysis of saw dust has been carried out in a batch reactor in the temperature range of

375–475 °C at the heating rate of 10 °C/min to optimize the reaction temperature for

maximum liquid yield. Also, catalytic cracking of pyrolysis vapors was carried out using

Y-Zeolite at 450 °C.

According to Lim et, al. (2015), stated that torrefied sawdust particles prepared

under typical torrefaction conditions (280–300 °C for 10–30 min) could be made into

strong pellets by compression at a die temperature higher than 220 °C or by introducing

biomass binders such as untreated sawdust, starch or lignin at a lower die temperature.

Corkboard

Cork as a renewable material with low carbon content, energy saving,

environmental protection and durable quality, cork also has excellent properties such as

waterproofness, portability, durability and heat insulation. Sound insulation and shock

absorption as indicated by Haiyan Fu et al., (2020).

According to Martins et, al. (2017) stated that the cork board is the only insulation

material present in the market with a negative carbon footprint, which is mainly due to the

utilization of cork, a renewable raw material, the proximity of its source to the factory, and

the use of biomass for generating the steam needed for its production process.

13
 According to Almeida et, al. (2019) stated that it was found that both the thickness

and density of the cork board affect its drainage and storage performance. However, the

results indicate that a change in density has a greater effect on drainage capacity. It was

found that when the tested specimens included a substrate layer, the peak water flow

decreased and the water retention increased.

According to Tadeu et, al. (2019) stated that the insulation cork boards (ICB) has

effect on the heat transfer was further evaluated for systems of increasing complexity,

containing first a substrate layer and then vegetation. It was noted that the substrate and

vegetation layers improved the thermal insulation, and reduced heat fluxes and the thermal

amplitude within the system.

According to Ding et, al. (2020) stated that Insulation Cork Board can absorb heat

more than anti-corrosion pine board. Under the condition of isothermal, moisture content

of Insulation layer structure material increases exponentially with the increase of relative

humidity.

According to Aquino and Branco (2020), stated that Insulation Cork Board is a

100% natural and ecological product, an advantage not matched by the competing material.

Variety of literatures and studies connected to Snake Plants were already reviewed

but this study will still use the Snake plant fiber for it may be an effective way to conserve

natural resources like trees when it comes to making corkboards that are mostly made up

of sawdust, a byproduct of woodworks. It also takes years in order to grow a tree, but snake

plants can be reproduced again in just four (4) to five (5) weeks.

14
 CHAPTER III

Methodology

This chapter includes the information concerning the research design, research

method, materials used in conducting the study, procedures and variable to be investigated

in order to determine the validity of snake plant as a material in producing cork board.

Research Design

The researchers used experimental research design in conducting this study.

Specifically, this study will used Post-Test only control Group Design. According to in

insightassociation.org (2019), Post-Test Only Control Group Design is a type of true

experimental design where test units are randomly allocated to an experimental group and

a control group. The experimental group is exposed to a treatment and both groups are

measured afterwards.

Table 1. Posttest only control group design

Treatment Replication Post-test

1 2 3

C C X1 C X2 C X3 O1 O2 O3

T1 T1X1 T1X2 T1X3 O1 O2 O3

T2 T2X1 T2X2 T2X3 O1 O2 O3

T3 T3X1 T3X2 T3X3 O1 O2 O3

T4 T4X1 T4X2 T4X3 O1 O2 O3

15
Legend:

Tn- Different treatments having different concentrations of snakeplant fiber, and saw dust.

C- Control Group

Xn- Replication of treatments

On- Post-Test for internal bond test and screw withdrawal tests.

Research Locale

This study was conducted at Pinagpanaan, Talavera, Nueva Ecija. Pinagpanaan, is

a barangay in the municipality of Talavera, in the province of Nueva Ecija. Its population as

determined by the 2015 Census was 5,581. This represented 4.47% of the total population of

Talavera.

Figure 2: Geographical Location of Pinagpanaan Talavera Nueva Ecija

The snake plant were collected Maestrang Kikay, Talavera, Nueva Ecija, this is where

the researchers collected lots of snake plant around Talavera, other snake plants that were

used are also collected in different areas around Talavera, like Poblacion Sur, San Pascual,

16
Sampaloc and Bantug. This is also where other materials like wood glue and saw dust are

gathered.

Figure 3: Maestrang Kikay Talavera Nueva Ecija

While the internal strength testing of snake plant corkboard was conducted in DOST

FPRDI ( Forest Products Research and Development Institute) located in Los Banos,

Laguna, a facility that conducts research and development on wood and non-wood forest

products, transfer technologies and provide technical services and trainings

Figure 4: DOST FPRDI (Forest Products Research and Development Institute)

17
Research Materials

The materials that were used by the researchers in their study are the following:

The fiber content of this plant was collected and

used to make a corkboard for fiber components

gathered from plants possess high strength which gives

them unique advantages over other materials.

Figure 5: Snake Plant

This material is used together with saw dust and snake

plant in making snake plant corkboard, wood glue is used

to attach the three components together.

Figure 6: Wood Glue

This was used as a component in making the corkboard

together with the snake plant and wood glue.

Figure 7: Saw Dust

18
 This was to weigh and get the exact amount of

components needed for the experiment.

Figure 8: Weighing Scale

This was used in scraping the snake plant until the

fiber was fully collected from the plant.

Figure 9: Spoon

This was created and used to mold the corkboard into

a preferred size.

Figure 10: Wood Molder

This snake plant fibers were used as a main

component in making the snake plant corkboard.

Figure 11: Snake Plant Fiber

19
Research Procedures

Gathering of Materials

The snake plants were gathered at La Torre, Talavera Nueva Ecija, and using distilled

water it was washed thoroughly and let the snake plant sit in the water for 1 whole day

before the fiber extraction. The saw dust and wood glue were gathered in Maestrang Kikay

Talavera Nueva Ecija.

Extraction of Snake Plant Fiber

After one whole day sunk in water, the snake plant were removed from the water and

using a spoon the researchers started to scrap the snake plant, after scraping for a valuable

amount of time, the fiber were shown and collected, the researchers collected a total of 250

grams of snakeplant.

20
Mixing of Variables

Using a weighing scale, different components were weighed and put together in

making a corkboard. After putting specific amounts of variables, the variables were mixed

thoroughly so that the distribution of variables will be even in the finished product.

Molding of Corkboard

Using an improvised molder, the mixed variables were molded into a desired size. The

molder was created to produce a corkboard with a size of 4 inches in length, 4 inches in

height and 0.5 inches in width. The researchers made a total of 5 products with three

replications each. Different products contains different percentage of the amount of

components to determine which mixture is the strongest among other materials. One

corkboard weighs a total of 75 grams.

21
Table 2. Design of Experiments and Mixture Proportions

Treatments Snake plant Saw dust(g) Wood glue(g)

fiber(g)
T1 3.75 21.25 5

T2 7.5 17.5 5

T3 11.25 13.75 5

T4 15 10 5

Control (T5) 0 25 5

Sun Drying

After molding all the mixtures, the products were sun dried for three consecutive days,

this was made to achieve the hardness and dryness of the corkboard that is needed for

testing.

Internal Bond Test and Screw Withdrawal Test for Corkboard

Figure 12: ZDT Tester for internal bond test Figure 13: BS EN 320 fireboards for SWT

22
 After making all the corkboards, samples were gathered and tested at DOST FPRDI

(Forest Products Research and Development Institute) to determine the internal bond

strength and screw withdrawal of produced cork board.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Statistical Treatment of Data The following statistical analysis are the statistical

analysis that will be used in interpreting the data that will be gathered in the study.

1.1 To describe the control and experimental treatment in terms of screw withdrawal

test, the researchers will use mean. The mean is the most common measure of central

tendency and refers to the average value of a group of numbers (Johannesburg, 2016).

1.2 To describe the control and experimental treatment in terms of internal bond test,

the researchers will also use mean.

2. To determine the difference between the experimental treatments and control group

in terms of screw withdrawal test, the researchers will use ANOVA (Analysis of Variance).

According to Investopedia.com, Analysis of Variance is an analysis tool used in statistics

that splits an observed aggregate variability found inside a data set into two parts;

systematic factors and random factors.

3. To determine the difference between the control group and experimental treatments

in terms of internal bond test, the researchers will also use ANOVA (Analysis of Variance).

23
 CHAPTER IV

Interpretation of Data Results and Discussion

This chapter discusses the data gathered for purposes of descriptive and statistical

analysis followed by a discussion of the research findings.

1.1 Different experimental treatments and control group described in terms of

strength.

Table 3 shows the strength test done in the different experimental treatments and in the

control group. The experimental treatments and control group underwent several tests to

determine the amount of force required to remove the screw.

Table 3: Strength of the Experimental Treatments

Screw Withdrawal Test (kgs)

Replications
Treatments Mean
1 2 3

Treatment 1 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.25

Treatment 2 1.25 2.50 7.00 3.58

Treatment 3 4.25 2.75 1.00 2.67

Treatment 4 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.17

Control 1.50 2.00 2.00 1.83

As shown on the table, treatment 1 resulted in 1.25, 1.50, and 1.00 pull-out strength

required to pull out a previously cast in screw resulting in an average of 1.25 pull-out load,

Kilograms. Treatment 2 resulted in 1.25, 2.50, and 7.00 pull-out strength required to pull

24
out a previously cast in screw resulting in an average of 3.58 pull-out load, Kilograms.

Treatment 3 resulted in 4.25, 2.75, and 1.00 pull-out strength required to pull out a

previously cast in screw resulting in an average of 2.67 pull-out load, Kilograms. Treatment

4 resulted in 1.50, 1.00, and 1.00 pull-out strength required to pull out a previously cast in

screw resulting in an average of 1.17 pull-out load, Kilograms while , the control group or

the standard commercial cork board acquired a result of an average 1.83 pull-out load,

Kilograms. This concludes that treatment 2 was shown to have the highest strength required

to remove the screw from the cork board among the experimental treatments and control

group while treatment 1 was shown to have the lowest strength required to remove the

screw from the board.

1.2. Different experimental treatments and control group described in terms of tensile

strength.

Table 4 shows the tensile strength test done in the several experimental treatments

and control group. The experimental treatments and control group underwent several tests

to measure the tensile strength of the cork board when applying a force perpendicular to

the face.

25
Table 4. Tensile Strength of the Experimental Treatments

Internal Bond Test (kgs/cm2)

Replications
Mean
Treatments
1 2 3

0.8559 0.7540 0.7782 0.7960

Treatment 1
1.2158 1.6272 1.3145 1.3858
Treatment 2
1.8824 0.9318 1.5764 1.4635
Treatment 3
0.9612 0.5700 0.7285 0.7532
Treatment 4
0.7826 0. 6657 0.6640 0. 7041
Control

As shown on the table, treatment 1 measures 0.8559, 0.7540, and 0.7782 tensile

strength and an average of 0.7960 internal bonds from cork board made from snake plant

fiber. Treatment 2 measures 1.2158, 1.6272, and 1.3145 tensile strength and an average of

1.3858internal bonds from cork board made from snake plant fiber. Treatment 3 measures

1.8824, 0.9318, and 1.5764 tensile strength and an average of 1.4635 internal bonds from

cork board made from snake plant fiber. Treatment 4 measures 0.9612, 0.5700, and 0.7285

tensile strength and an average of 0.7532 internal bonds from cork board made from snake

plant fiber while the control group or the standard commercial cork board measures an

average of 0.7041 internal bonds. This indicates that treatment 3 measures the highest

internal bond based on the average tensile strength among the four experimental treatments

and control group while the control group has the lowest internal bond average.

26
2. Comparison of the experimental treatments and the control group in terms of

screw withdrawal test

Table 5 shows the comparison of the experimental treatments and the control group

in terms of screw withdrawal test. The table shows that the F-value is lower than the F-

Critical value which means that the null hypothesis is accepted. This implies that there is

no significant difference between the experimental treatments and the control group in

terms of screw withdrawal test. The second question in the Statement of the Problem was

answered through this data.

Table 5. Screw Withdrawal Test of the Different Experimental Treatments and control

group

Source of
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Variation
Between
12.55833 4 3.139583 1.305893 0.332113 3.47805
Groups
Within Groups 24.04167 10 2.404167

Total 36.6 14

Using ANOVA method with a significance level of 0.05, test results have shown

that there is no significant difference between the different experimental treatments and the

control group it terms of screw withdrawal test which measure the strength required to pull

out a screw from a cast.

27
3. Comparison among the experimental treatments and control group in terms of

internal bond test

Table 6 shows the comparison among the control and different experimental

treatments in terms of internal bond test. Using ANOVA Method with a significance level

of 0.05, the table shows that the F-value is higher than the F-Critical Value, this means that

the null hypothesis is rejected. This implies that there is a significant difference among the

control group and the different experimental treatments in terms of internal bond test. This

data answered the third question in the statement of the problem.

Table 6. Internal Bond Test of the Experimental Treatments and Control Group

Source of
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Variation
Between
1.655018 4 0.413755 6.311696 0.008422 3.47805
Groups
Within Groups 0.655536 10 0.065554

Total 2.310554 14

The data concluded that the experimental treatments are better in terms of internal

bond test which measures the tensile strength of the corkboard.

28
 CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary and conclusion drawn from the conducted

experiments as well as the recommendations for further continuation of the study for other

researchers.

Summary

This study was conducted to determine the the validity of snake plant (dracaena

trifasciata) fibers as an additive material for cork board. Its fiber is one such lignocellulosic

fiber that has likelihood for use in textile industry. The researchers used experimental

research design specifically the posttest only control group design in conducting this study.

After making all the corkboards, samples were gathered and tested at DOST FPRDI

(Forest Products Research and Development Institute) to determine the internal bond

strength and screw withdrawal of produced cork board. The researchers used an Analysis

of Variance (ANOVA) test to calculate and interpret the collected data.

Using mean, it showed that results of different treatments for Internal Bond Test

and Screw Withdrawal Test were dissimilar. The results manifest that all the experimental

treatments are greater in terms of tensile strength while in screw withdrawal tests only

experimental treatments 2 and 3 was shown to have the higher strength required to remove

the screw from the cork board than the control group.

Using ANOVA method with a significance level of 0.05, the results for Internal

Bond Test showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental

29
treatments and commercial cork board, however it also showed that there is no significant

difference between the experimental treatments and commercial cork board in terms of

screw withdrawal test.

Therefore, in comparison of experimental treatments and control group, the results

showed that experimental treatments were stronger than control group in terms of internal

bond test, but in terms of screw withdrawal test some experimental treatments were weaker

than the control group, only experimental treatments 2 and 3 were shown to have greater

strength than control group in screw withdrawal test.

Conclusions

Based on foregoing result, the following conclusions were formulated:

1. Based on the mean acquired in screw withdrawal test, the results showed that

experimental treatment 2 has highest strength required to remove the screw from the cork

board compared to other experimental treatments and control group.

2. Based on the mean acquired in internal bond test, the results showed that all experimental

treatments were greater in terms of strength compared to control group.

3. There is no significant difference between the different experimental treatments and the

control group it terms of screw withdrawal test which measures the pull-out strength

required to pull out a previously cast in screw.

30
4. There is a significant difference among the control group and the different experimental

treatments in terms of internal bond test which shows that the experimental treatments were

greater in terms of strength compared to the control group.

Recommendation

After analysing the results of test done in the utilization of snake plant fiber along

with other components. It is suggested that a follow up investigation should be done with

concern to the following recommendations:

1. Manufacturers should add snake plant fiber as one of their major materials in making

cork board as it was proven that it increases the tensile strength of the product.

2. Future researchers must try to utilize fibers from other plants and test the po its potential

in producing more products.

3. Try to balance the amount of saw dust and snake plant fiber for screw withdrawal test

and internal bond test.

4. Use a stable molder for better outcome.

5. Test the cork boards with snake plant fiber in terms of thermal conductivity, bending

strength test, yield strength and others.

31
 REFERENCES

(n.d.).

Dandan, R. R. (2016). Development and Evaluation of Paper from Corn Husks (Zea mays

L.) and Snake Plant Fibers (Sansevieria zeylanica). International Journal of

Science and Research (IJSR) , vol. 5.

Dhaliwal, J. S. (2019, May 16). Natural Fibers: Applications. Retrieved from intechopen:

https://www.intechopen.com/books/generation-development-and-modifications-

of-natural-fibers/natural-fibers-applications

Frothingham, S. (2019, September 27). Can a Snake Plant Improve the Air Quality in Your

Home? Retrieved from healthline: https://www.healthline.com/health/benefits-of-

snake-plant

Haiyan Fu, Y. D. (2020). Research on thermal performance and hygrothermal behavior of

timber-framed walls with different external insulation layer: Insulation Cork Board

and anti-corrosion pine plate. Journal of Building Engineering, volume 28.

Julie Berame, S. M. (2017). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Toxicity Test of

Leaf and Root Parts of the Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata). Journal of

Phylogenetics & Evolutionary Biology, 2-7.

Kanimozhi, M. (2011). Investigating the Physical Characteristics of Sansevieria trifasciata

Fibre. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 1,

Issue 1.

32
Layth Mohammed, M. N. (2015). A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer

Composite and Its Applications. International Journal of Polymer Science, 15.

LeafyPlace. (2021). Retrieved from Types of Snake Plants (Sansevieria Varieties) With

Care and Growing Tips: https://leafyplace.com/snake-plants-sansevieria-varieties/

Rangga Pradipta, M. S. (2017, March 17). Effect of maleic anhydride treatment on the

mechanical properties of sansevieria fiber/vinyl ester composites. Retrieved from

AIP Conference Proceedings: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4978170

Schwartz, T. (2019, August 16). 8 Types of Snake Plant – Most Popular Sansevieria

Varieties. Retrieved from sublimesucculents:

https://www.sublimesucculents.com/8-types-snake-plant/

Shelah Mae H. Lontoc, C. F. (2018). In vitro antioxidant activity and total phenolic content

of Sansevieria trifasciata (Snake plant) crude ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts .

Asia Pacific Journal of Allied Health Sciences, Vol. 1.

Snake Plant: Everything You Need To Know. (2018, March 17). Retrieved from

rollingnature: https://www.rollingnature.com/blogs/news/snake-plant-everything-

you-need-to-know

Stush. (2019, April 2). Plants→Snake Plants→Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata

'Futura Robusta'). Retrieved from garden.org:

https://garden.org/plants/view/786161/Snake-Plant-Sansevieria-trifasciata-Futura-

Robusta/

33
Vislav, A. (2017, June 23). The Potency of Sansevieria Trifasciata (Snake Plant). Retrieved

from scribd: https://www.scribd.com/presentation/352108478/The-Potency-of-

Sansevieria-Trifasciata-Snake-Plant

Yashas Gowda Thyavihalli Girijappa, S. M. (2019, September 27). Biodegradable

Matrices and Composites. Natural Fibers as Sustainable and Renewable Resource

for Development of Eco-Friendly Composites: A Comprehensive Review, p. 25.

34
 APPENDICES

A. Gathering of Data

B. Extraction of Snake Plant Fiber

C. Extracted Snake Plant Fiber

D. Preparation of Coarkboard

35
E. Molding of Corkboards

F. Sun Drying of Corkboards

G. Corkboard Products

H. Packaging of Corkboard for Shipment

36
I. Test Results

37
38
39
40